Interaction of phosphorus and molybdenum in relation to uptake and utilization of molybdenum,phosphorus, zinc,copper and manganese by rice

Summary The effect of phosphorus and molybdenum alone and combined, on the uptake and utilization of Mo, Mn, Zn, Cu and P by rice (Var. IR-579) was studied in the greenhouse at varying levels of Mo (0, 2.5 and 5.0 ppm) and (0,100 and 200 ppm). Application of P increased the dry matter yield of shoot and root. Combined application of P and Mo increased the dry matter yield of shoot. Application of Mo increased the concentration of Mo and P in shoot. Applied P caused an increase in the concentration of Mo, Zn and P in shoot. Combined application of P and Mo resulted in an increase in concentration and uptake of Mo in shoot.     

Copper,manganese and iron concentration in berseem (Trifolium Alexandrinum) and coppermolybdenum ratio as affected by molybdenum in two types of soil

Summary The effect of Mo on Cu, Mn and Fe; and Cu: Mo ratio in berseem was studied in a normal cultivated and recently reclaimed saline-sodic soil. Mo application decreased Cu, Mn and Fe content in berseem in both the soils. Cu, Mn and Fe content in plant tissue grown in recently reclaimed soil was less than normal cultivated soil. Mo decreased Cu: Mo ratio whereas S application increased Cu: Mo ratio in plant. Cu: Mo ratio from animal nutrition point of view was in the safe range if Mo was not applied in the berseem crop.     

Influence of sulphur on the yield and concentration of copper,manganese, iron and molybdenum in berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) grown on two different soils

A screen-house experiment with 0, 25, 50 and 75 ppm S was conducted to study the effect of S on the yield and, Mn, Cu, Fe and Mo concentrations of berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) at three stages of growth in a normal and reclaimed soil. Higher levels of S decreased the yield in both the soils. Yield in normal soil was much higher than in reclaimed soil. Application of S increased Cu, Mn, and Fe concentrations in all cuts in both soils. Molybdenum concentration was lowered following S application in both the soils in all the cuts. Molybdenum content increased with the stage of plant growth.     

The effects of pruning,fertilizers, and organic amendments on lowbush blueberry production

A four-year field study was conducted on a Hebert gravelly sandy loam (pH 4.5) in Nova Scotia to assess the effects of pruning management and seven fertility amendments on lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium augustifolium Ait) production (yield, above ground and root tissue composition) and soil fertility. Pruning by oil burning produced higher fruit yields than flail mowing but burning had the opposite effect on the plant N content (with a lesser influence on above ground Mn and Zn). None of the fertility treatments (chicken manure, dairy manure, swine manure, urea, sawdust, NPK, NPK+S+Lime+Micronutrients) produced fruit yields significantly greater than the control. Treatments provided the equivalent of 50kg total N/ha/2-yr cycle. Treatments influenced tissue N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Mn, Cu, Zn and Mo levels. In general, the three manure treatments produced the highest levels of plant macronutrients; the urea treatment produced the lowest levels of plant nutrients. In most cases, extractable levels of soil P, K, Ca and Mg were highly correlated with the plant tissue content of these elements. Overall, the dairy manure treated soils were the highest in soil fertility.     

The effect of limestone,molybdenum and incubation upon the extractable molybdenum in soils of eastern Canada

Summary An incubation experiment was conducted on 3 soils with 3 levels of lime-stone and 2 levels of Mo in the laboratory. There was no change in the amount of exchangeable Mo in Culloden and O'Leary soils as affected by the various pH levels after different incubation periods. On Acadia soil, the amount of exchangeable Mo increased after 4 weeks; however, the lime levels had no effect. There was an increase in extractable Mo in response to added Mo. Contribution No.206, Research Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture, Box 1210, Charlottetown, P. E. I., Canada.     

Hepatic,placental, and fetal trace elements following molybdenum supplementation during gestation

The effect of dietary Mo (Na2Mo(4)2H2O) added to drinking water at levels of 0, 5, 10, 50, or 100 mg on hepatic (gestating dams), placental, and fetal Mo, Cu, Zn, and Fe contents of Sprague-Dawley rats was studied. These elements were determined by a polarographic catalytic procedure for Mo and by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for Cu, Fe, and Zn. Hepatic Mo increased two to sixfold (5-100 mg Mo). There was a 1.5-fold increase in hepatic Cu, significant only at the 50 to 100 mg Mo/L treatment levels. Although the hepatic Fe content of the gestating rats significantly increased with Mo supplementation, the extent of the increase appeared to be influenced by the litter size, fetal weights, and the degree of fetal resorption. Zinc values did not differ at any of the treatment levels. Placental Mo increased 3-76-fold, Cu one to threefold. No differences were observed in placenta Fe or Zn. Fetal Mo increased two to six-fold (10-100 mg/L) and Cu increased one to fivefold. There were no differences in the Fe and Zn content although both of these elements appeared to decline as the level of supplemental Mo increased. Significant correlations were also observed between hepatic, placental, and fetal Mo, Cu, Fe, and Zn. These results suggest that changes in trace mineral status in gestation, owing to high Mo intake, do occur and such occurrences are also reflected in the fetus.     

Acquisition of Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe by mycorrhizal maize (Zea mays L.) grown in soil at different P and micronutrient levels

Sustainability of soil-plant systems requires, among other things, good development and function of mycorrhizal symbioses. The effects of P and micronutrient levels on development of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and uptake of Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe by maize (Zea mays L.) were studied. A pot experiment with maize either inoculated or not with Glomus intraradices was conducted in a sand:soil (3 :1) mix (pH 6.5) in a greenhouse. Our goal was to evaluate the contribution of mycorrhizae to uptake of Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe by maize as influenced by soil P and micronutrient levels. Two levels of P (10 and 40 mg kg⁻¹ soil) and three levels of a micronutrient mixture: 0, 1X and 2X (1X contained, in mg kg⁻¹ soil, 4.2 Fe, 1.2 Mn, 0.24 Zn, 0.06 Cu, 0.78 B and 0.036 Mo), were applied to pots. There were more extraradical hyphae at the low P level than at the high P level when no micronutrients were added to the soil. Root inoculation with mycorrhiza and application of micronutrients increased shoot biomass. Total Zn content in shoots was higher in mycorrhizal than non-mycorrhizal plants grown in soils with low P and low or no micronutrient addition. Total Cu content in shoots was increased by mycorrhizal colonization when no micronutrients were added. Mycorrhizal plants had lower Mn contents than non-mycorrhizal plants only at the highest soil micronutrient level. AMF increased total shoot Fe content when no micronutrients were added, but decreased shoot Fe when plants were grown at the high level of micronutrient addition. The effects of G. intraradices on Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe uptake varied with micronutrient and P levels added to soil. Accepted: 27 December 1999     

Effect of exchangeable sodium percentage and presubmergence on yield and nutrition of rice under field conditions

Summary The effects of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) levels of 82, 72, 65 and 35 and 0, 15 and 30 days of presubmergence (submergence prior to the transplanting of rice) on yield and chemical composition of rice and availability of Fe, Mn, Zn and P in soil were studied factorially in a field experiment. Presubmergence increased rice yields at all ESP levels, the effect being more pronounced at high ESP's. Increasing ESP decreased yields and the contents of Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu but increased that of P and Na in the crop. Presubmergence enhanced absorption of all the above elements by the crop except P, K, Mg, Zn and Cu in the grain and decreased Na in grain and straw. Growing of rice under submerged conditions also facilitated the improvement of these soils. Effects of submergence and ESP on the availability of Fe, Mn, Zn and P in soil and their role in the nutrition of rice are discussed. The results suggest that 15 to 30 days presubmergence improved rice yields on a calcareous sodic soil of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain.     

Relationships between macro- and micronutrient nutrition of slash pine on three coastal plain soils

Summary Slash pine seedlings on Bladen, Leon, and Lakeland soils responded differently to P and N fertilization. Seedling growth was increased by all treatments on Bladen soil, whereas responses by seedlings on the other soils were nil. All soils were low in extractable P with both Bladen and Lakeland yielding 0.85 ppm P. Growth response to fertilizer was positive on Bladen soil because soil and tissue levels of P were raised above “critical” levels and other nutrients were present in adequate quantities. Tissue analyses indicated, and subsequent experiments utilizing macro- and micronutrients proved, that excess P applications reduced certain micronutrients to growth-limiting levels on both Leon and Lakeland soils. Best growth on Leon soil occurred when P and N were supplemented with Cu. On the Lakeland soil macronutrients supplemented with Cu, Mn, or Zn produced greatest growth. Toxicity levels of five micronutrients on the latter soil also were determined. Journal Series No. 3506, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville. Research supported by Cooperative Research in Forest Fertilization program.     

Evaluation of sewage sludge, septic waste and sludge compost applications to corn and forage: Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B content of crops and soils

This is the second of two papers presenting the data from an experiment on the application of aerobically-digested sewage sludge (AES), anaerobic lagoon septic wastes (ANS), sewage sludge compost and fertilizer to soils for grass forage and feed corn production at two different sites in Nova Scotia. Crop yields, plant tissue and Mehlich-1 extractable soil nutrients were evaluated; 15 elements were analyzed in the plant tissue and 9 elements in the soil extracts. This paper describes the Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B content of the crops and the Mehlich-1 extractable content of the soils. The response to the amendments was not consistent at the two sites with the two different crops. We found that the septic sludge (ANS) produced the highest forage Fe, Cu and Zn levels and was equal to compost in elevating corn stover and forage S and the forage B content. The compost produced the highest forage Ca and corn Zn, the AES produced the highest corn Mn, and fertilizer produced the highest forage Mn. None of the amendments produced excessive levels of the above nutrients; rather, the amendments improved the feed quality of the forage and corn stover. Lastly, it was noted that the Mehlich-1 extract only had a significantly positive correlation with forage Cu content.     

Evaluation of toxic conditions associated with oranging symptoms of rice in a flooded Oxisol in Sumatra,Indonesia

The toxic conditions of Oxisol soils attributed to oranging symptoms of rice grown in the Sitiung Transmigration area, Sumatra, Indonesia were evaluated in the laboratory. Changes of pH and Eh of flooded soils, and concentrations of nutrients in the soils and in the rice plants were measured. The soils were clayey, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic, Typic Haplorthox. It was found that Eh of the soils sharply decreased from an average value of +460 ± 150 mV to –217 ± 15 mV following 60 days of flooding (DF). During the same period of flooding, soil pH increased from an average value of 5.2 ± 0.6 to 6.6 ± 0.2. Concentrations of NaOAc extractable Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, Ca, Mg, P, and K, but not Al, increased markedly whereas their water-soluble form, except Fe, decreased slightly following 60 DF. Leaf tissue analyses indicated that 13, 51 and 58% of the rice plant samples contained potentially toxic level of Mn, Fe and Al, respectively, as their contents were higher than the assumed threshold toxicity levels of 2500, 300, and 300 mg kg^–1. Thirteen, 16, 2, and 3% of the leaf tissue also contained potentially deficient levels of P, K, Ca, and Mg, respectively. The oranging symptom in the rice leaf tissue appeared to be due to indirect toxicity of Fe, Mn, and Al, i.e., Fe-induced, Mn-induced, and Al-induced deficiency of P, K, Ca and Mg. As a result of the relatively high concentrations of NaOAc extractable Fe, Mn, and Al in the soil solution, root growth was limited and coated with iron and manganese oxides thereby reducing the root's capacity to absorb nutrients from the soils.The work was supported by USAID Grant No. DPE-5542-G-SS-4055-00 (3.F-10). Contribution from the Wetland Biogeochemistry Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-7511, USA.     

Influence of added limestone and fertilizers upon the micro-nutrient content of forage tissue and soil

Summary Five rates of limestone and 4 rates of fertilizers were used in a split-plot design to study their effects under field conditions on Mo, Cu, B, Mn, and Zn levels in mixed forage tissue and soil, and on the forage yield. An increase in soil pH resulted in an increase in Mo and Cu content of plant tissue while B, Mn, and Zn decreased. The micro-nutrient content of the tissue increased as the harvesting season progressed. Increasing rates of applied fertilizer did not affect the micro-nutrient content of the forage tissue or soil. Liming to a pH of 5.6 and above reduced the availability of Mn and Zn in the soil. In general, the available B was low at pH values greater than 6.1. Lime did not affect the quantities of Mo and Cu in the soil. Manganese is supplied in large quantities by limestone and is not apt to be deficient in limed soil. However, addition of B and Zn may be required on the high pH soils of Eastern Canada in future. Molybdenum was adequate where the soil was limed to a pH of 6.1 or greater. The dry-matter yield of forage increased significantly with successive increases in lime up to pH 6.6 and with each increment of fertilization. Contribution No.226, Research Branch, Research Station, P.O. Box 1210, Charlottetown, P.E.I. and No.166, Experimental Farm, Nappan, N.S.     

Effect of submergence on availability of certain plant nutrients in three Ultisol catenas

Soil samples from surface and sub-surface horizons in the well-drained and poorly-drained members of three soil catenas were incubated under submergence or at field capacity to study the effects of these incubation conditions and prior natural drainage on the solubility of four plant micro-nutrients. Iron, Mn, Zn and Cu were extracted by water using a 11 water:soil ratio. The four micronutrient metals were also extracted by DTPA solutions buffered at either pH 5.3 or pH 7.3 to compare the effectiveness of these two extractants under these incubation conditions with acid soils. Generally the extractability of the nutrients was much affected by the horizon (A, E or B) with A horizons having the greatest amounts of all nutrients and undergoing greater changes in water- and DTPA-extractability during incubation. Soil drainage class (wellvs. poorly drained) had few effects. Incubation moisture regime had major effects on water extractable Fe and Mn with lesser effects on Zn and Cu. Submerged soils generally had the greatest levels of water extractable nutrients, though rice uptake did not reflect this. DTPA at pH 5.3 extracted 2 to 3 times as much Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu as did DTPA at pH 7.3 and about 50 to 100 times as much as did water. Correlations between DTPA extractable nutrients and rice uptake were significant only for Fe and Cu and declined during incubation. The changes in all variables during incubation were complex, being related to soil properties such as organic matter content, pH and mineralogy as well as to incubation conditions.     

Soils and vegetation of central Australian sandridges. IV. Soils.

Catenary patterns on central Australian sandridges are assessed for the following soil parameters: sand depth, texture, mobility and penetrability; moisture content and characteristic; organic C content, total N and extractable P, K and Ca. There are marked dune-swale gradients in sand depth, soil texture, mobility and penetrability, moisture content at — 15 kPa, and N and organic C contents. There are dune-swale gradients in soil Ca content at a few sites only. Soil P shows significant heterogeneity but no catenary patterns, whilst K levels are homogeneous throughout. S, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, Mo, Co and CI were also measured for a number of sandridge soils but showed no significant catenary patterns and were therefore not studied in detail.     

Effect of salinity,alkalinity and iron application on the availability of iron,manganese, phosphorus and sodium in pea (Pisum sativum L.) crop

Summary The effect of the salinity, alkalinity and Fe application on the dry matter yield and availability of Fe, Mn, P and Na were studied in the greenhouse on pea (Pisum sativum L.) crop. The highest dry matter yield was recorded in normal soil which decreased with the increase in the salinity and alkalinity, minimum being at 40 ESP. Alkalinity was more harmful to pea crop than salinity.Fe at 10 ppm increased the dry matter yield significantly. Highest Fe concentration (408.12 ppm) was recorded in 40 ESP soil followed by 20 ESP (395.2 ppm). Salinity alongwith marginal or higher alkalinity reduced harmful effect of alkalinity. The uptake of Fe was the highest in normal soil due to the high dry matter yield. All the three sources increased the concentration of Fe and its uptake than the control in all the soils but did not show much distinction among themselves.The concentration of Mn decreased more with the increase in alkalinity than salinity but salinity with alkalinity improved Mn concentration. Similarly uptake of Mn also decreased sharply with the increase in salinity and alkalinity. The application of Fe sources decreased Mn concentration but increased the uptake. The highest decrease was caused with FeSO₄ and lowest with Fe rayplex.Like Mn the concentration and uptake of P decreased with the increased levels of salinity and alkalinity. The addition of Fe decreased the concentration of P, highest depression being with Fe KE-MIN.Increase in ESP increased the concentration and the uptake of Na greatly. Addition of Fe through all the sources increased Na concentration and uptake significantly but sources did not differ much in their effect on Na.     

Availability of iron,manganese, zinc and phosphorus in submerged sodic soil as affected by amendments during the growth period of rice crop

Summary Effect of amendments, gypsum (12.5 tonnes/ha), farmyard manure (30 tonnes/ha), rice husk (30 tonnes/ha) and also no amendment (control) on the availability of native Fe, Mn and P and applied Zn in a highly sodic soil during the growth period of rice crop under submerged conditions was studied in a field experiment. Soil samples were collected at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of crop growth. Results showed that extractable Fe (1N NH₄OAC pH 3) and Mn (1N NH₄OAC pH 7) increased with submergence upto 60 days of crop growth but thereafter remained either constant or declined slightly. Application of farmyard manure and rice husk resulted in marked improvement of these elements over gypsum and control. Increases in extractable Mn (water soluble plus exchangeable) as a result of submergence and crop growth under different amendments were accompanied by corresponding decreases in easily reducible Mn content of the soil. Application of 40 kg zinc sulphate per hectare to rice crop could substantially raise the available Zn status (DTPA extractable) of the soil in gypsum and farmyard manure treated plots while the increase was only marginal in rice husk and control plots indicating greater fixation of applied Zn. Available P (0.5M NaHCO₃ pH 8.5) behaved quite differently and decreased in the following order with crop growth: gypsum>rice husk>farmyard manure>control.     

Effects of liming on the extractability of Fe,Mn, Zn and Cu from a peat medium and the growth and micronutrient uptake of highbush blueberry plants

Summary Levels of extractable micronutrients in a peat and the growth and nutrient uptake of young highbush blueberry plants (Vaccinium corymbosum L cv. Blueray) were studied in a greenhouse experiment in response to liming and two rates of addition of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu.Levels of extractable micronutrients showed different trends with liming depending upon the extractant used and the element being considered. Levels of 0.05M CaCl₂-extractable Fe, Mn and Zn decreased as the pH was raised whilst those of Cu first decreased and then increased again. There was a general decline in 0.1M HCl-extractable Fe, Mn and Cu with increasing pH but levels of Zn were not greatly affected. Levels of 0.005M DTPA extractable Fe, Mn Zn and Cu generally declined but those extractable with 0.04M EDTA were either unaffected or increased as the pH was raised. Levels of CaCl₂-extractable Mn and Zn were the same order of magnitude as those extractable with HCl, DTPA and EDTA. In contrast, the latter reagents extracted considerably more Fe and Cu than did CaCl₂.Dry matter yields of plants were increased as the pH was raised from 3.9 to 4.3 but then decreased markedly as the pH was raised further to 6.7. With increasing pH, concentrations of plant Fe generally increased those of Mn were decreased and those of Zn and Cu were not greatly affected except for a marked decline in plant Cu at pH 6.7.     

Effects of soil acidification on the chemical extractability of Fe,Mn, Zn and Cu and the growth and micronutrient uptake of highbush blueberry plants

Summary The effects of soil acidification and micronutrient addition on levels of extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in a soil, and on the growth and micronutrient uptake of young highbush blueberry plants (Vaccinium corymbosum L. cv. Blueray) was investigated in a greenhouse study.Levels of 0.05M CaCl₂-extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu increased as the pH was lowered from 7.0 to 3.8. However, the solubility (CaCl₂-extractability) of Fe and Cu was considerably less pH-dependent than that of Mn and Zn. With the exception of HCl-and DTPA-extractable Mn, micronutrients extractable with 0.1M HCl, 0.005M DTPA and 0.04M EDTA were unaffected or raised only slightly as the pH was lowered from 6.0 to 3.8. Quantities of Mn and Zn extractable with CaCl₂ were similar in magnitude to those extractable with HCl, DTPA and EDTA whilst, in contrast, the latter reagents extracted considerably more Cu and Fe than did CaCl₂. A fractionation of soil Zn and Cu revealed that soil acidification resulted in an increase in the CaCl₂- and pyrophosphate-extractable fractions and a smaller decrease in the oxalate-extractable fraction.Plant dry matter production increased consistently when the soil pH was lowered from 7.0 to 4.6 but there was a slight decline in dry matter as the pH was lowered to 3.8. Micronutrient additions had no influence on plant biomass although plant uptake was increased. As the pH was lowered, concentrations of plant Fe first decreased and then increased whilst those of Mn, and to a lesser extent Zn and Cu, increased markedly.     

Effect of phosphorus and zinc on nodulation and nitrogen fixation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

A green house study was conducted on the effect of P and Zn on nodulation and N fixation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in a loamy sand (Typic Torripsamments) using treatment combinations of five levels of P (0, 25, 50, 100 and 250 ppm), and six levels of Zn (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 100 ppm). The number, dry matter and leghaemoglobin content of nodules, and amount of N fixed generally increased with Zn alone upto 19 ppm and P alone upto 50 ppm, and decreased with their higher levels. Application of 25 to 50 ppm P and 5 to 10 ppm Zn counteracted to a greater extent the adverse effect of 40 and 100 ppm Zn, and 250 ppm P, resp. Maximum nodulation and N fixation (91 to 145% over zero P and Zn, at maturity) was recorded with 25 to 50 ppm P applied along with 5 to 10 ppm Zn. At 64 days, depletion in soil-N was noted, particularly when P was applied, whereas at maturity there was a gain in soil-N, ranging from 10.5 to 44.5 kg/2×10⁶ kg soil depending upon P and Zn treatments. The increase in nodulation and N fixation with balanced P and Zn nutrition might be attributed to an increase in leghaemoglobin, and K and Fe concentration in nodules, and increased plant growth, resulting into enhanced activity of N fixing organisms. The results showed that balanced P and Zn nutrition is essential not only for plant growth but also for maximum activity of Rhizobium for N fixation. Work done at Harvana Agricultural University, Hissar, India.     

Trace element studies on four species of Fusarium.

Trace element studies were carried out on four species of Fusarium: F. moniliforme, F. solani, F. poae and F. bulbigenum. Out of fifteen trace elements tested, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Mo and B were found to be essential for growth and sporulation of all these species of Fusarium. Optimum concentrations in ppm of essential trace elements of these fungi were as follows: F. moniliforme Fe 1.0, Zn 0.1, Mn 0.1, Cu 0.1, Mo 0.1, B 1.0-10.0; F. solani Fe 1.0, Zn 10.0, Mn 0.1, Cu 0.01, Mo 1.0, B 0.1; F. poae Fe 1.0, Zn 0.1, Mn 0.1, Cu 1.0, Mo 0.1, B0.1, F. bulbigneum Fe 10.0, Zn 1.0, Mn 1.0, Cu 1.0, Mo 0.01, B 1.0. Concentrations higher than the optimum were inhibitory to the respective fungi.