四倍体大燕麦与六倍体裸燕麦的受精作用和胚胎发育

用石蜡切片法,对四倍体大燕麦(Avena magna L.)和六倍体裸燕麦(Avena nuda L.)杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育进行了观察。结果表明,六倍体裸燕麦花粉在四倍体大燕麦柱头上萌发良好,花粉管可顺利长入花柱和胚囊。观察的168个四倍体大燕麦子房中,238%发生了双受精,产生了胚和胚乳;179%发生了单卵受精,只产生胚乳而无胚;总受精率为536%;成胚率为417%。由于胚乳的缺乏或发育异常及败育,最终难以获得有生活力的种子。为四倍体大燕麦和六倍体裸燕麦杂交提供了细胞胚胎学证据。     

四倍体大燕麦×六倍体裸燕麦的杂种F1的产生及鉴定

本研究以四倍体大燕麦（Avena magna L.）做母本,六倍体裸燕麦（Avena nuda L.）做父本进行杂交,利用幼胚拯救技术获得了杂种F1,并对其后代形态特征进行了观察;对杂种F1同工酶图谱和DNA指纹图谱进行了分析。杂种F1形态特征偏亲本或介于双亲之间;同工酶研究表明多数F1具有双亲互补酶带;RAPD分析不同引物扩增产物F1呈共显性或偏父、偏母。这些结果表明F1为真杂种。     

小麦×长穗偃麦草的受精和早期胚胎发育

用石蜡切片法,对小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ）和长穗偃麦草（Ｅｌｙｔｒｉｇｉａｅｌｏｎｇａｔａ）杂交的受精和早期胚胎发育进行了观察。结果表明,长穗偃麦草花粉在小麦柱头上萌发良好,花粉管可顺利长入花柱和胚囊。观察的１７０个小麦子房中,１７６５％发生了双受精,产生了胚和胚乳;９４１％发生了单卵受精,只产生胚而无胚乳;４７１％发生了单极核受精,只产生胚乳而无胚;总受精率为３１７７％;成胚率为２７０６％。由于胚乳的缺乏或发育异常及败育,最终难以获得有生活力的种子。为小麦与长穗偃麦草远缘杂交提供了细胞胚胎学证据。     

普通番茄四倍体与二倍体杂交的杂种不育性研究

以普通番茄的四倍体为母本与二倍体杂交时,花粉萌发、花粉管生长及双受精过程都正常;对受精的胚珠形态结构观察得知:4天前幼胚和胚乳发育正常,授粉后4天胚乳出现异常开始退化,5天时这种异常现象更明显,第7天胚乳已完全解体。幼胚在胚乳完全解体前发育正常,而胚乳解体后,幼胚也开始解体。所以普通番茄二倍体与四倍体杂交的杂种不育的原因,在于胚乳败育以及胚的死亡。     

小麦与赖草远缘杂交的受精和胚胎发育

对小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．）和赖草（Ｌｅｙｍ ｕｓｓｅｃａｌｉｎｕｓＴｚｒｅｌ．）杂交的受精和胚胎发育进行了观察．赖草花粉在小麦柱头上萌发良好,花粉管可顺利长入花柱和胚囊,在检查过的３１９个小麦子房中,６２个（１９．４４％ ）发生了双受精,产生了胚和胚乳,但胚乳的发育往往落后于胚的发育;４９个（１５．３６％ ）发生了单卵受精,只产生胚而无胚乳;７个（２．１９％ ）发生了单极核受精,只产生胚乳而无胚．小麦×赖草虽然总受精率可高达３６．９９％ ,然而由于胚乳的缺乏或发育不完全,致使最后结实率很低．从１５０朵授过赖草花粉的小麦颖花中,只得到１粒种子．表明利用胚培养技术对杂种胚进行早期离体培养,可望提高杂种植株的获得率     

大粒裸燕麦（莜麦）（Avena nuda L.）起源及分类问题的探讨

燕麦属（Avena L.）植物中有5个栽培种即普通栽培燕麦（A. sativa L.）、埃塞俄比亚燕麦（A. abyssinica Hochst.）、地中海燕麦（A. byzantina Koch）、砂燕麦（A. strigosa Schreb.）和大粒裸燕麦又称莜麦（A. nuda L.）,其中大粒裸燕麦的子粒不带稃皮为裸燕麦,其他物种均带稃皮为皮燕麦。国际上主要种植皮燕麦,而我国主要种植大粒裸燕麦,由此不难看出,大粒裸燕麦在世界燕麦中占有特殊的地位。然而,关于大粒裸燕麦的起源和分类地位问题,迄今学者们的意见仍不尽相同。笔者通过参阅有关文献和研究实践,对这两个问题进行探讨,认为大粒裸燕麦起源于我国山西和内蒙古一带,在植物学分类上应为一个独立的物种即A. nuda L.。     

小麦x长穗偃麦草的受精和早期胚胎发育

用石蜡切片法,对小麦(Triticum aestivum)和长穗偃麦草(Elytrigia elongata)杂交的受精和早期胚胎发育进行了观察。结果表明,长穗偃麦草花粉在小麦柱头上萌发良好,花粉管可顺利长人花柱和胚囊。 观察的170个小麦子房中,17.65％发生了双受精,产生了胚和胚乳;9.41％发生了单卵受精,只产生胚而无胚乳;4.71％。发生了单极核受精,只产生胚乳而无胚;总受精率为31.77％;成胚率为27.06％。由于胚乳的缺乏或发育异常及败育,最终难以获得有生活力的种子。为小麦与长穗偃麦草远缘杂交提供了细胞胚胎学证据。     

硬粒小麦与珍珠栗远缘杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育

对硬粒小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｎｄｕｒｕｍＤｅｓｆ．）和珍珠栗（Ｐｅｎｎｉｓｅｔｕｍｇｌａｕｃｕｍｓｙｎ．Ｐ．ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｕｍ）远缘杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育进行了研究。对授粉后的１９２个硬粒小麦子房进行制片观察,７．８１％发生双受精,具胚和胚乳,但胚乳发育往往落后于胚的发育;３．１３％只发生了单卵受精,只产生胚而无胚乳;１．０４％发生了单极核受精,只产生胚乳而无胚。总受精率为１１．９８％,成胚率为１０．９４％。由于胚乳的缺乏或发育异常及败育,最终难以获得有生活力的种子     

小麦×节节麦杂种发育的胚胎学研究

用石蜡切片法,对小麦经节节麦花粉授粉后不同时间固定的子房进行了细胞胚胎学观察。结果表明,节节麦花粉在小麦柱头上萌发良好,花粉管可顺利长入花柱和胚囊。观察的２３８个小麦子房中,１０５０％发生了双受精,产生了胚和胚乳;４６２％发生了单卵受精,只产生胚而无胚乳;３７８％发生了单极核受精,只产生胚乳而无胚;总受精率为１８９０％;成胚率为１５１２％。本文还报道了小麦与节节麦远缘杂交时雌雄性核的结合及杂种胚和胚乳的发育情况,探讨了小麦与节节麦杂交结实率低在胚胎学方面的原因     

硬粒小麦与珍珠栗远缘杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育

对硬粒小麦(Triticum durum Desf.)和珍珠栗(Pennisetum glaucum syn.P. americanum)远缘杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育进行了研究。对授粉后的192个硬粒小麦子房进行制片观察,7.81％发生双受精,具胚和胚乳,但胚乳发育往往落后于胚的发育;3.13％只发生了单卵受精,只产生胚而无胚乳;1.04％发生了单极核受精,只产生胚乳而无胚。总受精率为11.98％,成胚率为10.94％。由于胚乳的缺乏或发育异常及败育,最终难以获得有生活力的种子。     

Naked Oat×Maize Hybridization

There is a certain frequency of fertilization and embryo productivity in naked oat (Avena nuda L. ) × maize (Zea mays L. ) crosses. The maize pollen readily germinated on the naked oat stigma and more than one pollen tubes grew into the style in about 68% of florets. In a sample of 163 florets fixed after pollination, 5 (3.07%) had only an embryo, 3 (1.84%) had only an endosperm and 10 (6.13%) had both. Overall, 9 haploid and 3 diploid naked oat plants were obtained from 12 seeds which formed following application of maize pollen to about 2200 emasculated naked oat florets. Preliminary studies indicated that elimination of the maize chromosomes occurred early in the embryo and endosperm development. This method gives a new approach for obtaining haplo!d naked oat.     

四倍体大燕麦×六倍体裸燕麦的杂种F1的产生及鉴定

本研究以四倍体大燕麦 (AvenamagnaL .)做母本 ,六倍体裸燕麦 (AvenanudaL .)做父本进行杂交 ,利用幼胚拯救技术获得了杂种F1,并对其后代形态特征进行了观察 ;对杂种F1同工酶图谱和DNA指纹图谱进行了分析。杂种F1形态特征偏亲本或介于双亲之间 ;同工酶研究表明多数F1具有双亲互补酶带 ;RAPD分析不同引物扩增产物F1呈共显性或偏父、偏母。这些结果表明F1为真杂种     

Fertilization and Embryo Development in Hybridization Between Wheat and Leymus

Observations were made of the fertilization and embryo development in intergeneric cross between Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring and Leyrnus secalinus Tzrel. The pollen germination of Leymus secalinus appeared normal on the stigma of Triticum aestivum and the pollen tubes grew into the style and entered the embryo sacs. Double and simple fertilization were observed in the pollinated florets. Of the 319 ovaries examed 62 (19.44%) had double fertilization and had embryo and endosperm, but endosperm development was slower than that of the embryos, 49 (15.36%) had only embryo and 7 (2.19%) had only endosperm. The total percentage of fertilization was as high as 36.99%. However, only I seed was obtained from 150 wheat ftorets pollinated with Leymus secalinus. This was obviously due to the absence or poor development of the endosperm. It may be suggested that the potential of increasing the frequency of hybrid plant obtainment was great in the cross between wheat and leymus, if embryo culture technique is employed at the early stage of hybrid embryo development.