人乳头瘤病毒16型早期基因E6、E7的克隆及表达

高危人乳头瘤病毒16型的感染与宫颈癌的发病密切相关。HPV16E6和E7蛋白在大多数HPV16相关宫颈癌及其癌前病变中持续表达,因此E6和E7蛋白可作为制备HPV16相关肿瘤及其癌前病变治疗性疫苗的靶抗原〔2〕。采用套式PCR方法,从宫颈癌患者组织中扩增出E6、E7基因并成功构建了包含E6、E7的表达质粒PET-E6、PET-E7。SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和Western-blotting分析结果表明,外源基因E6,E7在T7启动子控制下可获得稳定表达。     

人乳头瘤病毒16型(新疆株)E7基因的克隆与突变研究

目的：克隆分析人乳头瘤病毒16型(HPV16)新疆株的研基因;并对E7基因进行突变改造,以比较野生型与突变型HPV16E7基因的功能。方法：根据从中国新疆维吾尔族妇女宫颈癌活检组织标本中提取的DNA,进行PCR扩增获得HPV16E7基因,然后分别将其克隆到pMD18-T载体上进行DNA序列分析。根据HPV16E7基因的特点,分别设计点突变引物,用PCR的方法进行HPV16E7基因的点突变。结果：PCR检测显示扩增出HPV16(新疆株)E8基因;测序结果表明HPV16-XJ的研基因全长297bp,与德国标准株一致;利用设计突变位点的引物经PCR扩增,经序列测定后,分别得到了第70、172、271位碱基突变的HPV16E7基因;分别构建了野生型与单、双、三点突变的重组质粒pMD18-T-HPV16E7。结论：人乳头瘤病毒16型(新疆株)E7基因结构与德国标准株相同。HPV16E7基因多点突变的改造,为探索HPV16E7基因功能的变化和开展疫苗研究奠定了理论基础。     

人乳头瘤病毒16E5突变与宫颈癌的研究进展

人乳头瘤病毒(Humanpapillomavirus)HPV是发生宫颈癌的必要条件,人乳头瘤病毒16E5癌基因突变与宫颈癌的发生有密切的相关性。人乳头瘤病毒E5是一种转化作用的癌蛋白,是细胞膜或内膜整合蛋白。人乳头瘤病毒E5在感染的细胞中表达。主要在感染细胞克隆早期的繁殖,扩张中起重要作用。它干预生长因子受体,干扰周期蛋白和周期蛋白激酶,促进病毒癌基因转化,抑制抑癌基因表达,激活启动子促进病毒繁殖,并通过多种机制促使损伤细胞,通过细胞周期,使宿主细胞增殖,分化延缓,恶性化。E5基因变异意味着功能有可能改变,可能机体或细胞对病毒变异株的免疫能力,与宫颈癌的发生和HPV的嗜上皮性有关,因此对人乳头瘤病毒16E5基因变异的研究对于人乳头瘤病毒16在宫颈癌发病中的作用有着不可忽略的意义。本文对人乳头瘤病毒16E5突变株在宫颈癌组织中的作用及其基因突变的研究现状进行分析。     

人乳头瘤病毒E2蛋白对细胞增殖作用的研究进展

宫颈癌的发生与人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染密切相关。HPV E2蛋白能特异性抑制病毒基因E6、E7的表达,从而抑制它们的致癌作用,并可通过与p53、Caspase等相互作用影响细胞增殖,在HPV感染及致病过程中具有重要作用。     

人乳头瘤病毒HPV31型宫颈癌细胞模型的建立

宫颈癌与人乳头瘤病毒感染密切相关,建立宫颈癌实验模型可为宫颈癌的研究提供理想的模拟实验条件。我们通过应用基因重组技术,分别以HPV31型E6和E7基因为目的基因,通过原核表达、蛋白纯化和免疫小鼠等获得其特异性检测抗体。我们还通过构建E6和E7基因真核表达载体、转染C33A细胞、博莱霉素抗性筛选和表达检测等步骤,获得一种稳定的体外宫颈癌细胞系。经酶切鉴定及测序证实细胞基因组已重组插入质粒中的目的基因。我们已成功筛选到稳定的目的mRNA和蛋白表达的阳性细胞系,建立了稳定的人乳头状瘤病毒31型(HPV31)的宫颈癌细胞株,为研究宫颈癌提供了体外实验模型。     

人乳头瘤病毒l6型E6-E7融合蛋白真核表达载体的构建与鉴定

目的构建人乳头瘤病毒l6型(HPV16)E6-E7融合蛋白真核表达载体,为研究其基因疫苗免疫活性奠定实验基础。方法 PCR扩增HPV16 E6-E7基因片段,将其连接到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+),构建真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)/HPV16 E6-E7,双酶切及测序鉴定。将质粒转染HeLa细胞,RT-PCR鉴定E6-E7基因在HeLa细胞中的表达。提取质粒免疫小鼠,利用免疫组化方法检测在其肌肉组织中的表达。结果成功构建了真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)/HPV16 E6-E7;在转染pcDNA3.1(+)/HPV16 E6-E7的细胞中检测到HPV16 E6-E7基因。在免疫该质粒的小鼠肌肉组织中可以检测到该质粒的蛋白表达。结论成功的构建的了真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)/HPV16 E6-E7,该载体能在HeLa细胞内以及小鼠骨骼肌细胞内有效表达。     

人乳头瘤病毒16型E5蛋白功能研究进展

人乳头瘤病毒16型(HPV16)E5蛋白具有多种生物学活性,主要通过与表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)等细胞膜表面蛋白相互作用,导致信号转导、细胞转化与细胞融合等,在肿瘤形成的早期起重要作用。HPV16 E5蛋白作为肿瘤抗原,可作为候选疫苗,以预防和治疗由HPV16诱发的宫颈癌等恶性肿瘤。     

人乳头瘤病毒癌基因诱导细胞永生化的研究进展

永生化细胞是研究细胞增殖、分化、凋亡及衰老等的理想细胞模型。目前人类已建立多种细胞永生的方法,其中人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）癌基因（E6和E7）被广泛用于永生化细胞研究。E6蛋白和E7蛋白主要通过灭活p53通路和pRb通路,从多个水平提高端粒酶的表达和活性,使细胞逃过细胞复制衰老而继续增殖,实现细胞永生化。综述人乳头瘤病毒癌基因E6和E7的最新研究进展,探讨未来研究的趋势和研究方向。     

中国湖北地区HPV16型E6和E7基因变异和进化发生学研究

研究中国湖北地区宫颈癌患者的人乳头瘤病毒16型E6和E7的变异以及HPV16变异体的分布。从宫颈癌患者手术切除标本提取组织DNA,用HPV16 E6和E7特异性引物进行PCR扩增,对扩增的部分E6和E7产物片段进行测序分析。在80例宫颈癌组织DNA中有41例发生E6基因178位核苷酸的突变,突变频率58.75%,相应核苷酸改变为Asp-Glu,E7 647在31例测序样品中有22例发生核苷酸序列A到G改变,使29位氨基酸由Asn变为Ser,突变频率70.97%,结果显示在E6和E7基因的178位和647位核苷酸存在高频率的碱基变异。对E6和E7基因的进化树分析表明,中国湖北地区流行的HPV16病毒株主要为亚洲型变异体(As),其次为欧洲型(E),没有发现非洲-1型(Af-1),非洲-2型(Af-2)和亚洲美洲型(AA)HPV16变异体,中国湖北地区流行的As变异体是否有更高的致宫颈癌的风险还有待于进一步对不同阶段CIN和正常宫颈上皮样品的E6和E7基因进行序列分析和对变异体蛋白进行功能研究。     

腺病毒载体介导的HPV16E7基因沉默及其对宫颈癌CaSki细胞的影响

目的:构建利用RNA干扰技术沉默HPV16E7基因的腺病毒载体,并探讨其对人宫颈癌细胞系CaSki细胞增殖的影响,以及腺病毒载体在宫颈癌基因治疗中的可行性。方法:利用腺病毒载体介导的RNA干扰对CaSki细胞中HPV16E7蛋白的表达进行抑制。显微镜观察细胞病变情况。MTT实验用来检测腺病毒载体感染的CaSki细胞的增殖情况。结果:成功构建了用以介导CaSki细胞中HPV16E7基因沉默的腺病毒载体。腺病毒感染后的CaSki细胞发生典型病理变化,HPV16E7基因表达受到明显抑制,细胞分裂明显减慢。结论:腺病毒载体介导的RNA干扰能够特异性的沉默HPV16E7基因,抑制CaSki细胞的增殖,为腺病毒载体用于宫颈癌基因治疗的可行性提供了依据。     

Genomic and proteomic expression patterns in HPV-16 E6 gene transfected stable human carcinoma cell lines

cDNA microarray and proteomics studies were performed to analyze the genomic and proteomic expression patterns in HPV-16 E6 gene transfected stable human carcinoma cell lines. Among 1024 known genes and ESTs tested by cDNA microarray, we found 50 upregulated and 35 downregulated genes in RC10.1 HPV-16 E6 transfected human colon adenocarcinoma cells compared to RKO cells, and 27 upregulated and 43 downregulated genes in A549E6 HPV-16 E6 transfected human lung adenocarcinoma cells compared to A549 cells. Employing two dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF-MS, the global pattern of protein expressions in RC10.1 human colon adenocarcinoma and A549E6 human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines stably expressing the HPV 16-E6 gene were compared with those of RKO and A549 cell lines to generate a differential protein expression catalog. We found 13 upregulated and 13 downregulated proteins in RC10.1 (E6-expressing RKO) cells compared to RKO cells and 12 upregulated and 14 downregulated proteins in A549E6 (E6-expressing A549) cells compared to A549 cells. The identified genes and proteins were classified into several groups according to the subcellular function. Expressing pattern of three genes and proteins (CDK5, Bak, and I-TRAF) were matched in both analyses of cDNA microarray and proteomics. These powerful approaches using cDNA microarray and proteomics could provide in-depth information on the impact of HPV-16 E6-related genes and proteins. Differential gene and protein expression patterns by transfection of HPV-16 E6 will provide the nucleus of valuable resource for investigation of the biochemical basis of cervical carcinogenesis. Further understanding of this data base may provide valuable resources for developing novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets of cervical cancer.     

云南HPV-16型E6、E7基因的突变分析

人乳头瘤病毒(Human papillomavirus,HPV)16型(HPV-16)是引起宫颈癌的一种主要高危型病毒,其2个致癌基因E6和E7的核酸序列变异可能会影响其对宿主细胞的致癌性,已有研究表明其序列突变呈现地域差异性。因此,研究不同地域HPV-16这2个基因的变化情况是宫颈癌流行病学调研的主要内容,也可为研究E6和E7的致癌性积累数据。研究以NCBI登录号为NC_001526.2的HPV-16型病毒的序列为参照,采用Neighbor-joining方法对云南地区74例HPV-16样本的E6、E7的DNA序列构建进化树,结果显示:只有亚洲和欧洲变异亚型,而没有发现非洲1、非洲2、亚-美洲和北美洲这4种变异亚型。DNA序列分析显示:E6的碱基突变以T178G(D25E,59.46%)和T350G(L83V,8.11%)为主,E7的碱基突变主要以A647G(N29S,59.46%)和T846C(同义突变,60.81%)为主。发现E6的新突变有A95G(同义突变,1.35%)和A135G(K11R,1.35%);E7的新突变有C625T(L22F,1.35%)、C627T(同义突变,12.16%)、G689A(G43E,1.35%)、T748G(S63A,1.35%)。此外还发现有一个共突变现象:T178G(D25E,59.46%)-A647G(N29S,59.46%)-T843C(同义突变,21.62%)-T846C(同义突变,60.81%)。     

Complex formation of human papillomavirus E7 proteins with the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene product.

The E7 proteins encoded by the human papillomaviruses (HPVs) associated with anogenital lesions share significant amino acid sequence homology. The E7 proteins of these different HPVs were assessed for their ability to form complexes with the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene product (p105-RB). Similar to the E7 protein of HPV-16, the E7 proteins of HPV-18, HBV-6b and HPV-11 were found to associate with p105-RB in vitro. The E7 proteins of HPV types associated with a high risk of malignant progression (HPV-16 and HPV-18) formed complexes with p105-RB with equal affinities. The E7 proteins encoded by HPV types 6b and 11, which are associated with clinical lesions with a lower risk for progression, bound to p105-RB with lower affinities. The E7 protein of the bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1), which does not share structural similarity in the amino terminal region with the HPV E7 proteins, was unable to form a detectable complex with p105-RB. The amino acid sequences of the HPV-16 E7 protein involved in complex formation with p105-RB in vitro have been mapped. Only a portion of the sequences that are conserved between the HPV E7 proteins and AdE1A were necessary for association with p105-RB. Furthermore, the HPV-16 E7-p105-RB complex was detected in an HPV-16-transformed human keratinocyte cell line.     

Inhibition of apoptosis in human laryngeal cancer cells by E6 and E7 oncoproteins of human papillomavirus 16

The carcinogenesis of human papillomaviruses type 16 (HPV-16) is mainly due to its two oncoproteins, E6 and E7. Their carcinogenic features in term of their relationship with Bcl-2 family are still unclear. We thus aimed to analyze the expression of Bcl-2 family members, Bcl-2, Bax, and Bak in laryngeal cancer cells transfected with the E6 or E7 and to determine the sensitivity of these cells to apoptotic stimuli. We employed two human laryngeal cancer cell lines, UMSCC12 and UMSCC11A in this study. These two cell lines were stably transfected with HPV16 E6, E7 or empty vector, pcDNA3.1. We found that E6 and E7 inhibited apoptosis induced by TNF-alpha/CHX in both UMSCC11A and UMSCC12 cells, enhanced the stability of Bcl-2 protein and increased the degradation of Bak protein. Furthermore, it was found that HPV-16 E7 statistically enhanced the expression of Bcl-2 in laryngeal cancer. The alteration of Bak by E6 and E7 was not through the influence on the Bak promoter, as the luciferase assay showed that neither E6 nor E7 changed the Bak promoter activity. We conclude that the evasion of apoptosis mediated by HPV-16 E6 and E7 is associated with increased Bcl-2 and decreased Bak in laryngeal carcinogenesis and that the decreased level of Bak by E6 and E7 is not caused by the regulation of the Bak promoter but by reducing its protein stability.     

Identification of the HPV-16 E6 protein from transformed mouse cells and human cervical carcinoma cell lines.

Human cervical carcinoma cell lines that harbor human papillomavirus (HPV) have been reported to retain selectively and express HPV sequences which could encode viral E6 and E7 proteins. The potential importance of HPV E6 to tumors is suggested further by the observation that bovine papillomavirus (BPV) E6 can induce morphologic transformation of mouse cells in vitro. To identify HPV E6 protein, a polypeptide encoded by HPV-16 E6 was produced in a bacterial expression vector and used to raise antisera. The antisera specifically immunoprecipitated the predicted 18-kd protein in two human carcinoma cell lines known to express HPV-16 RNA and in mouse cells morphologically transformed by HPV-16 DNA. The 18-kd E6 protein was distinct from a previously identified HPV-16 E7 protein. The HPV-16 E6 antibodies were found to be type specific in that they did not recognize E6 protein in cells containing HPV-18 sequences and reacted weakly, if at all, to BPV E6 protein. The results demonstrate that human tumors containing HPV-16 DNA can express an E6 protein product. They are consistent with the hypothesis that E6 may contribute to the transformed phenotype in human cervical cancers that express this protein.     

Targeted degradation of the retinoblastoma protein by human papillomavirus E7-E6 fusion proteins.

The E6 and the E7 proteins of the oncogenic human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 can stably associate with p53 and the retinoblastoma protein, respectively. The E6-p53 interaction results in the accelerated degradation of p53 in vitro via the ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis system. In this study we demonstrate that a fusion protein consisting of the N-terminal half of the HPV-16 E7 protein and the full length HPV-16 E6 protein promotes the in vitro degradation of the retinoblastoma protein. This indicates that the property of the HPV-16 E6 protein to stimulate the degradation of p53 can be targeted to other proteins. Unlike the HPV-16 or HPV-18 E6 protein, the E6 proteins of HPV-6 and 11 do not bind to p53 and consequently do not target p53 for degradation. Analogous E7-E6 fusion proteins using the E6 proteins of HPV-6 and HPV-11, however, also have the ability to promote the degradation of the retinoblastoma protein, indicating that the property to target associated proteins for degradation is shared by the anogenital specific HPV E6 proteins.     

Antitumor effect of therapeutic HPV DNA vaccines with chitosan-based nanodelivery systems

Background

Cervical cancer is the second-most-common cause of malignancies in women worldwide, and the oncogenic activity of the human papilloma virus types (HPV) E7 protein has a crucial role in anogenital tumors. In this study, we have designed a therapeutic vaccine based on chitosan nanodelivery systems to deliver HPV-16 E7 DNA vaccine, considered as a tumor specific antigen for immunotherapy of HPV-associated cervical cancer. We have developed a Nano-chitosan (NCS) as a carrier system for intramuscular administration using a recombinant DNA vaccine expressing HPV-16 E7 (NCS-DNA E7 vaccine). NCS were characterized in vitro for their gene transfection ability.

Results

The transfection of CS-pEGFP NPs was efficient in CHO cells and the expression of green fluorescent proteins was well observed. In addition, NCS-DNA E7 vaccine induced the strongest E7-specific CD8+ T cell and interferon γ responses in C57BL/6 mice. Mice vaccinated with NCS-DNA E7 vaccine were able to generate potent protective and therapeutic antitumor effects against challenge with E7-expressing tumor cell line, TC-1.

Conclusions

The strong therapeutic effect induced by the Chitosan-based nanodelivery suggest that nanoparticles may be an efficient carrier to improve the immunogenicity of DNA vaccination upon intramuscular administration and the platform could be further exploited as a potential cancer vaccine candidate in humans.     

shRNA抑制宫颈癌Hela细胞株HPV18 E6、E7基因表达的研究

应用短发夹RNA(Short hairpin RNA,shRNA)表达载体抑制宫颈癌Hela细胞株HPV18 E6、E7基因的表达。应用已鉴定的shRNA表达载体pHPV1、pHPV2转染Hela细胞,G418筛选阳性细胞,建立稳定转染细胞株;倒置荧光显微镜检测转染情况;提取细胞内总RNA,RT-PCR方法检测HPV18 E6、E7 mRNA;WesternBlot检测HPV18 E6、E7蛋白表达的变化;采用灰度分析软件对PCR扩增条带与蛋白质条带进行灰度分析。pHPV1实验组细胞内HPV18 E6、E7 mRNA含量分别为阴性对照组的31%、38%,E6、E7蛋白分别为阴性对照组的37%、31%;pHPV2实验组细胞内HPV18 E6、E7 mRNA含量分别为阴性对照组的54%、77%,E6、E7蛋白分别为阴性对照组的52%、83%。pHPV1、pHPV2表达载体能抑制Hela细胞HPV18 E6、E7的表达,针对外显子区434-452的pHPV1抑制作用更强。     

Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for a syngeneic tumor expressing the E6 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus type 16.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 has been implicated in the etiology of cervical carcinomas, but it is unknown whether HPV-specific immunity can function in controlling the growth of HPV-associated carcinomas. We previously demonstrated that CD8+ T lymphocytes can inhibit the in vivo outgrowth of murine tumor cells transfected with the HPV-16 E7 gene and have now established a murine model to study the CTL responses to the E6 oncoprotein of HPV-16. Immunization of C3H/HeN mice with syngeneic fibroblasts expressing a transfected HPV-16 E6 gene induced regression of transplanted tumors expressing this gene. Populations of CTL isolated from the spleens of mice whose E6+ tumors had regressed were shown to specifically lyse E6+ target cells. The cytolytic activity was mediated by CD8+ CTL in a MHC restricted pattern. These data and our previous findings with transfected tumor cells expressing the E7 gene, support the conclusion that tumor cells associated with HPV-16 can be inhibited by CTL specific for molecules encoded by the HPV-16 E6 and E7 genes.