根系分区交替灌溉不同交替周期对苹果树

以11~12年生苹果树为研究对象,于2006~2007年在烟台市农科院果树研究所试验果园进行了根系分区交替灌溉（APRI）试验,研究了APRI灌溉模式下不同交替灌溉周期对苹果树生长、产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,APRI处理的苹果树湿润一侧土壤含水量随深度增加而减少,并出现明显拐点,交替周期愈短拐点愈接近地表,干旱一侧则随深度增加而增大,二者含水量最大差值出现在土壤表层0~10 cm。每2周交替灌溉1次的APRI1处理的叶水势、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度稍有降低,但与对照均没有明显差异,而每4周交替灌溉1次的APRI2和APRI3处理的上述指标则显著低于对照（P < 0.05）。APRI处理显著抑制植株的新梢生长,但对果实直径没有显著影响。APRI1和APRI2处理的苹果产量比对照和APRI3下降了11.1 %~14.8 %,但供水量减少了50 %,水分利用效率提高了71 %~80 %,而且显著提高了可溶性固形物含量和果实干物质含量,使果实含酸量降低,果实硬度增加,果实品质明显改善。由此可以推断采用根系分区交替灌溉并进行适宜的交替周期处理（如本试验中的APRI1）可以达到大量节水、提高苹果品质而不明显降低产量的目的,是苹果生产中一种切实可行的灌溉方式,值得旱地苹果园大力推广。     

根系分区交替滴灌对苹果幼苗生理特性和水分利用效率的影响

以矮化红富士苹果幼苗为试验材料,采用交替滴灌(ADI)、固定滴灌(FDI)和常规滴灌(CDI)3种滴灌方式和3种灌水量对苹果幼苗的生理特性和水分利用效率进行了研究,以阐明根系分区交替灌溉下苹果幼苗生理特性和节水机理.结果表明:与CDI方式相比,当灌水定额由20 mm增大到30 mm时,ADI方式提高了苹果幼苗根干重、根系导水率、叶水势和净光合速率,降低了其蒸腾速率、棵间蒸发量和蒸散量,从而使得ADI方式下的叶片水分利用效率、总水分利用效率和灌溉水分利用效率较CDI方式大大提高;3种滴灌方式的根系导水率均存在显著的季节变化,并以8月份最大,12月份最小;与CDI方式相比, ADI和FDI方式在节水达33.3%时的平均根系导水率仅分别降低了5.81%和14.7%,但水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率分别较CDI方式高出16.31%和14.48%、40.52%和27.65%.可见,局部根区灌溉方式能促进苹果幼苗生长和光合作用,并主要通过提高根系导水率的途径来提高水分利用效率.     

水分亏缺下紫花苜蓿和高粱根系水力学导度 与水分利用效率的关系

利用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟水分亏缺条件(胁迫水势-0.2MPa,胁迫48h),研究了变水条件下紫花苜蓿(品种:阿尔冈金和陇东)和高粱(品种:抗四)根系水力学导度(Lp_r)、根系活力、根叶相对含水量、水分利用效率等参数的动态变化,以期进一步明确植物水分吸收及散失过程调控的生理生态学基础。结果表明:水分亏缺限制了紫花苜蓿和高粱根系吸水,表现在Lp_r的下降和根系活力的降低;继而调控了其地上部反应,引起气孔导度、光合速率、叶片相对含水量和蒸腾速率等的下降,但限制性的提高了其水分利用效率,尤其在胁迫初期。恢复到正常供水条件后,Lp_r、根系活性、气孔导度等水分利用参数逐渐部分或完全恢复到了胁迫前水平,但恢复程度存在种间和品种间差异,并且根系吸水能力的恢复对于是植株地上部生长状态的恢复至关重要,尤其是水分恢复初期。紫花苜蓿根系中检测到水通道蛋白(AQPs)的存在,水分亏缺对紫花苜蓿Lp_r的影响认为主要是通过影响AQPs的活性实现的。比较紫花苜蓿和高粱水分吸收与利用状况在变水条件下的动态变化,认为紫花苜蓿幼苗对干旱逆境的适应能力相对弱于高粱,品种间陇东适应能力更强。     

亏缺灌溉对棉花生长和水分利用效率的影响研究进展

棉花是世界上最主要的农作物之一.随着全球水资源的日益紧张,灌溉用水将成为限制棉花生产的主要因素.亏缺灌溉是一种低于作物正常腾发量的灌溉方式,可以在保证棉花产量和品质的前提下提高水分利用效率,是一种有效的节水灌溉方式.本文综述了亏缺灌溉对棉花生长和水分利用效率的影响.亏缺灌溉可以通过促进棉花由营养生长向生殖生长转化,降低...     

限量灌溉下冬小麦水分利用效率模拟

用参数调试后的DSSAT-CERES Wheat模型,以郑州地区冬小麦全生育期降水偏缺的2003-2004年逐日气象资料为背景数据,在分析作物阶段缺水量的基础上,限定灌溉量100 mm以内,分不灌水、灌一水、二水、三水处理,着重模拟研究限量灌溉对冬小麦水分利用的影响,并引入田间水分管理反映指标(WMRIs)为优化灌溉方案设计提供综合评价参考.结果表明:限量灌溉可在一定程度上缓解水分胁迫,促进增产并提高水分利用效率;各种处理均较不灌水明显增产,增产率为13.1%～73.3%;小麦对水分的吸收利用总体表现为灌二水优于灌三水优于灌一水;水分利用效率越冬水+灌浆水最高,灌溉水利用效率拔节水最高;拔节期是限量灌溉的最佳时期.     

玉米根系形态性状和空间分布对水分利用效率的调控

玉米根系形态性状(总根长、根系表面积和根系干物质重)与植物整体水分利用效率间具有显著或极显著的相关性,回归曲线趋势基本相同,均呈二次曲线关系,只是相关系数不同。说明从提高水分利用效率来说,根系需要维持适宜的大小。其中根长对水分利用效率的贡献是第一位的,而根系干物质重的贡献最小,根系表面积介于二者之间。从空间分布来说,玉米每层节根数、节根长度和直径在父母本和杂交种间也具有显著或极显著的差异。与中下层根量相比,母本与不抗旱的父本处于上层干土中的根系数量明显较多,且根系直径大,吸水困难。而杂交种在干旱条件下上层根重和数量维持不变,或略高于不抗旱品种,但中层和下层根系数量和长度明显高于不抗旱品种,且根系直径小于不抗旱品种,这样从多的有效根系数量和低的吸水阻力两方面保证了水分的吸收,从而使其产量和水分利用效率均最高,说明通过根系形态特性和空间分布的优化能够调节作物整体的水分利用效率。     

水分胁迫和氮素营养对小麦根苗生长及水分利用效率的效应

采用目前生产上广泛种植的小麦品种小偃６号,在一种特制木盒中土培,研究了水分胁迫和氮素营养对小麦根系和幼苗生长及水分利用效率（ＷＵＥ）的效应。小麦根系生长在双层尼龙网之间,土壤中的水分和养分可以被正常吸收,但主根和侧根不能穿过。结果表明：在土壤含水量为田间持水量的４０％－７０％范围内,随着土壤干旱程度的增加,小麦根长（ＲＬ）、根干重（ＲＤＷ）、叶面积（ＬＡ）和ＷＵＥ显著降低。氮肥的效应更为复杂。随着     

植物水分利用效率和半干旱地区农业用水

干旱是一个全球性问题,人类面临的第一个生态问题就是水分不足。减少农业生产中水的需求量成为一个国际目标,我国的情况尤为严峻。我国水资源总量虽居世界第六位[1],但人均占有量仅为2400m3,相当于世界平均数的1／4,且时空分布不均。长江以北地区耕地面积占全国的64％．而水资源不足18％。我国的灌溉面积已达7.2亿亩,居世界首位,但灌溉水浪费严重,其利用系数只有0．5,致使整个农业用水量占到总用水量的85％,而一些发达国家仅占到50％左右。由于水资源短缺和生态环境恶化,1959年以来全国平均每年受旱面积呈增大趋势,在占国土面积…     

植物叶片水分利用效率研究综述

植物能否适应当地的极限环境条件,最主要的看它们能否很好地协调碳同化和水分耗散之间的关系,即植物水分利用效率(WUE)是其生存的关键因子.就近来研究最多的叶片水平上的WUE,从叶片WUE的定义,方法,进展等方面对其进行总结概括,并就今后植物叶片水分利用效率的研究提出了几点看法:方法上,叶片碳同位素方法是目前植物叶片长期水分利用效率研究的最佳方法,而δ13C的替代指标将继续是方法研究中的一个方向,前景乐观;研究内容上,要加强极端干旱区河岸林木的δ13C和WUE的研究;结合植物生理生态学,生物学和稳定同位素技术,探究植物叶片长期水分利用效率的机理,特别是要加强运用双重同位素模型加深和理解植物叶片长期水分利用效率变化规律和内在机制的研究;要结合多种方法,加强多时空尺度植物叶片WUE及其之间的转换研究.     

干旱胁迫对水稻水分利用效率的影响

通过特殊自然干旱胁迫的方法,研究不同干旱胁迫对水稻的水分利用效率（ＷＵＥ）的影响,在一定供水量时,水稻的ＷＵＥ随供水量的增加而下降,但水稻旱种时,却因供水量过低,干旱胁迫严重,ＷＵＥ值为最低。不同品种的水稻ＷＵＥ存在较大的差异,抗旱性强的品种具有较高ＷＵＥ,因此选用具有较高ＷＵＥ的品种,是水稻节水栽培的关键。     

微喷灌水氮一体化对冬小麦生长发育和水肥利用效率的影响

在等灌水量和施氮量下,探索小麦-玉米一年两熟轮作区玉米秸秆还田后冬小麦生育期微喷灌水氮一体化模式对冬小麦生长发育和水肥利用效率的影响。2016—2018年通过2年田间大区试验,在生育期设6种微喷灌水氮一体化模式,其中,灌水设W₁(越冬水+拔节水+灌浆水,各灌600 m³·hm^-2)、W₂(越冬水+返青水+拔节水+灌浆水,各灌450 m³·hm^-2)和W₃(越冬水、拔节水各灌600 m³·hm^-2,返青水、灌浆水各灌300 m³·hm^-2)3种模式;施氮设N₁(基施氮60%+随拔节水追氮40%)和N₂(基施氮60%+随拔节水追氮30%+随灌浆水追氮10%)2种模式,以W₁下不施肥为对照(CK),共7个处理,调查群体动态、灌浆期干物质积累转移和成熟期养分积累规律。结果表明: 1)越冬水灌水量由450 m³·hm^-2增至600 m³·hm^-2,有利于越冬期植株总茎数和成穗数的增加而增产,灌返青水拔节期总茎数增加,对成穗数影响较小;拔节期施氮越多,单株茎数增加越多,但成穗数降低。2)生育期灌4水(W₂和W₃),配合拔节期和灌浆期分次水氮一体化(N₂),有利于灌浆期总干物质积累、穗粒数和千粒重增加而增产。3)灌4水处理比灌3水处理生育期耗水量和氮、磷、钾素吸收量增加,水肥利用效率提高。灌4水处理(W₂和W₃)中N₂的生育期耗水量低于N₁,氮、磷、钾素吸收量高于N₁,灌水和氮磷钾利用率显著提高,以W₃N₂效果最好。因此,W₃N₂处理,即玉米秸秆还田后播种冬小麦,微喷灌生育期灌4水,越冬水和拔节水灌水量增加到600 m³·hm^-2,配合拔节水和灌浆水追施氮肥,使冬小麦成穗数和千粒重增加而增产,且水肥利用效率最高,是山西南部冬小麦微喷灌水肥一体化高产高效最佳水氮管理模式。     

Chemical signals and their regulations on the plant growth and water use efficiency of cotton seedlings under partial root-zone drying and different nitrogen applications

Partial root-zone drying during irrigation (PRD) has been shown effective in enhancing plant water use efficiency (WUE), however, the roles of chemical signals from root and shoot that are involved and the possible interactions affected by nitrogen nutrition are not clear. Pot-grown cotton (Gossypium spp.) seedlings were treated with three levels of N fertilization and PRD. The concentrations of nitrate (NO₃⁻), abscisic acid (ABA) and the pH value of leaf and root xylem saps, biomass and WUE were measured. Results showed that PRD plants produced larger biomass and higher WUE than non-PRD plants, with significant changes in leaf xylem ABA, leaf and root xylem NO₃⁻ concentrations and pH values, under heterogeneous soil moisture conditions. Simultaneously, high-N treated plants displayed larger changes in leaf xylem ABA and higher root xylem NO₃⁻ concentrations, than in the medium- or low-N treated plants. However, the WUE of plants in the low-N treatment was higher than that of those in the high- and medium-N treatments. PRD and nitrogen levels respectively induced signaling responses of ABA/NO₃⁻ and pH in leaf or root xylem to affect WUE and biomass under different watering levels, although significant interactions of PRD and nitrogen levels were found when these signal molecules responded to soil drying. We conclude that these signaling chemicals are regulated by interaction of PRD and nitrogen status to regulate stomatal behavior, either directly or indirectly, and thus increase PRD plant WUE under less irrigation.     

膜下滴灌水氮调控对南疆棉花产量及水氮利用率的影响

为探明水氮调控对膜下滴灌棉花的生长特性、产量构成因素以及水氮利用效率的影响,设置了3个灌溉水量和5个氮素水平进行大田棉花膜下滴灌试验.结果表明: 随着灌溉水量的增加,棉花的株高、主茎叶数、果枝数和叶面积指数显著增加,棉花叶、茎干物质积累增加,但抑制了根系生长,与低(4950 mm·hm^-2)和高(6750 mm·hm^-2)灌水量处理相比,中灌水量(5850 mm·hm^-2)处理平均单株有效铃数和单铃质量分别增加0.96、0.4个和0.22、0.11 g.与其他施氮处理相比,施氮量为300 kg·hm^-2时棉花茎直径显著增加,促进了棉花蕾、铃和根系的发育,而且在灌水量为5850 mm·hm^-2条件下,棉花干物质由营养器官向生殖器官的分配比灌水量为4950和6750 mm·hm^-2处理分别增加5.1%和29.6%.灌溉水量对棉花产量有显著影响,对衣分率影响不显著,而施氮量对棉花产量和衣分率都有一定的影响,但灌溉水量过低会抑制氮肥增产效应的发挥.在本试验条件下,灌水量为5850 mm·hm^-2、施氮量为300 kg·hm^-2时,棉花生长健壮,株型结构优化,显著促进了干物质向生殖器官的运转,有效铃数、单铃质量和衣分增加,产量达到最高(6992 kg·hm^-2),水分利用效率和氮肥利用率分别达1.45 kg·m^-3和45.9%.     

Benefits of alternate partial root-zone irrigation on growth, water and nitrogen use efficiencies modified by fertilization and soil water status in maize

Alternate partial root-zone irrigation (APRI) is a new water-saving technique and may improve crop water use efficiency without much yield reduction. We investigated if the benefits of APRI on biomass accumulation, water and nitrogen use efficiencies could be modified by different soil fertilization and watering levels in pot-grown maize (Zea mays L. cv. super-sweet No 28, a local variety). Three irrigation methods, i.e. conventional irrigation (CI), alternate partial root-zone irrigation (APRI, alternate watering on both sides of the pot) and fixed partial root-zone irrigation (FPRI, fixed watering on one side of the pot), two watering levels, i.e. water deficit (W₁, 45–55% of field capacity) and well-watered (W₂, 70–80% of field capacity), and two N fertilization levels, i.e. no fertilization and fertilization, were designed. Results showed that APRI and FPRI methods led to more reduction in transpiration than in photosynthesis, and thus increased leaf water use efficiency (leaf WUE, i.e. the ratio of leaf net photosynthetic rate to transpiration rate). Compared to the CI treatment, APRI and FPRI increased leaf WUE by 7.7% and 8.1% before the jointing stage and 3.6% and 4.2% during the jointing stage, respectively. Under the fertilization and well-watered conditions, APRI treatment saved irrigation water by 38.4% and reduced shoot and total dry masses by 5.9% and 6.7%, respectively if compared to the CI treatment. APRI also enhanced canopy WUE (defined as the amount of total biomass per unit water used) and nitrogen (N) apparent recovery fraction (Nr, defined as the ratio of the increased N uptake to N applied) by 24.3% and 16.4%, respectively, indicating that effect of APRI can be better materialized under appropriate fertilization and water supply. Responsible Editor: Rana E. Munns     

Water relations,photosynthesis, growth and water-use efficiency in tomato plants subjected to partial rootzone drying and regulated deficit irrigation

Abstract

Partial rootzone drying (PRD) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) are water-saving irrigation systems that have been developed to increase water-use efficiency (WUE) without significant yield reduction. In order to investigate whether a high-value horticultural crop such as tomato responded differently to RDI and PRD, we compared the physiological and growth responses of tomato plants using a split-root system. Plants were grown in a greenhouse under controlled conditions with their roots separated equally between two soil compartments. Three irrigation treatments were imposed: (i) Control, receiving an amount of water equivalent to 100% of plant transpiration; (ii) PRD, in which one compartment was watered with 50% of the amount of water supplied to the controls, allowing one-half of the root system to be exposed to dry soil and switching irrigation between sides weekly; and (iii) RDI, in which 50% of the amount of water given to the controls was supplied, half to each side of the root system. Leaf RWC and midday leaf Ψ decreased substantially in RDI-treated plants, while the PRD plants exhibited relatively higher Ψ and RWC values. Both PRD and RDI treatments reduced by about 30% the total plant dry mass compared with the control. However, plant transpiration was reduced by about 50% in both PRD and RDI, allowing a significant improvement in whole-plant WUE. Stomatal conductance (Gs) and leaf growth were also significantly reduced by PRD and RDI. These results may be related to a significant increase in xylem sap pH and leaf apoplastic pH. Generally, the photosynthetic apparatus of tomato leaves had a high resistance to restricted water availability. In fact, the decreased Gs had no major negative impact on carbon assimilation. However, V _cmax, i.e. Rubisco efficiency, was significantly decreased in RDI plants with respect to control ones. This may imply that, although the differences between the PRD and RDI treatments in our study were subtle, they may become more marked with a more prolonged and severe water deficit.     

不同膜下滴灌方式对设施黄瓜生理特性及水分利用效率的影响

为了探明黄瓜膜下分根交替滴灌的节水效果,为设施黄瓜节水灌溉提供理论依据和技术参数,以‘津优3号’黄瓜为试材,采用随机区组设计,以土壤田间持水量的65%为灌水下限,田间持水量的90%为灌水上限,研究了分根交替滴灌(APDI)、固定1/2根区滴灌(FPDI)和传统滴灌(CDI)3种灌溉模式对黄瓜生长、生理特性、产量与品质及水分利用效率的影响,结果表明:(1)随灌溉处理时间的延长,3种灌溉模式的单株叶面积和株高的差异越来越显著,而茎粗和叶片数差异不显著;(2)与传统滴灌相比,分根交替滴灌模式下黄瓜叶片净光合速率略有下降而蒸腾速率显著降低,水分利用效率显著提高;(3)分根交替滴灌处理下黄瓜可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量与传统滴灌相比差异不显著,Vc含量却显著增加;(4)分根交替滴灌模式下黄瓜产量比传统滴灌下降1.5%,而灌水量减少17%,水分利用效率提高18.6%,节水效果显著。综上所述,分根交替滴灌可以在保证设施黄瓜产量没有显著下降的前提下,改善品质和显著提高水分利用效率,可作为设施节水提质增效的一种灌溉模式,推广应用前景广阔。     

常规灌溉条件下嫁接和增施氮肥对温室黄瓜耗水量及水分利用效率的影响

在日光温室内研究了常规灌溉条件下,嫁接和3种施氮水平（0、110和331 kg·hm^-2）对日光温室黄瓜耗水量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明：在嫁接和追施氮肥331 kg·hm^-时,黄瓜耗水量最高,冬春茬和秋冬茬分别为3 350和2 181 m³·hm^-2,水分利用效率也最高,两茬口分别为27.2和36.9 kg·m^-3.在施氮量相同的情况下,嫁接黄瓜的耗水量比自根黄瓜提高3%～6%,经济产量和水分利用效率则分别提高28%和209%;随着施氮量的增加,嫁接黄瓜耗水量和水分利用效率均显著增加,自根黄瓜耗水量也随施氮量的增加而增加,但水分利用效率却在施氮110 kg·hm^-2时最高.因此,嫁接栽培可显著提高黄瓜耗水量及水分利用效率,且随着施氮量的增加而显著增加;增施氮肥也可显著提高自根黄瓜的耗水量,但氮肥增施过多则将降低自根黄瓜的水分利用效率.     

Controlled alternate partial root-zone irrigation: its physiological consequences and impact on water use efficiency

Controlled alternate partial root-zone irrigation (CAPRI), also called partial root-zone drying (PRD) in other literature, is a new irrigation technique and may improve the water use efficiency of crop production without significant yield reduction. It involves part of the root system being exposed to drying soil while the remaining part is irrigated normally. The wetted and dried sides of the root system are alternated with a frequency according to soil drying rate and crop water requirement. The irrigation system is developed on the basis of two theoretical backgrounds. (i) Fully irrigated plants usually have widely opened stomata. A small narrowing of the stomatal opening may reduce water loss substantially with little effect on photosynthesis. (ii) Part of the root system in drying soil can respond to the drying by sending a root-sourced signal to the shoots where stomata may be inhibited so that water loss is reduced. In the field, however, the prediction that reduced stomatal opening may reduce water consumption may not materialize because stomatal control only constitutes part of the total transpirational resistance. The boundary resistance from the leaf surface to the outside of the canopy may be so substantial that reduction in stomatal conductance is small and may be partially compensated by the increase in leaf temperature. It is likely that densely populated field crops, such as wheat and maize, may have a different stomatal control over transpiration from that of fruit trees which are more sparsely separated. It was discussed how long the stomata can keep 'partially' closed when a prolonged and repeated 'partial' soil drying is applied and what role the rewatering-stimulated new root growth may play in sensing the repeated soil drying. The physiological and morphological alternation of plants under partial root-zone irrigation may bring more benefits to crops than improved water use efficiency where carbon redistribution among organs is crucial to the determination of the quantity and quality of the products.     

科尔沁草甸生态系统水分利用效率及影响因素

生态系统水分利用效率(WUE)是衡量碳水循环耦合程度的重要指标。利用科尔沁温带草甸草地碳水通量观测数据,对该生态系统总初级生产力水分利用效率(WUEGPP)的日季变化规律及对环境和生理因子的响应进行分析。结果表明:(1)WUEGPP日变化呈下降-稳定-上升的变化趋势,最大值出现在日出后1—2 h,阴天条件下WUEGPP高于晴天,生长中期WUEGPP高于生长初期和末期;(2)总初级生产力、总蒸散和WUEGPP季节变化均呈夏季高、春秋低的形式,生长季平均值分别为0.57 mg m-2s-1、0.08 g m-2s-1和5.97 mg/g,最大值分别为1.49 mg m-2s-1、0.16 g m-2s1和13.62 mg/g;(3)总初级生产力与饱和差、气温和叶面积指数均呈二次曲线关系,与冠层导度呈对数曲线关系;总蒸散与气温呈二次曲线关系,与饱和差、叶面积指数和冠层导度相关性均不显著;(4)WUEGPP与饱和差、气温和叶面积指数均呈二次曲线关系,与冠层导度呈对数曲线关系,饱和差、冠层导度和叶面积指数分别为2.0 k Pa、0.0015 m/s和4.2是控制WUEGPP增加的阈值;(5)净生态系统生产力水分利用效率(WUENEP)和净初级生产力水分利用效率(WUENPP)季节变化规律与WUEGPP一致,均值分别为3.47和5.47 mg/g。