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1.
Phylogenetic relationships of 34 passerines were studied based on mitochondrial Cytochrome b (Cyt b) sequences. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using Neighbor-Joining, Maximum-Parsimony and Minimum evolution methods. The results show that the divergence between Fringillids and Emberizids reaches a family level and they should be grouped into family Fringillidae and Emberizidae, respectively; Accentors has a relatively close relationship with Fringillids and Emberizids; the divergence between robins and flycatchers does not reach a family level and they should be member to family Muscicapidae; long-tailed tits and sylviids should all be listed into families; barn swallow, crowtits and long-tailed tits have close relationships with Sylviidae; in the Fringillidae, brambling should be member to one subfamily Fringillinae, several other birds under the subfamily Carduelinae; in the Sylviidae, although lanceolated warblers and scaly-headed stubtails have a relatively far relationship, they should be member to one subfamily Acrocephalinae and warblers to Phylloscopinae. Muscicapidae, Fringillidae and Emberidae are all monophylies, but Sylviidae is not. The substitution rates of major clades are thought to be the same according to relative rate tests. Divergence time of major clades is estimated at the rate of 1.6% per million years, thus the estimated divergence time between Fringillidae and Emberizidae is 10.5 million years, robins and flycatchers 9.0 Myr, Acrocephalinae and Phylloscopinae 9.0 Myr, Carduelis flammea and Carpodacus erythrinus 7.5 Myr, Luscinia cyane and Tarsiger cyanurus 7.8 Myr, two outgroups 13.5 Myr. 相似文献
2.
M. Sirna Terranova S. Lo Brutto M. Arculeo J. B. Mitton 《Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research》2007,45(4):289-298
This study examined genetic variation across the range of Brachidontes variabilis to produce a molecular phylogeography. Neighbour joining (NJ), minimum evolution (ME) and maximum parsimony (MP) trees based on partial mitochondrial DNA sequences of 16S-rDNA and cytochrome oxidase (COI) genes revealed three monophyletic clades: (1) Brachidontes pharaonis s.l. from the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea; (2) B. variabilis from the Indian Ocean; (3) B. variabilis from the western Pacific Ocean. Although the three clades have never been differentiated by malacologists employing conventional morphological keys, they should be ascribed to the taxonomic rank of species. The nucleotide divergences between Brachidontes lineages (between 10.3% and 23.2%) were substantially higher than the divergence between congeneric Mytilus species (2.3–6.7%) and corresponded to interspecific divergences found in other bivalvia, indicating that they should be considered three different species. Analysis of the 16S-rDNA sequences revealed heteroplasmy, indicating dual uniparental inheritance (DUI) of mtDNA in the species of Brachidontes collected in the Indian Ocean, but not in the species in the Pacific nor in the species in the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. When we employed the conventional estimate of the rate of mitochondrial sequence divergence (2% per million years), the divergence times for the three monophyletic lineages were 6–11 Myr for the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean Brachidontes sp. and 6.5–9 Myr for the Red Sea and Indian Ocean Brachidontes sp . Thus, these species diverged from one another during the Miocene (23.8–5.3 Myr). We infer that a common ancestor of the three Brachidontes species probably had an Indo-Pacific distribution and that vicariance events, linked to Pleistocene glaciations first and then to the opening of the Red Sea, produced three monophyletic lineages. 相似文献
3.
Phylogeny of taxaceae and cephalotaxaceae genera inferred from chloroplast matK gene and nuclear rDNA ITS region 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Phylogeny of the Taxaceae genera and the monotypic family Cephalotaxaceae has been extraordinarily controversial. In this paper chloroplast matK genes and nuclear ITS sequences were determined for all six genera of the two families and representatives of other conifer families. Analysis using either the nonsynonymous sites or the deduced amino acid sequences of matK genes strongly indicates that taxad genera and Cephalotaxaceae are monophyletic, with the Taxodiaceae/Cupressaceae clade as their sister group. Cephalotaxus is basal to the taxad genera, among which two clades, Torreya/Amentotaxus and Taxus/Pseudotaxus/Austrotaxus, are resolved. They correspond to Janchen's two tribes, Torreyeae and Taxeae. In Taxeae, Austrotaxus is the first to branch off. Analyses of the nuclear ITS sequence data corroborated the topology of the matK gene tree. These results refute the views that Cephalotaxaceae has no alliance with Taxaceae and that Austrotaxus and Amentotaxus should be excluded from the Taxaceae. We estimated the divergence time between the Taxodiaceae/Cupressaceae and the Cephalotaxaceae/Taxaceae clades to be 192-230 Myr ago and the divergence time between taxads and Cephalotaxus to be 149-179 Myr ago. Soon after the latter divergence event, within 6-8 Myr, the two taxad tribes originated. In conclusion, our data do not support Florin's claim that taxads could be traced to Devonian psilophytes (359-395 Myr ago). 相似文献
4.
Valkiŭnas G Krizanauskiene A Iezhova TA Hellgren O Bensch S 《The Journal of parasitology》2007,93(3):680-687
Haemoproteus spp., with circumnuclear gametocytes and tentatively belonging to Haemoproteus belopolskyi, are widespread and prevalent in warblers belonging to the Sylviidae, with numerous mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) lineages detected among them.We sampled the hemoproteids from 6 species of warblers adjacent to the Baltic Sea. Parasites were identified to species based on morphology of their gametocytes, and a segment of the parasite's cyt b gene was sequenced. Sixteen mitochondrial cyt b lineages of hemoproteids with circumnuclear gametocytes were recorded. Two clades of lineages (clade A in species of Acrocephalus and Hippolais and clade B in species of Sylvia) with sequence divergence between their lineages >5% are distinguished in the phylogenetic tree. Within the clades A and B, the genetic distance between the lineages is < or = 3.9 and < and = 2.8%, respectively. We compared the morphology of gametocytes of 3 lineages (hHIICT1, hMW1, and hSYAT2) in detail. The lineages hHIICTI and hMW1 (clade A) belong to the morphospecies H. belopolskyi. Parasites of the lineage hSYAT2 (clade B) are described as a new species Haemoproteus parabelopolskyi, which can be readily distinguished from H. belopolskyi by the significantly smaller nuclei of its macrogametocytes. Lineages closely related to H. belopolskyi and H. parabelopolskyi are identified. The sequence divergence between lineages of these 2 morphospecies ranges between 5.3 and 8.1%. It seems probable that avian Haemoproteus spp. with a genetic differentiation of > or =5% in mitochondrial cyt b gene might be morphologically differentiated at the stage of gametocytes. This study establishes the value of both PCR and morphology in identification of avian hemoproteids. 相似文献
5.
The ras superfamily of GTP binding proteins encompasses a wide range of family members, related by conserved amino-acid motifs, and act as molecular binary switches that play key roles in cellular processes. Gene duplication and divergence has been postulated as the mechanism by which such family members have evolved their specific functions. We have cloned and sequenced a ras-like gene, tbrlp, from the primitive eukaryote Trypanosoma brucei. The gene encodes a protein of 227 amino acids and contains the six conserved subdomains that designate it as a ras/rap subfamily member. However, the presence of key diagnostic residues characteristic of both the ras and rap families of GTP confuse the familial classification of this gene. Phylogenetic analysis of the GTP binding domain places its origins at the divergence point of the ras/rap families and suggests that tbrlp is an ancestral gene to the ras/rap genes of higher eukaryotes. 相似文献
6.
Yuchang Cheng Robert G. Nicolson Kim Tripp Shu-Miaw Chaw 《Molecular phylogenetics and evolution》2000,14(3):353
Phylogeny of the Taxaceae genera and the monotypic family Cephalotaxaceae has been extraordinarily controversial. In this paper chloroplast matK genes and nuclear ITS sequences were determined for all six genera of the two families and representatives of other conifer families. Analysis using either the nonsynonymous sites or the deduced amino acid sequences of matK genes strongly indicates that taxad genera and Cephalotaxaceae are monophyletic, with the Taxodiaceae/Cupressaceae clade as their sister group. Cephalotaxus is basal to the taxad genera, among which two clades, Torreya/Amentotaxus and Taxus/Pseudotaxus/Austrotaxus, are resolved. They correspond to Janchen's two tribes, Torreyeae and Taxeae. In Taxeae, Austrotaxus is the first to branch off. Analyses of the nuclear ITS sequence data corroborated the topology of the matK gene tree. These results refute the views that Cephalotaxaceae has no alliance with Taxaceae and that Austrotaxus and Amentotaxus should be excluded from the Taxaceae. We estimated the divergence time between the Taxodiaceae/Cupressaceae and the Cephalotaxaceae/Taxaceae clades to be 192–230 Myr ago and the divergence time between taxads and Cephalotaxus to be 149–179 Myr ago. Soon after the latter divergence event, within 6–8 Myr, the two taxad tribes originated. In conclusion, our data do not support Florin's claim that taxads could be traced to Devonian psilophytes (359–395 Myr ago). 相似文献
7.
The geographic variability of the morphological and bioacoustic characteristics of the long-tailed bushtit, or long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus), was studied, and the validity of the selection of the controversial subspecies Ae c. japonicus Prazak 1897 was evaluated., Ae. c. brachyurus Portenko 1954 and Ae. c. sibiricus (Seebohm 1890), distributed from Scandinavia and Eastern Europe to the Pacific coast. On the basis of a study of nine metric characters and three signs of coloration, we showed that in the space of the range of white-head long-tailed tits from Eastern Europe and Scandinavia to Primorye and Sakhalin, the majority of morphological characters slightly fluctuate or change in a clinal mode; i.e., they change gradually. The vocalization of the nominative subspecies of long-tailed tits is analyzed for the first time. When comparing samples from neighboring regions, no significant differences were revealed, either morphologically and acoustically, so the names Ae. c. sibiricus and Ae. c. brachyurus should be synonymous with the nominative subspecies Ae. c. caudatus. Only the populations of long-tailed tits of the southern Kuril Islands and Hokkaido Islands can be isolated as an independent subspecies Ae. c. japonicus. 相似文献
8.
Alice Cibois Eric Pasquet Thomas S. Schulenberg 《Molecular phylogenetics and evolution》1999,13(3):1268
The phylogenetic relationships of the Timaliidae (babblers) and Sylviidae (warblers) have long challenged ornithologists. We focus here on three Malagasy genera currently assigned to the Timaliidae, Mystacornis, Oxylabes, and Neomixis, and on their relationships with other babblers and warblers using the sequences of two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b and 16S rRNA). Maximum parsimony analyses show that the Malagasy “babblers” are not related to any of the other African and Asian babblers. The genus Mystacornis is neither a babbler nor a warbler. The other Malagasy “babblers” are members of warbler groups (the monophyly of the Sylviidae is not demonstrated). Oxylabes madagascariensis and Hartertula flavoviridis (we recognize Hartertula as a genus for the species flavoviridis, previously Neomixis flavoviridis) constitute, with two presumed sylviine taxa, Thamnornis chloropetoides and Cryptosylvicola randrianasoloi, a warbler radiation endemic to the island of Madagascar. The other Neomixis species (tenella, striatigula, and viridis) belong to another warbler group comprising cisticoline taxa. These results show that the Timaliidae did not disperse to Madagascar. Rather, the island has been colonized, independently, by at least two clades of warblers, probably originating from Africa, where the Sylviidae radiation has been the most extensive. 相似文献
9.
The true thrushes (Passeriformes: Muscicapidae, subfamily Turdinae) are a speciose and widespread avian lineage presumed to be of Old World origin. Phylogenetic relationships within this assemblage were investigated using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data that included the cytochrome b and ND2 genes. Our ingroup sampling included 54 species representing 17 of 20 putative turdine genera. Phylogenetic trees derived via maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood were largely congruent. Most of the Turdine taxa sampled can be placed into one of six well supported clades. Our data indicate a polyphyletic Zoothera which can be divided into at least two (Afro-Asian and Austral-Asian) main clades. The genus Turdus, as presently recognized, is paraphyletic but forms a well supported clade with the addition of three mostly monotypic genera (Platycichla, Nesocichla, and Cichlherminia). We identify an exclusively New World clade that includes a monophyletic Catharus, Hylocichla, Cichlopsis, Entomodestes, Ridgwayia, and Ixoreus. Members of the morphologically and behaviorally distinct genera Sialia, Myadestes, and Neocossyphus unexpectedly form a basal clade. Using multiple outgroup choices, we show that this group is distantly related, but unequivocally the sister group to the remaining Turdines sampled. The Turdinae appear to be a relatively old songbird lineage, originating in the mid to late Miocene. If the Turdinae are indeed Old World in origin, our data indicate a minimum of three separate invasions of the New World. 相似文献
10.
Tissue specific banding patterns were examined for ten enzyme systems in three species of the subfamily Icterinae, family Emberizidae — Quiscalus quiscula, Agelaius phoeniceus and Molothrus ater. Ten tissues were compared. Generally, tissue specific patterns observed were remarkedly similar as compared to other taxa, across the three species over all enzyme systems examined, indicating low levels of divergence in regulatory genes. This concurs with other observations of conservative avian protein evolution as indicated by small comparative electrophoretic distances between species. 相似文献
11.
Speciation, introgressive hybridization and nonlinear rate of molecular evolution in flycatchers 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Saetre GP Borge T Lindell J Moum T Primmer CR Sheldon BC Haavie J Johnsen A Ellegren H 《Molecular ecology》2001,10(3):737-749
Evolutionary history of Muscicapidae flycatchers is inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence comparisons and population genetic analysis of nuclear and mtDNA markers. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on sequences from the two genomes yielded similar trees with respect to the order at which the species split off. However, the genetic distances fitted a nonlinear, polynomial model reflecting diminishing divergence rate of the mtDNA sequences compared to the nuclear DNA sequences. This could be explained by Haldane's rule because genetic isolation might evolve more rapidly on the mitochondrial rather than the nuclear genome in birds. This is because hybrid sterility of the heterogametic sex (females) would predate that of the homogametic sex (males), leading to sex biased introgression of nuclear genes. Analyses of present hybrid zones of pied (Ficedula hypoleuca) and collared flycatchers (F. albicollis) may indicate a slight sexual bias in rate of introgression, but the introgression rates were too low to allow proper statistical analyses. It is suggested, however, that the observed deviation from linearity can be explained by a more rapid mutational saturation of the mtDNA sequences than of the nuclear DNA sequences, as supported by analyses of third codon position transversions at two protein coding mtDNA genes. A phylogeographic scenario for the black and white flycatcher species is suggested based on interpretation of the genetic data obtained. Four species appear to have diverged from a common ancestor relatively simultaneously during the Pleistocene. After the last glaciation period, pied and collared flycatchers expanded their breeding ranges and eventually came into secondary contact in Central and Eastern Europe and on the Baltic Isles. 相似文献
12.
Hughes AL 《Immunogenetics》2010,62(11-12):753-759
L-amino acid oxidases (LAOs), because they produce hydrogen peroxide as a by-product, function in innate immune defenses of both vertebrates and mollusks. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two major subfamilies of LAOs: (1) a subfamily including LAOs from vertebrates and mainly from Terrabacteria and (2) a subfamily including LAOs from mollusks and Hydrobacteria. These subfamilies thus originated early in the history of life, implying that their innate immune functions in vertebrates and mollusks have evolved separately. Mammalian LAOs were found to belong to three separate clades: (1) LAO1, (2) LAO2, and (3) IL4I1. Phylogenetic analysis supported the hypothesis that LAO1 and LAO2 arose by a gene duplication prior to the divergence of marsupials from placental mammals, while IL4I1 duplicated from the ancestor of the LAO1 and LAO2 prior to the divergence of tetrapods from bony fishes. Mammalian IL4I1 clustered with LAOs from bony fishes, and these molecules shared a number of unique sequence features, including both amino acid replacements and a unique two-codon deletion. It is certain such unique features may be functionally important, especially three unique amino acid replacements in close proximity to the putative active site. 相似文献
13.
The ras superfamily of GTP binding proteins encompasses a wide range of family members, related by conserved amino-acid motifs, and act as molecular binary switches that play key roles in cellular processes. Gene duplication and divergence has been postulated as the mechanism by which such family members have evolved their specific functions. We have cloned and sequenced a ras-like gene, tbrlp, from the primitive eukaryote Trypanosoma brucei. The gene encodes a protein of 227 amino acids and contains the six conserved subdomains that designate it as a ras/rap subfamily member. However, the presence of key diagnostic residues characteristic of both the ras and rap families of GTP confuse the familial classification of this gene. Phylogenetic analysis of the GTP binding domain places its origins at the divergence point of the ras/rap families and suggests that tbrlp is an ancestral gene to the ras/rap genes of higher eukaryotes. 相似文献
14.
Brian J. Gill 《New Zealand journal of zoology.》2013,40(2):235-246
Abstract Five-minute stationary counts of birds at Kowhai Bush over 17 months suggest that the scores for grey warblers and chaffinches may reflect vocal conspicuousness, rather than abundance, and that the scores for shining cuckoos, goldfinches, and redpolls may reflect vocal and visual conspicuousness in combination. Counts in three types of kanuka forest show that cuckoos, robins, and bellbirds favoured the more dense and diverse suocessional stages; that riflemen, brown creepers, fantails, chaffinches, goldfinches, and redpolls were most abundant in less mature habitats; and that warblers and silvereyes were almost uniformly common. Cuckoos and robins overlapped the most in use of habitat, robins and redpolls the least. For both warblers and robins, indices of abundance varied between two of the habitats in proportion to the densities of resident adults, permitting calibration of the indices. Excepting creepers and robins, native species were apparently less abundant at Kowhai Bush than in climax forest near Reefton. At Kowhai Bush in winter, creepers, warblers, and silvereyes (three of the four small native gleaners of foliage) collected prey almost entirely from kanuka, the dominant tree. Warblers foraged on 80% of occasions from living foliage, whereas creepers fed almost equally from trunks, branches, twigs, and leaves, and silvereyes concentrated on leaves and trunks. Creepers and silvereyes overlapped the most in use of feeding stations. Also, they were exclusively gleaners, whereas warblers caught prey on 40% of occasions by hovering. Warblers gleaned only in the upright position, but creepers and silvereyes often gleaned from vertical surfaces or by hanging upside down. The greatest overlap in feeding behaviour was between creepers and silvereyes. Data for four of the five small native insectivores show that warblers were half as heavy as creepers and silvereyes, and lighter on average than fantails. The tail was longer than the wing in fantails, shorter than the wing in silvereyes, and equal to the wing in warblers and creepers. The ratio of wing length to tarsometatarsus length was greatest for fantails (3.4), as befits an aerial feeder. Warblers, silvereyes, and fantails had bills that were wider than deep; the creeper’s was slightly deeper than wide. Silvereyes had the longest bill, and creepers the longest tarsometatarsus. Indices of morphological difference show that silvereyes and creepers differed least. 相似文献
15.
Phenological sensitivity to climate change is higher in resident than in migrant bird populations among European cavity breeders
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Jelmer M. Samplonius Lenka Bartošová Malcolm D. Burgess Andrey V. Bushuev Tapio Eeva Elena V. Ivankina Anvar B. Kerimov Indrikis Krams Toni Laaksonen Marko Mägi Raivo Mänd Jaime Potti János Török Miroslav Trnka Marcel E. Visser Herwig Zang Christiaan Both 《Global Change Biology》2018,24(8):3780-3790
Many organisms adjust their reproductive phenology in response to climate change, but phenological sensitivity to temperature may vary between species. For example, resident and migratory birds have vastly different annual cycles, which can cause differential temperature sensitivity at the breeding grounds, and may affect competitive dynamics. Currently, however, adjustment to climate change in resident and migratory birds have been studied separately or at relatively small geographical scales with varying time series durations and methodologies. Here, we studied differential effects of temperature on resident and migratory birds using the mean egg laying initiation dates from 10 European nest box schemes between 1991 and 2015 that had data on at least one resident tit species and at least one migratory flycatcher species. We found that both tits and flycatchers advanced laying in response to spring warming, but resident tit populations advanced more strongly in relation to temperature increases than migratory flycatchers. These different temperature responses have already led to a divergence in laying dates between tits and flycatchers of on average 0.94 days per decade over the current study period. Interestingly, this divergence was stronger at lower latitudes where the interval between tit and flycatcher phenology is smaller and winter conditions can be considered more favorable for resident birds. This could indicate that phenological adjustment to climate change by flycatchers is increasingly hampered by competition with resident species. Indeed, we found that tit laying date had an additional effect on flycatcher laying date after controlling for temperature, and this effect was strongest in areas with the shortest interval between both species groups. Combined, our results suggest that the differential effect of climate change on species groups with overlapping breeding ecology affects the phenological interval between them, potentially affecting interspecific interactions. 相似文献
16.
SWS2 visual pigment evolution as a test of historically contingent patterns of plumage color evolution in warblers
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Natasha I. Bloch James M. Morrow Belinda S. W. Chang Trevor D. Price 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2015,69(2):341-356
Distantly related clades that occupy similar environments may differ due to the lasting imprint of their ancestors—historical contingency. The New World warblers (Parulidae) and Old World warblers (Phylloscopidae) are ecologically similar clades that differ strikingly in plumage coloration. We studied genetic and functional evolution of the short‐wavelength‐sensitive visual pigments (SWS2 and SWS1) to ask if altered color perception could contribute to the plumage color differences between clades. We show SWS2 is short‐wavelength shifted in birds that occupy open environments, such as finches, compared to those in closed environments, including warblers. Phylogenetic reconstructions indicate New World warblers were derived from a finch‐like form that colonized from the Old World 15–20 Ma. During this process, the SWS2 gene accumulated six substitutions in branches leading to New World warblers, inviting the hypothesis that passage through a finch‐like ancestor resulted in SWS2 evolution. In fact, we show spectral tuning remained similar across warblers as well as the finch ancestor. Results reject the hypothesis of historical contingency based on opsin spectral tuning, but point to evolution of other aspects of visual pigment function. Using the approach outlined here, historical contingency becomes a generally testable theory in systems where genotype and phenotype can be connected. 相似文献
17.
African mole-rats are subterranean Hystricomorph rodents, distributed widely throughout sub-Saharan Africa, and displaying a range of social and reproductive strategies from solitary dwelling to the 'insect-like' sociality of the naked mole-rat, Heterocephalus glaber. Both molecular systematic studies of Rodentia and the fossil record of bathyergids indicate an ancient origin for the family. This study uses an extensive molecular phylogeny and mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12s rRNA molecular clocks to examine in detail the divergence times, and patterns of speciation of the five extant genera in the context of rift valley formation in Africa. Based on a value of 40-48 million years ago (Myr) for the basal divergence of the family (Heterocephalus), we estimate divergence times of 32-40 Myr for Heliophobius, 20-26 Myr for Georychus/Bathyergus and 12-17 Myr for Cryptomys, the most speciose genus. While early divergences may have been independent of rifting, patterns of distribution of later lineages may have been influenced directly by physical barriers imposed by the formation of the Kenya and Western Rift, and indirectly by accompanying climatic and vegetative changes. Rates of chromosomal evolution and speciation appear to vary markedly within the family. In particular, the genus Cryptomys appears to have undergone an extensive radiation and shows the widest geographical distribution. Of the two distinct clades within this genus, one exhibits considerable karyotypic variation while the other does not, despite comparatively high levels of sequence divergence between some taxa. These different patterns of speciation observed both within the family and within the genus Cryptomys may have been a result of environmental changes associated with rifting. 相似文献
18.
Phylogeny of Passerida (Aves: Passeriformes) based on nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Passerida is a monophyletic group of oscine passerines that includes almost 3500 species (about 36%) of all bird species in the world. The current understanding of higher-level relationships within Passerida is based on DNA-DNA hybridizations [C.G. Sibley, J.E. Ahlquist, Phylogeny and Classification of Birds, 1990, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT]. Our results are based on analyses of 3130 aligned nucleotide sequence data obtained from 48 ingroup and 13 outgroup genera. Three nuclear genes were sequenced: c-myc (498-510 bp), RAG-1 (930 bp), and myoglobin (693-722 bp), as well one mitochondrial gene; cytochrome b (879 bp). The data were analysed by parsimony, maximum-likelihood, and Bayesian inference. The African rockfowl and rockjumper are found to constitute the deepest branch within Passerida, but relationships among the other taxa are poorly resolved--only four major clades receive statistical support. One clade corresponds to Passeroidea of [C.G. Sibley, B.L. Monroe, Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World, 1990, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT] and includes, e.g., flowerpeckers, sunbirds, accentors, weavers, estrilds, wagtails, finches, and sparrows. Starlings, mockingbirds, thrushes, Old World flycatchers, and dippers also group together in a clade corresponding to Muscicapoidea of Sibley and Monroe [op. cit.]. Monophyly of their Sylvioidea could not be corroborated--these taxa falls either into a clade with wrens, gnatcatchers, and nuthatches, or one with, e.g., warblers, bulbuls, babblers, and white-eyes. The tits, penduline tits, and waxwings belong to Passerida but have no close relatives among the taxa studied herein. 相似文献
19.
Buzdin A Ustyugova S Khodosevich K Mamedov I Lebedev Y Hunsmann G Sverdlov E 《Genomics》2003,81(2):149-156
Using 40 known human-specific LTR sequences, we have derived a consensus sequence for an evolutionary young HERV-K (HML-2) LTR family, which was named the HS family. In the human genome the HS family is represented by approximately 150-160 LTR sequences, 90% of them being human-specific (hs). The family can be subdivided into two subfamilies differing in five linked nucleotide substitutions: HS-a and HS-b of 5.8 and 10.3 Myr evolutionary ages, respectively. The HS-b subfamily members were transpositionally active both before the divergence of the human and chimpanzee ancestor lineages and after it in both lineages. The HS-a subfamily comprises only hs LTRs. These and other data strongly suggest that at least three "master genes" of HERV-K (HML-2) LTRs were active in the human ancestor lineage after the human-chimpanzee divergence. We also found hs HERV-K (HML-2) LTRs integrations in introns of 12 human genes and identified 13 new hs HERV-K (HML-2) LTRs. 相似文献
20.
ALICE EXNEROVÁ EVA LANDOVÁ PAVEL tys ROMAN FUCHS MILENA PROKOPOVÁ PETRA CEHLÁRIKOVÁ 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2003,78(4):517-525
In spite of the existence of many experimental studies on the function of warning coloration in insects, little is known about the universality of reactions of different predators towards a particular warning signal. Reactions of nine passerine bird species, namely Parus major , Parus caeruleus , Aegithalos caudatus , Erithacus rubecula , Turdus merula , Sylvia atricapilla , Fringilla coelebs , Carduelis chloris and Emberiza citrinella , to the firebug Pyrrhocoris apterus wildtype (brachypterous adults) and its artificially obtained (painted) brown non-aposematic variant were compared. Most insectivorous birds (great tits, blue tits, robins and blackcaps) distinguished between aposematic and non-aposematic bugs, attacking the former less often. Partly granivorous buntings and finches did not distinguish between them, and attacked both variants equally. As all the birds were caught in the wild, the results can be interpreted in terms of the presence of a higher proportion of experienced individuals among insectivorous than among omnivorous species. Two insectivorous species differed from others. The heaviest blackbird attacked and killed aposematic as well as non-aposematic firebugs, and, in contrast, the lightest long-tailed tit avoided both variants. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 78 , 517–525. 相似文献