勺嘴鹬在中国的分布状况和面临的主要威胁

勺嘴鹬(Calidris pygmaea)是全球极危鸟类,估计其种群数量为360~600只。根据近年来的野外调查和历史资料查阅,勺嘴鹬在中国沿海各省级行政区域均有分布。本文介绍了勺嘴鹬在中国的种群数量和分布。其中江苏省的东台市和如东县的滩涂湿地是目前已知的勺嘴鹬全球数量最大的迁徙停歇地。东台市滩涂单次调查记录的勺嘴鹬最大数量为144只,如东县滩涂单次调查记录的勺嘴鹬最大数量为103只。广东省雷州半岛的滩涂和福建省闽江口的滩涂为勺嘴鹬在中国最大的两个越冬地。滩涂栖息地的丧失和退化、非法捕猎、环境污染以及人类活动干扰是勺嘴鹬面临的主要威胁。为了更好地保护勺嘴鹬,我们建议加强对勺嘴鹬关键栖息地的保护与管理,加强对滩涂湿地保护的宣传教育,加强对中国沿海勺嘴鹬的调查研究以及同其他国家地区的交流合作。     

Mapping and monitoring of coastal wetlands of Çukurova Delta in the Eastern Mediterranean region

The aim of this research was to link vegetation characteristics, such as spatial and temporal distribution, and environmental variables, with land cover information derived from remotely sensed satellite images of the Eastern Mediterranean coastal wetlands of Turkey. The research method was based on (i) recording land cover characteristics by means of a vegetation indicator, and (ii) classifying and mapping coastal wetlands utilizing a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image of Çukurova Deltas in Turkey. Vegetation characteristics of various habitats, such as sand dunes, salt marshes, salty plains and afforestation areas, were identified by field surveys. A Landsat TM image of 4 July 1993 was pre-processed and then classified using the Maximum Likelihood (ML) algorithm and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). As a result of this supervised classification, the land cover types were classified with a largest accuracy of 90.2% by ANN. The classified satellite sensor imagery was linked to vegetation and bird census data, which were available through literature in a Geographical Information System (GIS) environment to determine the spatial distribution of plant and bird biodiversity in this coastal wetland. The resulting data provide an important baseline for further investigations such as monitoring, change detections and designing conservation policies in this coastal ecosystem.     

Coastal dynamics and wetlands stability. The Ebro delta case

Coastal wetland stability and structure can be significantly affected by littoral processes when they are close to the shoreline. Thus, under certain conditions, the combination of shoreline dynamics and direct wave action during storms can influence the stability of marshes and vegetation community composition. This interaction between littoral dynamics and coastal wetlands is illustrated by analysing processes taking place in the Buda Island (Ebro delta, NW Spain), where a coastal lagoon very close to a retreating shoreline exists. Two main time scales have been found to be relevant for interaction of coastal processes with ecosystem dynamics, the decadal and episodic scales. The decadal scale determines the average trend in beach width and directly controls the potential loss of wetland surface. The episodic scale is linked to the occurrence of wave and storm surge events and it determines a pulsing stress in the ecosystem through flooding, being key parameters to determine their direct influence the intensity and repetition of these events.     

福建省兴化湾滨海养殖塘冬季水鸟的栖息地利用

20D7年12月至2008年3月对福建省兴化湾东北部江镜华侨农场(25°29′～25°33′N,119°23′～119°26′E)滨海养殖塘水鸟的栖息地利用进行了研究.选取了6个养殖塘作为样地,总面积360 hm2,共记录到水鸟6目8科25种.潮汐变化是影响养殖塘内越冬水鸟栖息的重要因素.高、中、低3种不同潮位下养殖塘水鸟群落特征差异较大.水鸟的种数和数量随潮水的涨高而显著增加,优势种则减少;多样性指数和均匀性指数随潮水的涨高而降低,优势度则增大.养殖塘的水深是影响水鸟栖息的另一个重要因素.4个不同水深区域水鸟群落的种类组成及密度差异显著,鸻鹬类、鸥类、鹭类等鸟类在中等水位区和浅水区栖息,鸭类主要栖息在深水区,而无水区仅有少数鹭类活动.在潮汛期间,滨海养殖塘是水鸟良好的临时栖息地,科学管理可使养殖塘人工湿地与潮间带滩涂共同满足越冬水鸟的栖息需求.     

Spatio-temporal distribution patterns and conservation of fish assemblages in a Chilean coastal river

River environments are characterized by extreme spatial and temporal variation in the physical environment. The relationship of fish assemblages to environmental variation is poorly understood in many systems. In Chile zonation patterns of fish assemblages have been documented in several Andean river drainages. Coastal river drainages are comparatively small, but inordinately important because of their highly endemic flora and fauna and their proximity to major human populations. For conservation purposes it is important to understand what environmental factors affect assemblage structure of fishes especially in the comparatively high diversity coastal drainages. We studied patterns of fish distribution and abundance in three rivers of the coastal, Andalien drainage near Concepción, Chile. We used multi-dimensional scaling analyses to compare patterns among zones (rithron, transition and potamon) and high and low flow seasons. Species assemblages differed by zone, but not with season. Assemblages consisted of nested subsets of species characterized by their range of distribution among zones. One species group was composed of widespread species that occurred in all three zones, another species group consisted of species found only in transitional and potamal zones, and a final group was comprised of species found only in the potamal zone. The potamal zone contained the most diverse and abundant fish assemblage. Fish assemblages were related to both water quality and habitat structure variables. This study suggests that the key to conserving the diversity of native fish communities in coastal Chilean rivers is in the conservation of potamal regions. Unfortunately, most protected areas in Chile are in the depauperate headwaters of drainages. Protection of only headwaters is clearly inadequate and will not contribute to the conservation of this unique freshwater fish fauna.     

A review of methodologies and success indicators for coastal wetland restoration

Coastal wetlands are considered to be amongst the most productive ecosystems and can provide invaluable ecological services. However, coastal wetlands are listed amongst the most threatened ecosystems suffering from anthropogenic activities. The loss or degradation of coastal wetlands has drawn a high level of attention to wetland restoration. Improvement of the structure and function of degraded, damaged and destroyed wetlands may be achieved through ecological restoration. Large numbers of restoration projects have been conducted worldwide based on different restoration goals and different methods. It is undoubtedly important to evaluate whether coastal wetland restoration is successful. However, coastal wetland restoration assessment has become challenging because of current disagreement on definitions and concepts of restoration evaluation. We reviewed the methodology of coastal wetland restoration and criteria for success evaluation, and then summarized the issues for current wetland restoration and success evaluation based on literature review. Moreover, we used an estuarine wetland affected by urbanization as a sample to demonstrate how to establish a success indicator system for guiding wetland restoration and evaluating the success of wetland restoration.     

福建沿海湿地鸻鹬类资源调查

1997年1月～2003年4月,采用直接计数法与航线调查法相结合的方法对福建省海岸湿地的涉禽进行了调查,共发现鸻鹬类43种及亚种计56386只。结合以往的调查记录,得知福建沿海鸻鹬类共53种及亚种,占全国该类群总种数的62％。冬候鸟和旅鸟是本地鸻鹬类中占优势的生态类群。目前沿海滩涂的围垦和鸟类食物的减少,是鸻鹬类所面临的主要威胁。尽快制定湿地保护与合理利用的规划,对福建沿海湿地鸟类的保护至关重要。闽江口湿地不仅是鸻鹬类集中分布的区域,同时也是世界珍禽黑脸琵鹭(Platalea minor)重要的停歇地,应尽快建立闽江口湿地自然保护区。     

钦州湾越冬鸻鹬类对不同生境利用分析

2008年12月至2009年1月及2011年12月至2012年1月先后两次对钦州湾的越冬鸻鹬类进行了调查,对越冬鸻鹬类退潮后在各类型生境的分布情况和原因进行了分析,以期为制定有效保护越冬鸟类及其生境的措施提供科学依据。结果表明,在不同的天气情况下退潮后各生境内记录到的鸻鹬类物种数和种群数量均不同,钦州湾不同生境鸻鹬类结构特征随天气变化改变。相似性比较显示,晴天各生境中鸻鹬类相似性指数最高的是盐田-养殖塘生境和农田生境,相似性指数为0.96;鸻鹬类相似性指数最低的是红树林滩涂生境和光滩生境,相似性指数为0.49。阴冷天气各生境中鸻鹬类相似性指数最高的是光滩生境和盐田-养殖塘生境,相似性指数为0.79;最低是红树林滩涂生境和光滩生境,相似性指数为0.52。分析表明人类活动的干扰对越冬鸻鹬类生境选择的影响较大。     

基于生境质量和生态响应的莱州湾生态环境质量评价

莱州湾沿岸海域未来10a是山东省集约用海规划的重要区域。为了降低和减少用海工程对海洋生态系统可能产生的不利影响,确定集约用海适宜规模和科学选址,应用已构建的集约用海对海洋生态影响评价指标体系和方法,从生境质量和生态响应两方面对莱州湾2004年至2012年的生态环境质量状况进行了评价。结果表明:位于莱州湾西部和南部近岸海域的Ⅰ区和Ⅳ区生态环境质量达到\"差\"的等级,生境质量总体上处于轻度到中度污染水平,水质和生物质量污染较严重,生态受到中度到严重扰动,其中浮游植物和浮游动物密度偏离标准值较大,大型底栖生物密度和生物量总体偏离标准值不大,但其物种组成已发生了明显变化,鱼卵和仔鱼数量急剧下降。在这两个区域要严格控制集约用海工程规模和新的污染排放,密切关注其对海洋生态的影响。位于莱州湾中部和东部的Ⅱ区和Ⅲ区生态环境质量接近\"一般\"等级,生境质量总体上处于轻度污染水平,水质受到一定程度污染,生态处于中度扰动状况。总体上,2011年和2012年莱州湾生态环境质量综合指数E值明显高于其他年份,生态环境有明显好转趋势。     

Forest sources and pathways of organic matter transport to a blackwater stream: a hydrologic approach

Quantitative information regarding landscape sources and pathways of organic matter transport to streams is important for assessing impacts of terrestrial processes on aquatic ecosystems. We quantified organic C, a measure of organic matter, flowing from a blackwater stream draining a 12.6 km² watershed on the upper Atlantic Coastal Plain in South Carolina, and utilized a hydrologic approach to partition this outflow between its various pathways from upland and wetland forest sources. Results of this study indicate that 28.9 tonnes C yr^–1 were exported in stream flow, which was estimated to be 0.5% of the annual C input from forest detritus to the watershed. Upland forest, which covers 94% of the watershed area, contributed only 2.0 tonnes C yr^–1 to stream flow, which amounted to 0.04% of detritus annually produced by the upland forest. Organic matter was transported from uplands to the stream almost entirely through groundwater. Apparently, upland soils are too sandy to support overland flow, and the sloping topography insufficiently extensive or steep enough to drive important quantities of interflow. Riparian wetland forest, which covers only 6% of the watershed area, contributed 26.9 tonnes C yr^–1 to stream flow, amounting to about 10.2% of detritus annually produced by the wetland forest. Dissolved organic C leached from wetland soil accounted for 63% of all organic C entering the stream, and was transported chiefly in baseflow. These results indicate that upland detritus sources are effectively decoupled from the stream despite the sandy soils and quantitatively confirm that even small riparian wetland areas can have a dominant effect on the overall organic matter budget of a blackwater stream. In view of the recognized importance of dissolved organic matter in facilitating transport of other substances (e.g., cation nutrients, metals, and insoluble organic compounds), our results suggest that the potential for movement of these substances through wetland soils to streams in this region is high.     

Determining discharges from the Table Mountain Group (TMG) aquifer to wetlands in the Southern Cape, South Africa

The focus of this study was to determine whether coastal wetlands in lowland settings could be dependent on groundwater from the deep circulating confined Table Mountain Group (TMG) aquifer. Groundwater interactions with wetlands are normally perceived to be limited to primary aquifers. A comparative study was done between two endorheic coastal wetlands in the southern Cape. Earlier reports stated that these groundwater dependent wetlands were fed by discharges from the fixed dunes surrounding them. On the basis of a three-dimensional electrical conductivity (EC) interpolation for Groenvlei, a hydrological link between the TMG aquifer and Groenvlei and Van Kervelsvlei was investigated by measuring water level and quality of groundwater and surface water. Water quality parameters used were EC, pH, Na⁺, Fe²⁺ and Cl⁻. The results from this, and an accompanying study, on the basis of water quality and plant nutrient cycling assessments, indicated direct groundwater discharges from the TMG to at least Van Kervelsvlei, with Groenvlei receiving secondary discharges from the TMG via Van Kervelslvlei. These findings significantly affect the current knowledge on which water balance models are based for the determination of groundwater availability for the area. Handling editor: D. Hamilton The first author did the research as part of his PhD in the Department of Earth Sciences of the University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa. Funding is quoted under acknowledgements.     

Evaluating wetlands within an urban context

Coastal regions are among the most rapidly urbanizing places on earth. The numerous effects of urbanization on hydrology, geomorphology, and ecology make wetlands in urban regions function differently from wetlands in non-urban lands. Furthermore, wetlands in urban regions may take on human-related values that they lack in non-urban areas, as they provide some contact with nature, and some opportunities for recreations that are otherwise rare in the urban landscape. Evaluations of the success of restorations in urban regions require criteria first to determine the kinds, and intensities of urban influence on the site, and secondly to assess functional performance. The development of success criteria, at both the levels of assessment, depends on the proper definition of a reference domain (the set of wetlands to which success criteria will apply), and the documentation of a set of reference sites within the domain; both must be based within the urban context appropriate for the region of interest. An example is presented from a study of urban wetlands in New Jersey of a procedure for establishing the reference domain, the reference set of wetlands, and criteria for the assessment of urban influence.     

泉州湾洛阳江河口沉积物中磷的形态分布

分析了泉州湾洛阳江河口沉积物中总磷及5种形态磷(可交换态磷(DP)、铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)、钙结合态磷(Ca-P)、有机磷(OP)和闭蓄态磷(Re-P))的含量,探讨了它们的垂向分布特征、相互关系及环境指示意义。结果表明:沉积物中的总磷(TP)以无机磷为主,占TP比例76%~89%;除可交换态磷外,沉积物中形态磷的垂向分布规律具有相似性,大体随深度增加而减小,且在表层有富集现象,反映了沉积物中总磷和各形态磷的分布受人类活动影响较明显;通过相关性分析,钙结合态磷是总磷和无机磷的主要控制因素,而总磷和其他形态磷(除了可交换态磷外)相互间均具有显著相关性,且有机质对各形态磷的分布均有一定影响;TP和各形态磷含量,以及(Fe/Al-P)/TP、Ca-P/TP、OP/TP都在同一层出现了显著变化,反映了水利设施和围垦工程对沉积环境和各形态磷迁移转化有较大影响。     

上海崇明东滩堤内次生人工湿地鸟类冬春季生境选择的因子分析

2004年12月—2005年5月,对上海崇明东滩98海堤内200hm2次生人工湿地进行鸟类调查,在冬季统计到鸟类8目15科56种,以游、涉禽为主;在春季统计到鸟类10目19科55种,以涉禽为主。运用多元回归对鸟类种类数、数量、物种多样性、均匀性指数和科属多样性等群落特征以及调查样点内水位、水面积、植被盖度、底栖动物密度、鱼类捕捞和人类干扰等环境因子进行鸟类生境选择分析。回归模型显示冬季鸟类种类数与植被盖度呈显著正相关,鸟类数量、物种多样性、科属多样性等群落特征与水位高低、水面积比例以及鱼类捕捞强度等有关,底栖动物密度影响鸟类均匀度和数量;春季鸟类数量与鱼塘的水面积呈正相关,而种类和数量与水位呈显著负相关,物种多样性和均匀性明显受水位、水面积和植被盖度影响,鸟类科属多样性与底栖动物密度呈显著相关,捕捞状况对春季鸟类群落影响不大。     

Quantitative analysis of anthropogenic influences on coastal water – A new perspective

Coastal environment has been disturbed by human activities for a long time, especially in the rapidly urbanizing and industrializing areas. Although the surrounding area has achieved great economic success in the past 30 years, Western Xiamen Bay (China) is seriously affected by pollutants and is facing increasing ecological pressure. Because of this, Xiamen was selected in 1994 as a demonstration site for implementing an integrated coastal management program, which included a series of measures for protecting the coastal environment. However, coastal environment is dynamic, complex and site-specific, and thus a scientific quantitative evaluation framework is necessary for environment quality analysis and effective coastal management. In this study, we used oceanographic knowledge together with quantitative methods (Bai-Perron's structural break test) to analyze the long-term variations of water quality indices (pH, DO, COD, DIN, PO₄-P and Oil) in Western Xiamen Bay. In addition, we compared with other coastal areas to identify the effectiveness of phosphorus-based nutrient management measures and predicted the probable variation trend in the future. The results show that in Western Xiamen Bay: (1) the concentrations of DO and Oil in seawater are effectively controlled by local coastal management measures; (2) seawater acidification will continue to worsen based on the present situation; and (3) the P-limitation treatment strategies are effective and PO₄-P concentration starts to fall according to the multiple statistical analysis and Environmental Kuznets Curve. This paper hopes to provide an epitome of the conflicts and consolations between socioeconomic development and environmental quality in the past, and hints for coastal management in the future.