免耕稻-鸭生态种养技术的环境经济学分析

采用田间试验及环境经济学方法研究免耕稻-鸭生态种养技术的生态、经济效益。试验结果表明:农户采用免耕稻-鸭生态种养技术对稻田杂草的控制效果显著;在晚稻分蘖盛期和孕穗期,采用免耕稻-鸭生态种养技术对稻二化螟防效达100%,稻纵卷叶螟发生率分别比免耕抛秧不养鸭的稻田低48.05%、93.55%,免耕抛秧养鸭稻田中水稻纹枯病的病株率比免耕抛秧不养鸭的稻田分别低48.15%、38.21%;在稻田甲烷排放高峰期(晚稻分蘖始期-分蘖盛期),免耕抛秧养鸭对甲烷排放的控制效果明显,分别比翻耕抛秧不养鸭稻田、免耕抛秧不养鸭稻田的甲烷排放量减少4.723g/m2、2.333g/m2,晚稻整个生育期间,免耕抛秧养鸭稻田甲烷排放量比免耕抛秧不养鸭稻田减少3.37g/m2,比翻耕抛秧不养鸭稻田减少5.59g/m2;免耕可节约灌溉用水1300m3/hm2。环境经济学分析结果表明:采用免耕稻-鸭生态种养技术的农户比采用免耕抛秧不养鸭技术或采用翻耕抛秧不养鸭技术的农户分别增加财务净收益2166yuan/hm2、4207yuan/hm2;免耕抛秧养鸭获得的经济净效益为4062yuan/hm2,而免耕抛秧不养鸭、翻耕抛秧不养鸭的经济净效益分别为1592yuan/hm2、-997yuan/hm2。免耕稻-鸭生态种养技术既能充分发挥稻-鸭复合生态系统的生态和经济效益,又能较好地克服免耕给生态环境带来的不利影响,是一种很有发展潜力的可持续农业生产模式,具有良好的推广和发展前景。     

稻田养鸭对稻鸭复合系统中病、虫、草害及蜘蛛的影响

研究鸭子在稻鸭复合生态系统中对蜘蛛及病、虫、草害的影响。试验结果表明 :稻田中放入 4 5 0只鸭 / hm2 ,对农田杂草的控制率为 98.8% ;稻鸭共栖小区蜘蛛数量显著高于施药小区。高峰期蜘蛛量 ,稻鸭共栖小区比施药小区高 6 3.6 % ;第 4、第 5代稻飞虱虫量稻鸭共栖小区比对照小区分别下降 4 7.6 %、72 .8% ,稻鸭共栖对稻飞虱可以起到稳定、持续的控制作用 ;可减轻二化螟、纹枯病的发生量和发病程度约 5 0 .0 % ,对二化螟和纹枯病有较好的控制效果 ;稻鸭共栖对纵卷叶螟控制效果较差 ,水稻生长后期需结合采用药剂防治 ;稻鸭共栖可改变农田害虫、天敌的生存环境 ,减少用药次数 ,减轻农药对环境的污染 ,提高水稻产量和经济效益     

简讯

用井岗霉素防治水稻纹枯病1981年我们从上海买了100公斤井岗霉素液体制剂,于1982年进行防治水稻纹枯病的试验,取得较好结果。1983     

稻-鸭农作系统对稻田生物种群的影响

通过田间试验,研究了稻-鸭农作系统对稻田有关生物种群的影响.结果表明：稻鸭共育对稻田相关昆虫、杂草、病原菌等有害生物的发生和危害及天敌数量具有较大影响.与不养鸭相比,稻鸭共育后12 d和42 d, 水稻基部害虫飞虱及叶蝉的数量平均减少64.8%和78.5%;稻鸭共育后15 d和45 d,稻田杂草平均减少67.7%和98.1%;水稻分蘖高峰期和齐穗期的纹枯病病情指数分别降低了40.4%和62.0%.稻鸭共育还增加了稻田害虫天敌蜘蛛的数量,抑制了水稻害虫的危害.     

稻鸭共育复合系统对水稻生长与产量的影响

通过田间对比试验,研究了稻田全天候家鸭野养对水稻生长发育及其稻谷产量的影响.结果表明,在稻鸭共育复合生态系统中,由于鸭在稻间的活动明显改善了水稻群体质量,水稻无效分蘖比不养鸭对照显著减少,提高成穗率8.08%,增加水稻群体基部透光率4.05%;齐穗期和成熟期的绿叶面积比不养鸭对照分别增加6.01%和10.65%,叶片叶绿素含量增加2.90%和17.82%;齐穗期的根系活力和灌浆期剑叶的光合作用强度分别比不养鸭对照增加24.02%和15.73%,从而积累较多的有机同化物,提高经济系数2.87%,增产稻谷4.93%,最终实现了水稻良好生育和高产、高效的目标.     

褐稻虱和纹枯病复合防治指标的研究

经1987～1990年盆栽、小区和大田试验,结果表明褐稻虱和纹枯病对水稻孕穗期复合为害造成的产量损失主要表现在千粒重和结实率的降低。建立了复合为害产量损失预测式=0.08699+0.243521x_1+0.206998x_2。并将该预测式于1988～1989年进行了大田检验,结果经卡平方分析表明,符合大田实际褐稻虱和纹枯病复合为害产量损失,适用于预测。不同生育期水稻受害损失试验结果表明幼穗形成期至灌浆期受害,水稻产量均受到严重影响。在褐稻虱和纹枯病复合为害允许损失水平为3～5％时,防治指标定为:2～3龄若虫5～8头/丛,纹枯病病株率10～15％。     

养鸭数量对CH4排放的影响

探讨不同养鸭数量对稻田甲烷(CH4)排放的影响,为确定稻鸭共育模式中最佳养鸭数量提供环境学支撑.运用静止箱原位采样技术测定了不同养鸭数量的稻田甲烷排放通量、稻田土壤化学性质、产甲烷细菌种群数量以及水层溶解氧含量.结果表明,不同养鸭数量稻田水层溶解氧含量间差异显著(p＜0.01),养鸭数量越多,溶解氧含量越高.20只鸭/667m2 稻田的水层溶解氧含量最大,与对照比,早稻增加了2.2%～68.7%,晚稻增加了11.07%～110.77%;养鸭稻田土壤还原物质含量减少,产甲烷细菌数量下降.不同养鸭数量的稻田甲烷排放量之间差异显著,养鸭数量越多,甲烷排放量越少,与对照比,早稻减少了18.22%～28.13%,晚稻减少了17.73%～34.44%.相关分析表明,甲烷排放通量与水层溶解氧含量呈极显著负相关(p＜0.001),与土壤还原物质含量及产甲烷细菌数量呈显著正相关(p＜0.01).因此,稻鸭共育减排甲烷的主要原因是养鸭提高了水体和土壤中溶解氧含量,增加养鸭数量促进甲烷减排.     

三种类型稻田节肢动物群落结构、亚群落内禀增长率与链节数的关系

通过对 3类型稻田 (有机养鸭田、有机稻田和常规化防田 )田间节肢动物群落调查 ,比较了节肢动物总群落丰富度、丰盛度、周转量、3个亚群落 (天敌、中性昆虫、害虫 )调查期间的平均内禀增长力 (r)和通过构建以稻田蜘蛛为顶、中位物种的群落食物网的链节数与害虫、天敌亚群落的 r和链节增长率关系。结果表明 :整个调查期间 ,总群落丰富度呈上升趋势 ,移栽后 72 d前 ,3类稻田总群落丰盛度、丰富度依次为 :有机稻田 >有机养鸭稻田 >常规稻田 ;3类稻田节肢动物群落周转量时间动态均呈上口抛物线趋势 ,其最低值和出现时间依次为 :常规稻田 33.98、74 .1d;有机养鸭田 33.90、79.1d;有机稻田 33.4 9、5 4 .0 d,有机稻田和常规化防田群落周转量和害虫数量呈显著的负相关。 3类稻田中性昆虫亚群落在调查期间的 r依次为 :有机稻田 (0 .0 6 6 5 ) >常规化防田 (0 .0 6 5 2 ) >有机养鸭田 (0 .0 5 0 9) ;天敌 r依次为 :有机稻田 (0 .0 35 2 ) >有机养鸭田 (0 .0 2 4 3) >常规化防田(- 0 .0 132 ) ;害虫的 r依次为 :常规化防田 (0 .0 4 78) >有机养鸭田 (0 .0 199) >有机稻田 (0 .0 198)。 3类稻田总链节数依次为 :有机稻田 (6 6 2 3348) >有机养鸭田 (2 4 982 17) >常规化防田 (136 3372 ) ;每头害虫链节数依     

稀土积累与油菜菌核病发生的关系研究

在试验生态小区的土壤中 ,模拟长期使用稀土 ,以探讨稀土积累与油菜菌核病发生发展的关系 .结果表明 ,0 .5 %、1%、3%、5 %、7%、10 %吸附容量和 0 6kg·hm-2 的稀土以及土壤中 30kg·hm-2 和 0 6kg·hm-2 的稀土复合肥添加剂对油菜菌核病自然发生的病情指数和病株率影响无显著差异 ;对人工接种发病后的病斑绕茎度、病斑扩展速率、单株平均产量和千粒重的影响也无显著差异     

湖南省平江县水稻根结线虫病发生及危害评价

【目的】进一步明确湖南省平江县水稻根结线虫病发生危害情况、病原线虫种类及影响水稻发病的因素。【方法】2020年4—6月,采用5点取样法对湖南省平江县24个乡镇400块田块的水稻根结线虫病发生危害情况进行再调查及病原种类鉴定,并对水稻根结线虫病的病情指数与水稻的栽培方式、土壤类型之间的关系进行了分析。【结果】平江县水稻根结线虫病的发生较为普遍,发现病害的乡镇已由2018年的5个增加到2020年的15个,其中15个乡镇的病田率为10%～100%,病株率为2%～55%,根结指数为0.4～15.4。分离获得的病原线虫种类均为拟禾本科根结线虫。调查还发现,发病水稻在砂壤、中壤、重壤稻田的根结指数明显高于在黏土和轻壤稻田的根结指数,直播、抛秧栽培方式下发病水稻的根结指数明显高于移栽方式下的根结指数。【结论】平江县水稻根结线虫病呈蔓延趋势。本研究为有效防控平江县水稻根结线虫病提供了依据。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.