辽东苏子河盆地聂尔库组的真骨鱼化石兼论长头狼鳍鱼的系统位置

本文记述了辽东聂尔库组所产的骨舌鱼超目二新属——聂尔库鱼(Nieerkunia gen. nov.)、苏子鱼(Suziichthys gen. nov.)和狼鳍鱼科(Lycopteridae)属种未定的材料.文中将长头狼鳍鱼(Lycoptera longicephalus)订正为狼鳍鱼科—新属——辽西鱼(Liaoxiichthys gen. nov.),并认为聂尔库组的鱼群不同于九佛堂组的鱼群,时代属早白垩世.     

宁夏狼鳍鱼科一新属

本文记述了狼鳍鱼科一新属,即同心鱼属(Tougxinichthys gen.nov.)化石产自宁夏同心县康家湾;海原县石峡口一带的六盘山群上部。同心鱼(Tongxinichthys)与狼鳍鱼(Lycoptera)很相似。后者被认为是我国华北地区晚侏罗世鱼群的主要成员。而同心鱼的某些特征较为进步。因此,同心鱼的生存时代有延续到早白垩世早期的可能性。同心鱼的发现,增加了狼鳍鱼类的新成员。对狼鳍鱼类的形态解剖,系统演化,及亲缘关系的深入研究,提供了新的资料。     

辽宁西部晚中生代鱼群──辽宁西部晚中生代地层和鱼群研究之三

文中主要依据辽宁西部凌源、建昌、喀左、朝阳、北票、义县和阜新七个市县25个鱼化石点的新材料,对首次发现于辽西晚中生代地层中的古鳕类未定种、师氏中华弓鳍鱼、中华狼鳍鱼、三棵榆树狼鳍鱼、华夏鱼、副狼鳍鱼、聂尔库鱼和真骨鱼类未定种做了简单记述;对辽西已知的戴氏狼鳍鱼和室井氏狼鳍鱼的部分形态特征做了较详细的补充描述和订正。目前能较肯定地归入狼鳍鱼科的有狼鳍鱼、吉南鱼和固阳鱼三个属。亚洲鱼属与狼鳍鱼属仅在尾上骨的有无及尾鳍分叉鳍条的数目上有差异。狼鳍鱼属在辽西包含四个种──戴氏、室井氏、中华和三棵榆树狼鳍鱼。辽西的德永氏狼鳍鱼应为戴氏狼鳍鱼的同物异名。常氏鱼和辽西鱼均为吉南鱼的晚出异名。副狼鳍鱼的形态特征已与骨舌鱼科的现生种类很相近,可将其归入该科。山东的宁家沟谭氏鱼是张氏副狼鳍鱼的同物异名。     

骨舌鱼超目的系统发育关系

通过对中国化石骨舌鱼类及骨舌鱼类现生主要类群的比较研究,用 PAUP 软件对31个分类单元的65个特征进行了分析,得到了16个最简约的分支图(步长为206,一致性指数为 0．4320,保留指数为0．7194)。严格合意树显示,中国早白垩世的骨舌鱼类(酒泉鱼、狼鳍鱼、固阳鱼、吉南鱼、同心鱼、西夏鱼、昆都仑鱼和华夏鱼)主要为骨舌鱼超目中不同等级的干群;与一般的观点不同,始舌齿鱼与蛟河鱼组成了姊妹群关系;骨舌鱼目由 Thaumaturus、弓背鱼亚目和骨舌鱼亚目组成;弓背鱼类与象鼻鱼类关系更近;Ostariostoma 为弓背鱼科的姊妹群;副狼鳍鱼与[骨舌鱼亚科+犁齿鱼亚科]组成了姊妹群,该姊妹群关系的建立,将骨舌鱼科的历史延伸到了早白垩世。     

辽西狼鳍鱼(Lycoptera)属一新种

记述了辽宁阜新县大五家子镇三吉窝铺的鱼化石。该鱼具有颞孔 ,前上颌骨小 ,上颌骨大 ,辅上颌骨 1块 ,口缘有一行锥形齿 ,背鳍小于臀鳍 ,1 6根分叉尾鳍条 ,尾下骨 7块 ,尾上骨 1块 ,尾神经骨 3～ 4块。这些特征基本上是狼鳍鱼的定义特征 ,因此 ,应该属于狼鳍鱼属。阜新标本的第三眶下骨呈半圆形 ,不同于狼鳍鱼属各已知种。阜新标本的下颌长而低 ,在狼鳍鱼属中 ,只有三棵榆树狼鳍鱼和德永氏狼鳍鱼的下颌与之相似。但阜新的标本在具有 1 0根胸鳍主要鳍条、1 6根尾鳍分叉鳍条以及 1块尾上骨方面不同于三棵榆树狼鳍鱼。与德永氏狼鳍鱼相比 ,阜新标本的第三眶下骨小、半圆形、后端不伸达前鳃盖骨的前缘 ,辅上颌骨较大 ,身体较宽。根据上述阜新标本的特征 ,建立狼鳍鱼属一新种———阜新狼鳍鱼。     

戴氏狼鳍鱼(Lycoptera davidi)的重新观察

本文主要对戴氏狼鳍鱼 (Lycoptera davidi) 骨骼系统的特征进行了补充和订正.在此基础上,对狼鳍鱼属 (Lycoptera) 的特征及有关狼鳍鱼种的分类问题作了初步探讨.     

关于董氏狼鳍鱼(Lycoptera tungi)的种上归类

本文重新研究了董氏狼鳍鱼 (Lycoptera tungi Liu et al 1963).将产自宁夏隆德石窑寺的董氏狼鳍鱼 V2323 号标本从狼鳍鱼属 (Lycoptera) 中分出来,归入华夏鱼属 (Huashia), 修定为董氏华夏鱼 (Huashia tungi (Liu et al.)).同时对华夏鱼科 (Huashiidae) 的系统位置作了初步讨论.     

吉林东部罗子沟盆地舌齿鱼科一新属

舌齿鱼科 (Hiodontidae) 以往只包括北美的两个属——现生舌齿鱼 (Hiodon) 和化石始舌齿鱼 (Eohiodon).最近在吉林东部罗子沟盆地早白垩世大拉子组中发现的延边鱼 (Yanbiania gen. nov.) 与上述两属非常接近,从尾骨结构和上下颌口缘、基舌骨齿板及副蝶骨腹侧着生牙齿的情况等方面来看,它大概处在舌齿鱼科的早期发展阶段.这一发现,为进一步探讨北美舌齿鱼类的起源和早期演化等问题提供了另一个重要的证据.     

辽宁中华弓鳍鱼(Sinamia)一新种

记述了辽宁西部九佛堂组和义县组中华弓鳍鱼一新种:辽宁中华弓鳍鱼Sinamia liaoningensis,并与该属的其他种进行了比较.新材料具有中华弓鳍鱼科的3个定义特征:单一的顶骨,三对额外肩胛骨和膜质翼耳骨短并与顶骨等长,无疑应归入该科.新种的后眶下骨较小,背鳍长大,鳞片菱形,因此,归入中华弓鳍鱼属.辽宁中华弓鳍鱼在以下几个方面不同于中华弓鳍鱼的5个已知种:体型短粗,吻骨较短,鼻骨近四方形,围眶骨较多(6),前鳃盖骨强烈弯曲,背鳍条较少(18),尾鳍条较多(16),臀鳍鳍基起点到鱼体背缘的鳞列较多(32),鳞片后缘不具锯齿,尾鳍具有纤维状的角质鳍条.     

伊克昭弓鳍鱼在华南的发现

<正> 近年来,随着地层工作的深入,在华南中生代晚期地层中,接二连三地发现了与华北中生代晚期狼鳍鱼群中的鱼化石相近的种类。继华南中华弓鳍鱼(Sinamia huananensis,苏德造,1973)、伍氏副狼鳍鱼(Paralycoptera wui,张弥曼、周家健,1977)之后,浙江省区测队在缙云县壶镇水口晚侏罗世火山岩系的沉积夹层中,又发现了伊克昭弓鳍鱼(Ikechao-amia)。这一鱼化石和内蒙的东方伊克昭弓鳍鱼(I.orientalis Liu)有些不同,我们在此简单记述,并对伊克昭弓鳍鱼属的特征作些补充,以期对我国南、北地区中生代晚期鱼群的综合研究提供些许资料。     

THE MAINTENANCE OF GYNODIOECY AND ANDRODIOECY IN A METAPOPULATION

Males and females are at a selective disadvantage relative to hermaphrodites (cosexuals) in species with a colonizing habit, as only cosexuals are able to establish new colonies on their own. The implications of this disadvantage are assessed by means of a computer model of metapopulation dynamics, in which individual colonies are established through different rates of immigration and suffer different rates of local extinction. Results are given for simulations of an island model, a stepping-stone model, and for a partial analysis of the island model with simplifying assumptions. It is shown that: (1) unisexual frequencies in a metapopulation can be reasonably approximated by a linear function of the logarithm of the ratio of the immigration rate to the colony extinction rate; (2) metapopulation dynamics favor the maintenance of females (gynodioecy) over males (androdioecy) with cosexuals when they would otherwise be equally likely in a panmictic situation; (3) the way in which extinction and immigration rates affect unisexual frequencies at metapopulation equilibrium interacts with whether sterility is determined by a dominant or a recessive allele; and (4) unisexual frequencies are affected in a qualitatively similar way by the dynamics of a metapopulation when cosexuals are self-incompatible to when they are self-compatible, although only in the former case are high frequencies of unisexuals maintained when extinction and colonization rates approach the threshold at which the metapopulation goes extinct. These results are discussed with reference to existing data from species with nuclear male or female sterility.     

How do potentials derived from structural databases relate to “true” potentials?

Knowledge-based potentials are used widely in protein folding and inverse folding algorithms. Two kinds of derivation methods are used. (1) The interactions in a database of known protein structures are assumed to obey a Boltzmann distribution. (2) The stability of the native folds relative to a manifold of misfolded structures is optimized. Here, a set of previously derived contact and secondary structure propensity potentials, taken as the "true" potentials, are employed to construct an artificial protein structural database from protein fragments. Then, new sets of potentials are derived to see how they are related to the true potentials. Using the Boltzmann distribution method, when the stability of the structures in the database lies within a certain range, both contact potentials and secondary structure propensities can be derived separately with remarkable accuracy. In general, the optimization method was found to be less accurate due to errors in the "excess energy" contribution. When the excess energy terms are kept as a constraint, the true potentials are recovered exactly.     

Cladistic Analysis of A Problematic Ammonite Group: the Hamitidae (Cretaceous, Albian–turonian) and Proposals for New Cladistic Terms

The Hamitidae are a family of mid–Cretaceous heteromorph ammonites including lineages leading to four other families. Problems are outlined in trying to describe the phylogeny of completely extinct groups such as these heteromorph ammonites using the existing cladistic terminology, which is largely concerned with extant taxa and their ancestors. To solve these problems, two new terms are proposed: †crown groups and †stem groups, which are equivalent to crown and stem groups in terms of the evolutionary history of a clade, but are not defined on the basis of extant taxa. Instead they are defined by the topology of the phylogenetic tree, the †crown group being a clade defined by synapomorphies but which gave rise to no descendants. A †stem group is a branch of a phylogenetic tree which comprises the immediate sister groups of a given †crown group but is not itself a clade. Examples of these terms are described here with reference to the phylogeny of the Hamitidae and their descendants. The Hamitidae are paraphyletic and form †stem groups to a number of †crown groups, namely the Anisoceratidae, Baculitidae, Scaphitidae, and Turrilitidae. The definitions of the genera and subgenera are refined with respect to the type species and the clades within which they occur, and four new genera are described: Eohamites , Helicohamites , Sziveshamites , and Planohamites .     

Two arms are better than one: parasite variation leads to combined inducible and constitutive innate immune responses

Parasites represent a major threat to all organisms which has led to the evolution of an array of complex and effective defence mechanisms. Common to both vertebrates and invertebrates are innate immune mechanisms that can be either constitutively expressed or induced on exposure to infection. In nature, we find that a combination of both induced and constitutive responses are employed by vertebrates, invertebrates and, to an extent, plants when they are exposed to a parasite. Here we use a simple within-host model motivated by the insect immune system, consisting of both constitutive and induced responses, to address the question of why both types of response are maintained so ubiquitously. Generally, induced responses are thought to be advantageous because they are only used when required but are too costly to maintain constantly, while constitutive responses are advantageous because they are always ready to act. However, using a simple cost function but with no a priori assumptions about relative costs, we show that variability in parasite growth rates selects for a strategy that combines both constitutive and induced defences. Differential costs are therefore not necessary to explain the adoption of both forms of defence. Clearly, hosts are likely to be challenged by variable parasites in nature and this is sufficient to explain why it is optimal to deploy both arms of the innate immune system.     

Cephalic morphology of Hymenopus coronatus (Insecta: Mantodea) and its phylogenetic implications

External and internal head structures of the mantodean Hymenopus coronatus are examined and described in detail. The results are elaborately compared with the literature. Strong crests on the anterior tentorial arms that articulate with the subantennal suture, a parietal suture and glossae and paraglossae with anteriorly bent tips are proposed as new potential apomorphies for Mantodea while a head capsule being wider than long, enlarged compound eyes, the presence of a frontal shield or scutellum, lateral lobes in the anterior tentorial arms, the presence of a transverse and an interantennal suture and the reduction of the mentum are confirmed as apomorphies, As potential apomorphies for Dictyoptera the reduction of Musculus tentoriobuccalis lateralis (M. 49) is newly presented and a “perforate” tentorium, lacinial incisivi that are located in a galeal pouch and the presence of a postmola are confirmed. The present study shows the value of cephalic morphology for phylogenetic analysis but also points out that further studies including evolutionary key taxa are essential for resolving the evolutionary adaptations among dictyopterans.     

Biological functions of amyloids: Facts and hypotheses

Amyloids are fibrous protein aggregates that arise via polymerization of proteins with their concurrent conformational rearrangement and the formation of a specific cross-β structure. Amyloids are of particular interest as a cause of a vast group of human and animal diseases called amyloidoses. Some of these diseases are caused by prions, a specific type of amyloids, and are transmissible. Apart from mammals, prion amyloids are described in lower eukaryotes, where they act as nonchromosomal genetic determinants. Although amyloids are usually associated with pathologies in humans and animals, the increasing number of findings suggests that the acquisition of an amyloid or prion form by a protein is of biological significance in some cases. The review summarizes the data on the biological significance of prion and nonprion amyloids in a wide range of species from bacteria to mammals.     

Adaptive change in the resource-exploitation traits of a generalist consumer: the evolution and coexistence of generalists and specialists

Mathematical models of consumer-resource systems are used to explore the evolution of traits related to resource acquisition in a generalist consumer species that is capable of exploiting two resources. The analysis focuses on whether evolution of traits determining the capture rates of two resources by a consumer species produce one generalist, two specialists, or all three types, when all types are characterized by a common fitness function. In systems with a stable equilibrium, evolution produces one generalist or two specialists, depending on the second derivative of the trade-off relationship. When there are sustained population fluctuations, the nature of the trade-off between the consumer's capture rates of the two resources still plays a key role in determining the evolutionary outcome. If the trade-off is described by a choice variable between zero and one that is raised to a power n, polymorphic states are possible when n > 1, which implies a positive second derivative of the curve. These states are either dimorphism, with two relatively specialized consumer types, or trimorphism, with a single generalist type and two specialists. Both endogenously driven consumer-resource cycles, and fluctuations driven by an environmental variable affecting resource growth are considered. Trimorphic evolutionary outcomes are relatively common in the case of endogenous cycles. In contrast to a previous study, these trimorphisms can often evolve even when new lineages are constrained to have phenotypes very similar to existing lineages. Exogenous cycles driven by environmental variation in resource growth rates appear to be much less likely to produce a mixture of generalists and specialists than are endogenous consumer-resource cycles.     

Ultrastructural and biochemical studies of the swelling of developing chick telencephalic slices

Summary An ultrastructural and biochemical study of the importance and localization of tissue swelling was performed on telencephalic slices of 1- and 30-day-old chicks incubated in an oxygenated or a non-oxygenated physiological medium. The swelling of slices is greater for 30-day-old chick material than for that from 1-day-old chicks. It also reaches higher values in the non-oxygenated than in the oxygenated medium. When the 30-day-old chick telencephalic slices are incubated in an oxygenated medium, swelling mainly affects astrocytes, and especially the astrocytic endfeet. When they are incubated in a non-oxygenated medium, the astrocytes and astrocytic endfeet are very swollen and in addition the swelling also affects the neurons and their organelles. Extracellular space is increased. When 1-day-old chick telencephalic slices are incubated in a non-oxygenated medium, the tissue structures are well preserved. Swelling predominantly affects astrocytes and astrocytic endfeet. Neurons are not affected and the extracellular space is reduced. However, when they are incubated in an oxygenated medium, tissue structures are greatly affected showing a high degree of disorganization. Extracellular space is greatly increased. This study thus indicates that the best incubation conditions are an oxygenated medium for 30-day-old chick telencephalic slices which are characterized by an aerobic metabolism, and a non-oxygenated medium for 1-day-old chick telencephalic slices which have a predominantly anaerobic metabolism.     

广东滩涂经济鱼类寄生吸虫──Ⅳ．独睾科─新属─新种记述（复殖目）

本文对广东滩涂经济鱼类寄生复殖吸虫独睾科ＭｏｎｏｒｃｈｉｉｄａｅＯｄｈｎｅｒ,１９１１中一新属新种;椭囊吸虫属。Ｅｌｌｉｐｔｏｂｕｒｓａｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．、单睾椭囊吸虫Ｅｌｌｉｐｔｏｂｕｒｓａｓｉｎｇｌｏｒｃｈｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．进行了记述。     

The cercal receptor system of the praying mantid,Archimantis brunneriana Sauss.

Summary The cerci of the praying mantid, Archimantis brunneriana Sauss., are paired segmented sensory organs located at the tip of the abdomen. Basally the cercal segments are slightly flattened dorso-ventrally and are fused to such a degree that it is difficult to distinguish them. Distally the segments become progressively more flattened laterally and their boundaries become more obvious.Two types of sensilla are present on the cerci, trichoid sensilla and filiform sensilla. Trichoid hairs are longest on the medial side of the cerci and toward the cercal base. On the proximal cercal segments they are grouped toward the middle of each segment while they are more uniformly distributed on the distal segments. Filiform sensilla are found at the distal end of each segment except the last and are most abundant on the middle segments of the cercus. Both the number of cercal segments and the number of sensilla are variable. Trichoid hairs are highly variable in appearance from short and stout to long and thin. They arise from a raised base, have a fluted shaft, and some have a pore at the tip. They are innervated by from one to five dendrites, one of which is always considerably larger than the others. Some of the dendrites continue out into the shaft of the hair.Filiform hairs have fluted shafts and are mounted in a flexible membrane within a cuticular ring in a depression. They are innervated by a single large sensory neuron, the dendrite of which passes across a flattened area on the inner wall of the lumen of the hair. The dendritic sheath forms the lining of the ecdysial canal and is therefore firmly attached to the hair. The dendrite is attached to the sheath by desmosomes distally and is penetrated by projections of the sheath more proximally. A fibrous cap surrounds the dendrite and may hold it in place relative to the hair.The cercal receptor system of Archimantis is compared to those of cockroaches and crickets.