Long noncoding RNAs biomarker-based cancer assessment

Cancer diagnosis have mainly relied on the incorporation of molecular biomarkers as part of routine diagnostic tool. The molecular alteration ranges from those involving DNA, RNA, noncoding RNAs (microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs [lncRNAs]) and proteins. lncRNAs are recently discovered noncoding endogenous RNAs that critically regulates the development, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. They are dysregulated in different types of malignancies and have the potential to serve as diagnostic markers for cancer. The expression of noncoding RNAs is altered following many diseases, and besides, some of them can be secreted from the cells into the circulation following the apoptotic and necrotic cell death. These secreted noncoding RNAs are known as cell free RNA. These RNAs can be secreted from the cell through the apoptotic body, extracellular vesicles including microvesicle and exosome, and bind to proteins. Since, lncRNAs display high organ and cell specificity, can be found in the blood, urine, tumor tissue, or other tissues or bodily fluids of some patients with cancer, this review summarizes the most significant and up-to-date findings of research on lncRNAs involvement in different cancers, focusing on the potential of cancer-related lncRNAs as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.     

HOTAIR lifts noncoding RNAs to new levels

It is not clear to what extent noncoding RNAs regulate the homeobox (HOX) genes that encode key regulators of development in the embryo. In this issue, Rinn et al. (2007) characterize noncoding RNAs that regulate HOX genes and discover one, HOTAIR, that unexpectedly regulates a HOX gene cluster on a different chromosome than the HOX cluster that encodes it.     

Large Noncoding RNAs Are Promising Regulators in Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem cells(ESCs) hold great promises for treating and studying numerous devastating diseases. The molecular basis of their potential is not completely understood. Large noncoding RNAs(lnc RNAs) are an important class of gene regulators that play essential roles in a variety of physiologic and pathologic processes. Dozens of lnc RNAs are now identified to control ESC self-renewal and differentiation. Research on lnc RNAs may provide novel insights into manipulating the cell fate or reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells(i PSCs). In this review, we summarize the recent research efforts in identifying functional lnc RNAs and understanding how they act in ESCs, and discuss various future directions of this field.     

Close interactions between lncRNAs,lipid metabolism and ferroptosis in cancer

Abnormal lipid metabolism including synthesis, uptake, modification, degradation and transport has been considered a hallmark of malignant tumors and contributes to the supply of substances and energy for rapid cell growth. Meanwhile, abnormal lipid metabolism is also associated with lipid peroxidation, which plays an important role in a newly discovered type of regulated cell death termed ferroptosis. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been proven to be associated with the occurrence and progression of cancer. Growing evidence indicates that lncRNAs are key regulators of abnormal lipid metabolism and ferroptosis in cancer. In this review, we mainly summarized the mechanism by which lncRNAs regulate aberrant lipid metabolism in cancer, illustrated that lipid metabolism can also influence the expression of lncRNAs, and discussed the mechanism by which lncRNAs affect ferroptosis. A comprehensive understanding of the interactions between lncRNAs, lipid metabolism and ferroptosis could help us to develop novel strategies for precise cancer treatment in the future.     

Long noncoding RNA SNHG1 alleviates high glucose-induced vascular smooth muscle cells calcification/senescence by post-transcriptionally regulating Bhlhe40 and autophagy via Atg10

Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry - Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging regulators of vascular diseases, yet their role in diabetic vascular calcification/aging remains poorly...     

The emerging role of small non-coding RNA in renal cell carcinoma

Noncoding RNAs are transcribed in the most regions of the human genome, divided into small noncoding RNAs (less than 200 nt) and long noncoding RNAs (more than 200 nt) according to their size. Compelling evidences suggest that small noncoding RNAs play critical roles in tumorigenesis and tumor progression, especially in renal cell carcinoma. MiRNA, the most famous small noncoding RNA, has been comprehensively explored for its fundamental role in cancer. And several miRNA-based therapeutic strategies have been applied to several ongoing clinical trials. However, piRNAs and tsRNAs, have not received as much research attention, because of several technological limitations. Nevertheless, some studies have revealed the presence of aberration of piRNAs and tsRNAs in renal cell carcinoma, highlighting a potentially novel mechanism for tumor onset and progression. In this review, we provide an overview of three classes of small noncoding RNA: miRNAs, piRNAs and tsRNAs, that have been reported dysregulation in renal cell carcinoma and have the potential for advancing diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic applications of this disease.     

Overexpression of novel lncRNA NLIPMT inhibits metastasis by reducing phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β in breast cancer

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are considered as regulators of gene expression in cancers. However, cancer profiling has little focused on noncoding genes. Here, we reported that RP11–115N4.1 (here renamed novel lncRNA inhibiting proliferation and metastasis [NLIPMT]) was downregulated in breast cancer tissues. Ectopic expression of NLIPMT inhibited mammary cell proliferation, motility in vitro. Moreover, lnc-NLIPMT reduced the growth of implanted MDA-MB-231 cells in vivo. Mechanistically, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) was identified as an effector protein regulated by lnc-NLIPMT. Inhibition of GSK3β activity restored NLIPMT-induced inhibition of proliferation and motility in breast cancer cells. These data reveal that lnc-NLIPMT functions as a driver of breast cancer progression and might serve as a potential target for antimetastatic therapies.     

Regulation of breast cancer tumorigenesis and metastasis by miRNAs

miRNAs are a family of 17- to 23-nucleotide noncoding small RNAs that primarily function as gene expression fine regulators. A number of studies have shown that miRNAs play an important role in breast tumorigenesis, metastasis, proliferation and differentiation of breast cancer stem cells. This short review summarizes the progression of miRNA-mediated breast tumorigenesis and metastasis through various signaling pathways associated with drug resistance.