Characteristics of macrofauna and their response to aquiculture in Yueqing Bay, China

Four seasons of investigations on macrofauna in Yueqing Bay, China were carried out from August 2002 to May 2003. One hundred and twenty four species of macrofauna were identified, including 41 species of polychaeta, 37 species of mollusc, 22 species of crustacea, 10 species of echinoderm and 14 others. The average biomass was 41.95 g·m^?2 and the average density was 85 ind·m^?2. The echinoderm contributed the highest proportion (about 60%) to the total biomass, and the mollusc contributed the maximum proportion (about 35%) to the total density. Biomass and density in spring were higher than those in other seasons. This article analyzes the macrofauna distribution, compares the study results with the history data of Yueqing Bay and adjacent bays, and discusses the response of macrofauna community to the aquiculture in Yueqing Bay.     

乐清湾大型底栖生物群落特征及其对水产养殖的响应

乐清湾大型底栖生物的四季采样研究。发现124种大型底栖生物,其中多毛类41种、软体动物37种、甲壳类22种、棘皮动物10种和其他类14种。乐清湾大型底栖生物年均生物量41．95g·m^-2年均密度85个·m^-2,生物量棘皮动物居首（约占60％）;密度软体动物最大（约占35％）。生物量和密度分布春季为最高。对乐清湾大型底栖生物分布现状与以往资料及邻近海湾进行了比较,并将大型底栖生物群落对乐清湾牡蛎养殖和网箱养殖的响应做了分析探讨。     

Seasonal dynamics and grazing rate of zooplankton in Yueqing Bay, China

The species composition, biomass, abundance, and species diversity of zooplankton were determined for samples collected from August 2002 to May 2003 from 14 stations in Yueqing Bay, China. Phytoplankton growth rate and microzooplankton grazing rate were obtained by using the dilution method developed by Landry and Hassett. The spatial and temporal variations of zooplankton and its relationship with environmental factors were also analyzed. The results showed that the zooplankton in the Yueqing Bay could be divided into four ecotypes, namely coastal low saline species, estuary brackish water species, offshore warm water species, and eurytopic species. A total of 75 species of zooplankton belonging to 56 genera and 17 groups of pelagic larva were identified in the Yueqing Bay. The coastal low saline species was the dominant ecotype in the study area, and the dominant species were Labidocera euchaeta, Acartia pacifica, Acrocalanus gibber, Pseudeuphausia sinica, and Sagitta bedoti among others. There was considerable seasonal variation in zooplankton biomass and abundance in the surveyed areas. The peak biomass appeared in August, descending in November and in May, and the lowest biomass appeared in February. Similarly, the highest abundance of zooplankton was observed in August, with the abundance descending in the following months: May, November, and February. There were similar horizontal distribution patterns for the biomass and the abundance of zooplankton. They both increased from the upper to the lower bay in February and May, but decreased from the upper to the lower bay in August. Biomass and abundance were evenly distributed in the Yueqing Bay in November. Moreover, there was marked seasonal variation in the species diversity of zooplankton, which conformed to the abundance of zooplankton. Results of the dilution experiments indicated that there was grazing pressure of microzooplankton on phytoplankton in the Yueqing Bay throughout the year though the rate of microzooplankton grazing on phytoplankton varied seasonally. Phytoplanktons were growing at 0.26–2.07/d and grazed by microzooplankton at a rate of 0.15–0.48/d in different seasons. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(8): 1853–1862 [译自: 生态学报, 2005, 25(8): 1853–1862]     

Seasonal dynamics and grazing rate of zooplankton in Yueqing Bay,China

The species composition,biomass,abundance,and species diversity of zooplankton were determined for samples collected from August 2002 to May 2003 from 14 stations in Yueqing Bay,China.Phytoplankton growth rate and microzooplankton grazing rate were obtained by using the dilution method developed by Landry and Hassett.The spatial and temporal variations of zooplankton and its relationship with environmental factors were also analyzed.The results showed that the zooplankton in the Yueqing Bay could be divided into four ecotypes,namely coastal low saline species,estuary brackish water species,offshore warm water species,and eurytopic species.A total of 75 species of zooplankton belonging to 56 genera and 17 groups of pelagic larva were identified in the Yueqing Bay.The coastal low saline species was the dominant ecotype in the study area,and the dominant species were Labidocera euchaeta,Acartia pacifica,Acrocalanus gibber,Pseudeuphausia sinica,and Sagitta bedoti among others.There was considerable seasonal variation in zooplankton biomass and abundance in the surveyed areas.The peak biomass appeared in August,descending in November and in May,and the lowest biomass appeared in February.Similarly,the highest abundance of zooplankton was observed in August,with the abundance descending in the following months:May,November,and February.There were similar horizontal distribution patterns for the biomass and the abundance of zooplankton.They both increased from the upper to the lower bay in February and May,but decreased from the upper to the lower bay in August.Biomass and abundance were evenly distributed in the Yueqing Bay in November.Moreover,there was marked seasonal variation in the species diversity of zooplankton,which conformed to the abundance of zooplankton.Results of the dilution experiments indicated that there was grazing pressure of microzooplankton on phytoplankton in the Yueqing Bay throughout the year though the rate of microzooplankton grazing on phytoplankton varied seasonally.Phytoplanktons were growing at 0.26-2.07/d and grazed by microzooplankton at a rate of 0.15--0.48/d in different seasons.     

浙江乐清湾浮游动物空间生态位

基于2016年5月至2017年2月在乐清湾进行的4个航次浮游动物调查数据,计算乐清湾浮游动物优势种的优势度指数(S)、平均拥挤度(X*)、生态位宽度(Bi)及生态位重叠值(Qik).结果表明:乐清湾海域浮游动物优势种(S＞0.02)共17种,生态位宽度值差异较大,优势度指数与生态位宽度值呈极显著正相关.浮游动物的生态位...     

乐清湾贝类群落组成及其粒径谱结构特征

为了解乐清湾贝类资源情况及群落稳定性特征,基于2016—2017年乐清湾定点调查数据,分析了不同季节乐清湾贝类组成、优势种、资源密度、以及物种多样性,并首次建立乐清湾海域贝类生物量粒径谱与标准化生物量粒径谱。结果显示：1)本次共采集到贝类共计45种,隶属于12目,25科,31属。焦河蓝蛤(Potamocorbula ustulata)为乐清湾绝对优势种;2)资源密度表现为夏季最高,其次为春季,秋季与冬季次之;4个季节的丰富度指数(D)、多样性指数(H′)和均匀度指数(J′)平均为3.26、1.61、0.45,3种多样性指数均处于较低水平;3)ABC曲线显示乐清湾贝类的生物群落处于中度干扰状态;4)乐清湾生物量粒径谱谱型复杂,优势种控制着生物量粒径谱的峰值,且与我国其他海域的结果也存在差异;5)标准化生物量粒径谱的斜率范围为-1.5539—-0.7373,在我国近海海域中属于偏低水平,表明营养循环水平较低。截距范围在16.673—21.597,高于我国其他海域,说明乐清湾贝类生产力水平较高。     

乐清湾珠带拟蟹守螺夏季种群的分布格局

2004年7~8月,对温州乐清市雁荡镇西门码头、西门岛红树林、南岳镇、岐头、大门岛百花庙滩涂5个样点的珠带拟蟹守螺(Cerithideopsilla cingulata)种群密度进行调查,分别采用Taylor幂法则、Iwao聚集格局回归分析法及Morisita指数公式计算和统计分析,结果表明,珠带拟蟹守螺种群空间分布格局理论上属于聚集型负二项分布。其种群在中潮区的分布量最大,而高潮区又大于低潮区。珠带拟蟹守螺是一种对环境污染非常敏感的指示生物,滩涂生境如有污染就会直接反映在其种群密度上。     

乐清湾潮间带大型底栖动物群落分布格局及其对人类活动的响应

于2006年9月和2007年5月对乐清湾5条潮间带断面进行了大型底栖动物调查。 共鉴定出大型底栖动物113种, 其中软体动物40种, 多毛类25种, 甲壳动物24种, 棘皮动物9种, 其它动物15种。从季节来看, 物种数秋季(81种)高于春季(68种),但平均生物量和平均栖息密度春季(分别为(91.90±59.14) g/m²和(1541±1261.41)个/m²)明显高于秋季(29.20±22.20)g/m²和(201±52.97)个/m²);春季以焦河蓝蛤 幼体、彩虹明樱蛤 、婆罗囊螺 、绯拟沼螺 为主要优势种,而秋季以短拟沼螺 、彩虹明樱蛤、淡水泥蟹 、巢沙蚕 为主要优势种,说明乐清湾大型底栖动物群落特征随着季节有着较大的变化。各断面的Shannon-Winner指数(H')为2.34-3.31,平均为2.85±0.35;Margalef's species richness 指数(d)为3.02-6.42,平均为4.29±1.10;Pielou's evenness 指数(J')为0.46-0.73,平均为0.62±0.09。运用ABC曲线、等级聚类和MDS对大型底栖动物群落结构分析发现,群落结构已受到中度干扰,稳定性差。与以往历史资料相比,乐清湾大型底栖动物向次生型群落转化,原因可能与过度采捕、生境恶化、海岸工程以及围塘养殖等人类活动的影响有关。     

乐清湾滩涂大型底栖动物群落结构的时空变化

由滨海湿地独特的地理位置和特殊的作用,国内一些专家对一些重要的河口和沿海潮间带底栖动物生态学进行了研究,如长江口(袁兴中、陆健健,2001a,b)、深圳湾(厉红梅等,2001;厉红梅、孟海涛,2004)、胶州湾(李新正等,2006)、杭洲湾(范明生等,1996)以及其它滨海湿地(张永普等,2001;鲍毅新等,2006).     

浙江乐清湾泥蚶的繁殖习性和生长特性

乐清湾泥蚶雌雄异体,在外形上难以区别,成熟时性腺包被整个内脏团,雌性性腺呈红色或桔黄色,雄性性腺呈乳白色,无性变现象。一般2龄性成熟,但在条件较好的蓄水塘中养殖的泥蚶也有1龄性成熟的现象。自然繁殖期为6月上旬至8月下旬。卵生,体外受精。产卵量大,一颗壳长为2～3em的亲蚶可产卵200—300万颗。乐清湾泥蚶终身生长,但生长速度较慢,且受水温、饵料、潮区、底质和养殖密度等因素影响,一般2年或3年方能达到商品规格。壳长生长前期快,后期慢;体重生长前期慢,后期快。壳长L(mm)与体重W(g)符合W=0．0004L^2.9949(R^2=0．9964)关系。     

胶州湾西部海域大型底栖动物多样性的研究

为了揭示胶州湾最近几年底栖动物多样性的变化, 作者于2003年9月到2004年9月在胶洲湾西部海域5个测站每2个月1次共进行了7个航次采样, 以种类组成、生物量和栖息密度为基础, 对大型底栖动物多样性进行了分析。使用PRIMER软件计算得到以下变量: 群落的物种数(S)、丰富度(D)、Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数(H')和均匀度指数(J')。结果表明: 位于大沽河口的D站和水道中央的S站的多样性最低; 养殖区内外站位的多样性差异显著; 丰度/生物量曲线表明, 养殖区内的底栖动物群落已经受到了一定程度的扰动。群落物种数(S)和丰富度(D)的季节性变化明显, 春季和秋季较低, 夏季和冬季较高。分析菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)增养殖区的站位(D)发现, 多样性指数和丰富度与次级生产力有着负相关的关系。物种多样性指数和丰度/生物量曲线的分析显示, 该研究海域处于一个轻度人为扰动的状态。     

廉州湾滨海湿地潮间带大型底栖动物群落次级生产力

于2011年1月、4月、7月和10月开展广西廉州湾的裸滩、红树林和茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)盐沼3种湿地生境类型的潮间带大型底栖动物群落季节动态调查,采用Brey 经验公式估算各生境次级生产力.结果表明:共采集到潮间带大型底栖动物8门156种,其中裸滩生境有136种,红树林生境85种,盐沼生境29种;站位平均种数为裸滩9.5±4.8种,红树林9.5±3.9种,盐沼5.9±1.9种,同时,各类群占总种数比例大小规律一致,为软体动物门＞节肢动物门＞环节动物门＞脊索动物门＞其他;盐沼生境大型底栖动物群落结构变化较小,宁波泥蟹(Ilyoplax ningpoensis)优势很明显,随着水体盐度上升,红树林和裸滩优势种由适应低盐环境向适应高盐环境的种类变化;廉州湾潮间带大型底栖动物群落的次级生产力平均为15.88 g·m-2·a-1,裸滩、红树林和盐沼生境分别为16.16、9.97、3.88g·m-2 ·a-1;P/B值平均为0.70,3种生境分别为盐沼1.02,裸滩0.70,红树林0.65;廉州湾潮间带大型底栖动物年湿质量生产量为14623 t.水体盐度和植被类型是影响廉州湾潮间带大型底栖动物群落结构的优势种群以致次级生产力的空间分布变化的主要因素.     

广东湛江红树林保护区大型底栖动物群落的空间分带

用生态样带研究了广东湛江红树林保护区高桥镇核心区大型底栖动物的空间分带。结果表明：德耀村红树剖面中出现的大型底栖动物优势种类为琵琶拟沼螺、悦目大眼蟹、扁平拟闭口蟹、宽身闭口蟹、黑口滨螺、等齿角沙蚕、弧边招潮和中华伪露齿螺。该剖面大型底栖动物从高潮位到低潮位可分为3个分布带：琵琶拟沼螺-弧边招潮-浓毛拟闭口蟹带;宽身闭口蟹．悦目大眼蟹．黑口滨螺带;扁平拟闭口蟹-珠带拟蟹手螺带。群落生物量的变化主要由软体动物所主导,栖息密度的变化主要由软体动物和甲壳动物所主导,多样性指数变化主要由软体动物所主导。红寨村红树剖面中出现的大型底栖动物优势种类为琵琶拟沼螺、蝼姑虾、扁平拟闭口蟹、宽身闭口蟹、耳螺科的一种、黑口滨螺、中华伪露齿螺、哈氏仿对虾、弧边招潮和等齿角沙蚕。该剖面大型底栖动物也可分为4个分布带：黑口滨螺-中华伪露齿螺-等齿角沙蚕带;琵琶拟沼螺-宽身闭口蟹-耳螺科的一种带;蝼蛄虾．扁平拟闭口蟹带;沈氏长方蟹-珠带拟蟹守螺带。群落生物量的变化也主要由软体动物所主导,栖息密度的变化主要由甲壳动物所主导,多样性指数变化主要由软体动物所主导。底栖动物群落的等级聚类和非参数多变量标序显示,大型底栖动物分带与红树植物群落类型相一致。大型底栖动物分带受红树植物群落类型影响的主要原因是不同红树植物群落间的群落特征、沉积物性质和所处潮位线存在差异。     

Intertidal zonation of benthic macrofauna in a subtropical salt marsh and nearby unvegetated flat (SE, Brazil)

Intertidal zonation and seasonal variability of benthic macrofaunawere analysed along a Spartina alterniflora (Loisel) marshand nearby unvegetated flat in a subtropical bay. Fivereplicate samples were taken along six tidal levels from the uppermarsh, limited by mangroves, to the lower unvegetated flat.Sediment composition, live and dead above- and below-ground biomassof S. alterniflora and detritus biomass from the vegetatedand unvegetated areas were determined to evaluate whethervariations on plant structure and detritus along the 25 m transectaffect the dynamics of benthic invertebrates. Composition andabundance of invertebrates varied with the elevation and plantcover clearly plays a key role on the distribution patterns of themacrofauna. Below-ground and dead above-ground biomass presentedthe highest correlation with the densities of the invertebrates.Vertical distribution of benthic fauna, however, appears not to beaffected by bellow-ground fraction. Higher detritus biomass in theupper unvegetated flat coincided with higher densities ofdetritivorous or omnivorous species in this level. An eruptivealgal growth during summer affected positively most of the dominantspecies.     

胶州湾潮下带大型底栖动物群落的季节变化

胶州湾位于山东半岛南岸, 是黄海深入内陆的半封闭天然海湾, 底栖动物种类丰富。本文根据2014年2、5、8和11月4个航次(冬、春、夏、秋)的调查资料, 采用优势度指数, 物种多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数, Bray-Curtis相似性聚类和非参数多维标度排序(NMDS)方法, 分析了胶州湾大型底栖动物群落的季节变化特点。各航次共采集大型底栖动物199种, 其中多毛类79种, 甲壳动物47种, 软体动物40种, 棘皮动物17种, 其他类群16种。各季度优势种有变化亦有重叠, 以多毛类为主。2014年度胶州湾大型底栖动物的年平均丰度为209.85 ind./m², 最高丰度出现在秋季, 最低出现在春季; 年平均生物量为79.22 g/m², 最高生物量出现在夏季, 最低出现在春季。物种多样性指数(H')变化范围为2.16-2.86, 物种丰富度指数(D)变化范围为2.79-3.72, 物种均匀度指数(J)变化范围为0.58-0.82。聚类分析结果显示, 4个航次的群落相似性系数均较低, 分布格局存在季节性变化。近年来, 伴随海岸带开发及人类活动的持续影响, 胶州湾底栖生境的稳定性受到一定的威胁, 建议继续开展长期连续的监测, 探索有效的综合治理措施, 使胶州湾海洋生态系统能够持续健康的发展。     

放牧和刈割对内蒙古典型草原大型土壤动物的影响

采用连续3年全季节放牧、3种季节性轮牧、秋季刈割和不利用对照6种处理, 研究了内蒙古典型草原大型土壤动物群落特征.调查在春、夏和秋3个季节进行,共捕获大型土壤动物597只,隶属于2门4纲11目,49个类群.结果表明: 全季节放牧导致土壤动物的个体密度、生物量和多样性降低;而刈割的影响相对较轻,土壤动物的个体密度、生物量和多样性甚至有提高趋势.3种季节性轮牧处理中,夏季和秋季放牧2次处理对土壤动物群落个体密度、生物量和多样性等指标的负面影响较轻.刈割管理对退化典型草原大型土壤动物群落的恢复较为有利;夏季和秋季放牧2次处理对大型土壤动物群落的负面影响较轻,是较理想的草地可持续管理措施.     

大亚湾人工鱼礁海域浮游植物的群落特征

近年来,随着大亚湾沿岸城镇社会经济的快速发展和人类活动的增加,大亚湾海域生态环境日益恶化。人工鱼礁是修复、改善和优化海洋生态环境,保护和增殖渔业资源最有效的措施之一。根据投礁前、后大亚湾大辣甲南人工鱼礁海域浮游植物垂直拖网调查结果,初步分析了大亚湾人工鱼礁区浮游植物的群落特征。结果表明:投礁后,浮游植物的平均丰度呈逐年递增趋势,礁区内的平均丰度明显高于同期对照海区;浮游植物的多样性指数和均匀度都比投礁前有了明显增加。上述结果表明,投放人工鱼礁有助于改善海域生态环境和提高水域的初级生产力水平。     

考洲洋人工种植红树林湿地大型底栖动物群落环境响应

2017年以来,广东省惠州市在考洲洋潮间带开展了大规模人工种植红树林生态修复工程,但考洲洋人工种植红树林湿地大型底栖动物群落的环境响应未见报道。根据2018-2019年四个季节在考洲洋盐洲大桥附近红树种植1-2年（X断面）和5-6年（Y断面）的两处湿地的大型底栖动物定量取样数据,分析了人工红树林湿地大型底栖动物的时空格局及其环境响应。方差分析表明,Y断面冬季的大型底栖动物群落的物种数、栖息密度、生物量、多样性指数（H''）和丰富度指数（d）,以及夏季的栖息密度均随潮高（海平面高程）降低而增加;而Y断面冬季的均匀度指数（J）、夏季的H''和J则是随潮高降低而减少。聚类（Cluster）和非度量多维尺度（nMDS）分析表明冬季和夏季X断面和Y断面大型底栖动物群落相似性较低,而春季和秋季X断面和Y断面大型底栖动物群落相似性较高。冬季和夏季最大潮高、潮差、大型底栖动物物种数、栖息密度、H''和d较春季和秋季的高。红树种植1-2年的X断面大型底栖动物物种数、H''和J低于种植5-6年的Y断面。上述结果证实潮汐和红树种植年限影响考洲洋红树林湿地大型底栖动物的群落结构,研究结果可为大型底栖动物多样性保护和生态修复提供基础资料。     

乐清湾主要游泳动物空间生态位及其分化

基于2016年5月至2017年2月在乐清湾进行的4个航次渔业资源调查数据,计算乐清湾主要游泳动物的相对重要性指数(IRI)、生态位宽度及生态位重叠值(Q_ik).结果表明:乐清湾全年主要游泳动物(IRI>100)共27种,季节间更替率较高,生态位宽度值差异较大,相对重要性指数与生态位宽度值呈极显著正相关.全年游泳动物的生态位重叠值总体较低,秋季生态位重叠值最高,Q_ik>0.6的种对有14对,占总种对数的15.4%;春季最低,Q_ik>0.6的种对有5对,占总种对数的7.6%.冗余分析表明,温度、盐度和浑浊度是影响乐清湾主要游泳动物分布的重要因素,主要游泳动物在这些环境因子上存在生态分化现象.     

Responses of spring phytoplankton communities to their habitats in the Xiangxi Bay of Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Since the water storage was initiated in 2003, the environment of Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) has changed significantly. Algal blooms and eutrophication have been a frequent occurrence, with serious eutrophication in the tributary bays. To provide some theoretical evidence for the prevention and control of algal blooms, the goal of this study is to elucidate factors that influence algal blooms at different sections of the Xiangxi Bay (XXB). Using field data from the XXB, the responses of phytoplankton communities to their habitats were investigated from March to May, 2010. The results indicated a significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity in phytoplankton composition, cellular abundance, and habitats in the spring. Fifty-four genera representing 6 phyla were monitored. Redundancy analysis indicated that the variation in water temperature and relative water column stability (RWCS) contributed greatly to the succession of spring phytoplankton. Due to different physiological adaptabilities and mechanisms of competition among the algae species, significant succession of the community structure had been observed. The predominant species appears to have changed from those adapted to low temperatures and strong mixing (dinoflagellates and diatoms) to those adapted to high temperatures and weak mixing (green algae and cyanobacteria). The lack of silicate resulted in the succession from diatoms to green algae. Due to the influence of the Yangtze River, there is a low potential for algal blooms at lower reaches of the bay because of frequent water exchange. In contrast, the potential is high at middle and upper reaches where the water temperature increases gradually. The hierarchical status of the two sections is significantly different. Precipitation would inhibit algal blooms somewhat, and heavy rainfall would eliminate algal blooms throughout the bay. Phytoplankton are sensitive to their changing habitat in XXB. For a bloom to occur, sufficient nutrients, a lower flow velocity, and appropriate temperature and light conditions are necessary. As an artificial regulating reservoir, proper ecological regulation could not only significantly affect the dynamic conditions of the water body tributaries, but it could also change the transfer characteristics of light and heat, abolishing the algae habitats and thereby inhibiting the water bloom.