Biogeochemical cycle of Sulfer in the Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland ecosystem in the Sanjiang Plain, China

To better understand the Sulfur (S) cycle in the wetland ecosystem, the S cycle and its compartmental distribution within an atmosphere-plant-soil system were studied using a compartment model in the Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. The results showed that the soil was the main S storage and flux hinge in which 97.78% S was accumulated. In the plant subsystem, the root was the main S storage, and it remained at 79.60% of the total S contents, which in the Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland ecosystem showed that the parts above the ground took up 0.75 g S/m², the S re-transferring biomass to the root was 0.24 g S/m², and to the litter was 0.51 g S/m²; the root took up 3.76 g S/m² and the S transferring biomass to the soil took up 3.07 g S/m²; the litter S biomass was 0.75 g S/(m²·a) and the S transferring biomass to the soil was more than 0.52 g S/(m²·a). The emission amount of H2S from the Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland ecosystem to the atmosphere was 1.42 mg S/m², whereas carbonyl sulfide (COS) was absorbed by the Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland from the atmosphere and the absorption amount was 1.83 mg S/m². The S input biomass from the rain to the ecosystem was 4.85mg S/m² during the growing season. The difference between input and output amounts was 5.26 mg S/m², which indicated that S was accumulated in the ecosystem and would lead to wetland acidification in the future.     

三江平原小叶章湿地生态系统硫的生物地球化学循环

以三江平原小叶章湿地生态系统为研究对象,应用分室模型研究了硫在大气-土壤-植物系统各分室中的分布及循环过程。结果表明,在植物-土壤系统内,土壤是主要的贮存库和流通介质,有97.78%的硫贮存在土壤中,且主要以有机硫的形态存在,2.22%的硫贮存在植物中。在植物亚系统中,根是主要的贮库,79.60%的硫贮存在根中。湿地植物地上部分吸收的总S量为0.75gS/m^2;向地下再转移的总S量为0.24gS/m^2,向枯落物S库转移的总S量为0.51gS/m^2;根吸收的总S量为3.76gS/m^2;根向土壤S库转移的总S量为3.07gS/m^2;现存枯落物中的总S量为0.75gS/m^2;枯落物向土壤S库的转移量最低为0.52gS/m^2·a。输入和输出过程的研究表明,小叶章湿地生态系统在生长季（5-9月份）向大气排放H2S的量为1.42mgS/m^2,从大气吸收COS的量为1.83mgS/m^2;通过大气降水输入到生态系统中的硫为4.85mgS/m^2,其差值为5.26mgS/m^2,这表明硫在小叶章湿地生态系统中处于累积状态,湿地存在潜在的酸化趋势。     

Distribution and fate of anthropogenic nitrogen in the Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland ecosystem of Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Wetlands are important for the protection of water quality of rivers and lakes, especially those adjacent to agricultural landscapes, by intercepting and removing nutrients in runoff. In this study, the 15N tracer technique was applied to study the distribution and fate of anthropogenic nitrogen (15N-fertilizer) in Calamagrostis angustifolia Kom wetland plant-soil microcosms to identify the main ecological effects of it. 15NH415NO3 solution (14.93 mg N/L, 20.28 at.% 15N) was added to each microcosm of the first group, which was approximate to the current nitrogen concentration (CNC) of farm drainage, and 29.86 mg NIL 15NH415NO3 solution was added to another group, which was approximate to the double nitrogen concentration (DNC) of farm drainage, while no nitrogen (NN) was added to the third group. The results suggest that the Input of anthropogenic nitrogen has positive effects on the biomass and total nitrogen content of plant, and the positive effects will be elevated as the increase of its Input amount. The increase of 15N-fartilizer can also elevate its amounts and proportions in plant nitrogen. Soil nitrogen is still the main source of plant nitrogen, but its proportion will be reduced as the increase of 15N-fertilizer. The study of the fate of 15N-fartilizar indicates that, in CNC treatment, only a small proportion is water-dissolved (0.13±0.20%), a considerable proportion is soil-immobilized (17.02±8.62%), or plant-assimilated (23.70±0.92%), and most is lost by gaseous forms (59.15±8.35%). While in DNC treatment, about 0.09±0.15% is water-dissolved, 15.33±7.46% is soil-immobilized, 23.55±2.86% is plant-assimilated, and 61.01±5.59% is lost by gaseous forms. The double input of anthropogenic nitrogen can not elevate the proportions of plant-assimilation, soil-immobilization and water-dissolution,but it can enhance the gaseous losses.     

三江平原小叶章群落近30年的动态变化

由于生境的改变,三江平原沼泽湿地典型植物群落中小叶章群落内部发生了显著的变化。本文以定点观测和典型湿地植物调查为基础,分析了近30年来小叶章群落的动态变化。结果表明,小叶章群落的物种频度符合Raunkiaer频度定律,即5个频度级的关系都具有A〉B〉C≥D〈E的规律性。小叶章群落的物种构成发生了明显变化,灌木类型植物逐渐增多。植物物种多样性减少。小叶章的多度、分盖度和高度都有降低趋势。     

三江平原湿地小叶章群落磷素积累动态与生物量动态分析

采用野外定位观测结合室内分析的方法,对三江平原典型小叶章湿地两种类型小叶章生长季磷的积累及植物生物量的季节动态进行研究,以揭示三江平原湿地中磷在植物中积累的季节动态变化及其与植物生物量积累之间的关系,进一步认识磷在湿地系统中通过植物吸收迁移转化的机制。结果表明,两种小叶章群落地上、地下生物量以及植物体磷储量有明显的季节动态变化,但二者季节变化特征不同。此外,植物体地上、地下部分磷素积累量和生物量在整个植物体所占的比重两种类型也存在一定差异,这与植物所处的生境及其生态适应有一定关系。分析两种小叶章群落的生长速率(AGR)以及磷素的积累速率(Vp),表明在生长初期,磷是植物生长的重要营养元素。两种小叶章的AGR、Vp的变化曲线相似,说明对于这两种小叶章群落,生境不是磷积累速率的主要影响因素。     

三江平原典型小叶章湿地土壤氮素净矿化与硝化作用

2004年6月—2005年7月,利用PVC顶盖原位培育法研究了三江平原典型草甸小叶章湿地和沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地土壤(0~15cm)无机氮库、净矿化/硝化速率动态、影响因素及年净矿化/硝化量.结果表明:两种湿地土壤的无机氮均呈明显的动态变化特征,其NH4 -N、NO3-N含量均表现为典型草甸小叶章湿地>沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地.两种湿地土壤的净矿化/硝化速率均呈明显的波动变化,生物固持作用、反硝化作用以及雨季较多降水是导致净矿化/硝化速率出现负值的主要原因.温度、降水、土壤有机质含量、C/N和pH是引起二者土壤无机氮库、净矿化/硝化速率存在明显差异的重要原因.典型草甸小叶章湿地的年净矿化量(19.41kg·hm-2)、年净硝化量(4.27kg·hm-2)以及净硝化量占净矿化量的百分比(22.00%)明显高于沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地(5.51kg·hm-2、0.28kg·hm-2和5.08%),说明前者的氮有效性以及维持可利用氮的能力明显高于后者.     

三江平原典型小叶章湿地土壤氨挥发特征及影响因素

采用通气法对三江平原典型草甸小叶章湿地和沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地土壤的氨挥发进行了原位测定,并对其主要影响因素进行了分析。结果表明,二者的氨挥发速率在生长季内的变化趋势基本一致,7月中旬前出现两次挥发高峰和一次低值,之后整体呈严格单调下降趋势,后者的氨挥发速率较高,平均为前者的1.35±0.53倍;二者累计氨挥发量的变化趋势也基本一致,7月中旬前增加迅速,且值比较接近;之后增加缓慢,但其值发生明显分异,表现为后者大于前者;生长季内,典型草甸小叶章湿地土壤的氨挥发总量为6.35 kg N.hm-2,而沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地则为6.87 kg N.hm-2,二者之比为1∶1.08;氮素物质基础不是影响二者氨挥发过程的重要限制因素,大气温度及其所引起的其它温度波动是影响氨挥发速率变化的重要因素;降水及土壤水分波动与散失是引起氨挥发速率局部波动的重要原因;土壤pH和质地是导致氨挥发速率普遍较低的根本原因;而各种因素综合作用的结果则是引起二者氨挥发速率和氨挥发量变化及差异的主要原因。     

三江平原湿地典型植物群落物种多样性研究

以三江平原分布最广的毛果苔草(Carex lasiocarpa)群落和小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)群落为研究对象,研究2个群落的植物物种及其组成特征。结果表明,毛果苔草群落以毛果苔草为优势种,以漂筏苔草(C.pseudocuraica)为亚优势种,二者的重要值之和为56.4%;小叶章群落以小叶章为优势种,其重要值为50.8%。物种多样性分析表明,毛果苔草群落和小叶章群落的Simpson指数(D)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H)和Pielou均匀度指数(J)均有较大波动,且H与J呈显著正相关,与D呈显著负相关,与S无显著相关关系;毛果苔草群落的H、D、J和S均高于小叶章群落,但差异不显著;2群落的相似性指数为46.5%,表明二者间存在一定的联系。     

Early-stage litter decomposition and its influencing factors in the wetland of the Sanjiang Plain, China

Using the litter bag technique, the decomposition rates and their influencing factors were studied by investigating three wetland macrophytes, Calamagrostics angustifolia, Carex meyeriana and Carex lasiocapa, in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. It was revealed that C. lasiocapa lost 28.91% of its weight, C. angustifolia lost 31.98% and C. meyeriana lost 32.99% after 164 days. Another finding was that the amount of organic carbon in the litter of C. angustifolia and C. lasiocapa fluctuated, but continuously decreased in that of C. meyeriana. However, all the three types of litter released organic carbon. Nitrogen was released substantially from the litter of both C. angustifolia and C. meyeriana, but accumulated in the litter of C. lasiocapa. Phosphorus concentrations in all the three types of litter apparently decreased first and then slightly increased. Overall, P release was observed in all the three types of litter. The C/N and C/P ratios varied significantly in the decomposition process. The decomposition rates and nutrient content variations were simultaneously influenced by the quality of the litter as well as the environmental factors in the Sanjian Plain, but they were more strongly affected by the quality of the litter.     

Early-stage litter decomposition and its influencing factors in the wetland of the Sanjiang Plain, China

Using the litter bag technique, the decomposition rates and their influencing factors were studied by investigating three wetland macrophytes, Calamagrostics angustifolia, Carex meyeriana and Carex lasiocapa, in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. It was revealed that C. lasiocapa lost 28.91% of its weight, C. angustifolia lost 31.98% and C. meyeriana lost 32.99% after 164 days. Another finding was that the amount of organic carbon in the litter of C. angustifolia and C. lasiocapa fluctuated, but continuously decreased in that of C. meyeriana. However, all the three types of litter released organic carbon. Nitrogen was released substantially from the litter of both C. angustifolia and C. meyeriana, but accumulated in the litter of C. lasiocapa. Phosphorus concentrations in all the three types of litter apparently decreased first and then slightly increased. Overall, P release was observed in all the three types of litter. The C/N and C/P ratios varied significantly in the decomposition process. The decomposition rates and nutrient content variations were simultaneously influenced by the quality of the litter as well as the environmental factors in the Sanjian Plain, but they were more strongly affected by the quality of the litter.     

三江平原典型湿地枯落物早期分解过程及影响因素

枯落物分解是湿地物质循环和能量流动的关键环节,是维持湿地功能的重要过程之一。采用分解袋法对三江平原3种典型湿地植物枯落物分解过程及影响因素进行了研究。研究表明,在164d实验过程中乌拉苔草分解速率始终最快;在分解前103d中毛果苔草分解速率大于小叶章,但在103~164d间小叶章分解速率大于毛果苔草;分解164d,小叶章、乌拉苔草和毛果苔草枯落物的失重率分别为初始重的31.98%、32.99%和28.91%。分解过程中小叶章和毛果苔草枯落物中有机碳浓度波动较大,而乌拉苔草枯落物中持续下降;3种枯落物有机碳绝对含量都表现为净释放。小叶章枯落物中N浓度波动较大,绝对含量发生净释放;毛果苔草枯落物N浓度持续增加,绝对含量净增加;乌拉苔草枯落物N浓度先增加后减少,绝对含量发生净释放。3种枯落物中P浓度都先迅速下降后缓慢上升,绝对含量都表现为净释放。3种枯落物中C/N和C/P也相应的发生变化。小叶章和乌拉苔草枯落物分解速率与枯落物C/P显著相关,而毛果苔草枯落物与枯落物N浓度显著相关;对应3种枯落物分解速率的主要环境因子分别为土壤含水量、土壤容重和土壤温度。3种枯落物分解速率和营养物质含量动态受到枯落物自身质量和温湿条件、周围环境营养状况等自然环境条件的共同影响,相比而言,受枯落物质量的影响更大。     

三江平原不同湿地类型土壤活性有机碳组分及含量差异

土壤活性有机碳对土壤干扰的反应较快,是土壤有机碳早期变化的敏感性指标。近50年来,三江平原湿地土壤有机碳库受农事活动影响较大。为了探讨不同湿地类型土壤活性有机碳主要组分土壤可溶性有机碳(Dissolved organic carbon,DOC)、微生物量碳(Microbial biomass carbon,MBC)和易氧化有机碳(Easily oxidized organic carbon,EOC)的分布差异及主要影响因子,选择了三江平原洪河自然保护区4种典型的湿地类型(小叶章+沼柳湿地、小叶章湿地、毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地)为研究对象。分析了不同湿地类型土壤可溶性有机碳,微生物量碳和易氧化有机碳在0—30 cm土层内的分布特征和分配比例及其与有机碳、土壤养分和酶活性指标(蔗糖酶、纤维素酶和过氧化氢酶)之间的相关关系。结果表明:(1)4种湿地类型土壤DOC、MBC和EOC含量均随土层深度的增加而减少。不同湿地类型之间土壤活性有机碳含量在0—30 cm土层内存在显著性差异(P0.05),相对于长期淹水的毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地而言,未淹水的小叶章+沼柳湿地和小叶章湿地具有较高的DOC,MBC和EOC含量。(2)土壤DOC、MBC和EOC占有机碳比例分别为0.27%—0.63%,1.27%—5.94%和19.63%—41.25%。土壤DOC所占比例呈先增后减的变化趋势,最大的比例均出现在10—20 cm。MBC所占比例在土壤剖面上则未表现出一致的变化规律,而EOC所占比例则随土层深度的增加而逐渐减少。(3)土壤DOC占SOC比例以小叶章湿地最高,MBC和EOC占SOC的比例则以小叶章+沼柳湿地最高。而长期淹水的毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地则具有更低的DOC,MBC和EOC比例。(4)综合分析表明,4种湿地类型土壤DOC,MBC和EOC两两之间存在极显著相关性关系,它们除了与碳氮比相关性不显著外,与土壤有机碳,全氮,全磷养分和酶活性指标间相关性均达到极显著水平,尤其是与有机碳和全氮的相关性系数更高,此外DOC与纤维素酶,MBC与过氧化氢酶相关性更大。由此可见,土壤碳氮磷养分和酶活性是影响土壤活性有机碳组分分布的重要因素。     

三江平原湿地生态系统P、K分布特征及季节动态研究

对三江平原毛果苔草,狭叶甜茅（Carex lasixarpa-Glyeria spiculosa)湿地和小叶章（Deyeuxia angusti,folia)湿地的值物,土壤和地表积水进行P,K含量测定,运用一元非线性回归分析对P,K元素含量季节动态特征进行了探讨,结果表明,不同种类的湿地植物,同种植物的不同器官其P,K含量存在的差异,但部特点是K含量高于P含量,说明湿地植物具有富集K的特性,两类湿地土壤P,K全量,速效果的剖面分布特征也不同,名层土壤全K含量均高于全P含量,植物,土壤和地表积水中P,K含量均有明的季节动态变化,一元非线性回归模拟均得到较理想的模拟模型,相关系数大多在0．9以上,F检验较显著。     

三江平原农业生态系统露水凝结规律

露水是农业生态系统水分平衡、养分循环不可忽视的输入项。在对露水相关参数设定的基础上进一步探讨农田露水的凝结规律。选择杨木棒做为露水收集器,在三江平原于作物生长季(6月初—9月末)对水稻、玉米和大豆茎叶上的露水凝结进行了实地监测。结果表明:生长季农作物约70%的无雨夜间有露水凝结,年露日数约为70d;7、8月份作物露水强度最强,丰水年露水强度显著强于平水年(P0.05),水稻和大豆的露水强度基本持平,显著高于玉米露水强度(P0.05);垂直方向上各作物露水凝结规律一致,冠层露水强度强于顶层,底层露水强度最弱;农作物露水量较为可观,旱田作物年露水量保守值约为10—15mm,水田作物年露水量为旱田的2—3倍,叶面积指数(LAI)成为限制作物年露水量的关键因子。此外,露水对水田喷洒叶面肥等农业生产活动有指导意义,在旱田作物抗病虫害、集水抗旱方面具有重要生态意义。     

三江平原典型湿地及其开垦后土壤中总硫变化的初步研究

以三江平原3种主要沼泽类型--小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)沼泽、乌拉苔草(Carex meyeriana)沼泽、毛果苔草(Carex lasiocarpa)沼泽以及不同开垦年限的耕地为研究对象,对其土壤中总硫含量进行分析,3种沼泽中总硫量的顺序为小叶章沼泽(622．4mg·kg^-1)<乌拉苔草沼泽(820．5mg·kg^-1)、毛果苔草沼泽(1022．4mg·kg^-1),挠力河、鸭绿河、别拉洪河及浓江流域土壤中总硫量的顺序为挠力河(925．0mg·kg^-1)>鸭绿河(841．8mg·kg^-1)>浓江(636．5mg·kg^-1)>别拉洪河(520．8mg·kg^-1)沼泽湿地及耕地土壤总硫量在层次上具有明显的规律性,即由表土层向下,含量逐渐降低,1980～2000年开垦的耕地土壤中总硫含量平均值为180．5mg·kg^-1,而未开垦湿地中的总硫含量平均值为735．8mg·kg^-1。耕地中的总硫量显著低于湿地中的总硫量,并且开垦年限越长,土壤中的总硫量越低,表明湿地开垦导致土壤总硫明显流失。     

三江平原孤立湿地景观空间结构

受人类活动的影响,近几十年来三江平原大片连续湿地逐渐破碎化,形成了大量孤立湿地。湿地景观格局分析已成为湿地生态和全球变化研究领域的热点,因此以三江平原遥感影像为数据源,利用GIS技术和景观指数模型,在60m分析粒度下,对三江平原孤立湿地景观空间结构进行分析。结果表明:1研究区的中南部孤立湿地的斑块数量较多,而中东部孤立湿地的斑块面积较大,且孤立湿地斑块之间的邻近程度和连接度较高,三江、洪河自然保护区及研究区西部孤立湿地斑块的形状较复杂;2随着湿地斑块数量的递减,非孤立湿地在景观连接中起到的作用逐渐增加,孤立湿地在景观连接中起到的作用逐渐减小,但面积相对较大的孤立湿地斑块重要值一直处于较高水平,在景观连接中起着重要作用;3三江平原孤立湿地景观空间结构是地形地貌、农业开发活动、国家政策等因子综合作用的结果,应加强对孤立湿地的保护。     

三江平原湿地开垦对土壤氨基糖积累特征的影响

微生物残体在土壤有机质的形成和稳定过程中发挥着重要作用,但湿地开垦对土壤微生物残体积累特征的影响尚不清楚.本研究以三江平原小叶章湿地为对象,采集原始自然湿地和开垦改种豆科作物后不同耕作年限(5年、10年和25年)的土壤,以氨基糖为微生物残体的标识物,探讨湿地开垦对土壤微生物残体积累特征的影响.结果 表明:自然湿地开垦为...     

三江平原典型沼泽湿地植物种群的生态位

采用Levins 公式,对三江平原典型沼泽湿地植物群落的优势种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠值进行了研究.结果表明：各湿地植物种的生态位宽度排序为漂筏苔草(0.907)>毛果苔草(0.864) >狭叶甜茅(0.855) >小叶章＝睡菜＝球尾花＝二歧银莲花(0.500).毛果苔草、漂筏苔草、睡菜与球尾花之间,以及狭叶甜茅、小叶章与二歧银莲花的生态位重叠值均较高,说明几种植物在同一资源位上出现的频率相近,利用资源的能力相似,在对资源利用上具有一定的竞争性.睡菜与小叶章和二歧银莲花,以及球尾花与小叶章和二歧银莲花的生态位重叠值均为0,表明几种植物适应环境的方式不同.水分是导致湿地植物生态适应性差异的主导因子,植物对环境生态位适应的程度是水分和营养状况等因素共同作用的结果.湿地植物的生态位特征能较好地表征各植物的生态适应性和分布幅度.     

Effect of nitrogen addition on decomposition of Calamagrostis angustifolia litters from freshwater marshes of Northeast China

Wetland ecosystems store a large amount of organic carbon (C) in soils, due to the slow decomposition rates of plant litter and soil organic matter. Increased nitrogen (N) availability induced by human activities and global warming may accelerate litter decomposition and affect soil organic C dynamics in wetlands. In the present study, we investigated the effect of N addition on decomposition of Calamagrostis angustifolia litters from freshwater marshes in the Sanjiang Plain of Northeast China under field and laboratory conditions. First, we assessed the changes in initial litter chemical composition and subsequent decomposition following three years of N addition at the rate of 24 g N m⁻² year⁻¹ under field conditions. Our results showed that N addition increased litter N concentration and decreased C/N ratio, and thus stimulated litter decomposition. Secondly, we examined the effect of increased N availability (0, 25, 50 and 100 mg N g⁻¹ litter) on litter decomposition under laboratory conditions. Increased exterior N availability also enhanced microbial respiration and increased litter mass loss under both waterlogging and non-waterlogging conditions. In addition, waterlogging conditions inhibited microbial respiration and suppressed litter mass loss. These findings demonstrated that N addition increased litter decomposition rates through improved litter quality and enhanced microbial activity in freshwater marshes of Northeast China. This implies that increased N availability accelerates litter decomposition rates, and thus may cause substantial losses of soil C and diminish and even reverse the C sink function of wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain of Northeast China.     

三江平原春小麦农田生态系统氧化亚氮通量特征

利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对三江平原春小麦农田生态系统N2O排放通量进行连续2.5年的田间原位观测.结果表明:三江平原春小麦农田生态系统N2O排放通量具有较明显的季节变化和年际变化,并主要与年际间降水及田间水分管理差异有关;春小麦农田生态系统N2O排放日变化与气温及地下5 cm温度变化有关.生长期N2O的排放较强,休耕期N2O排放量显著下降,冰冻期N2O的排放较微弱,融冻时N2O排放缓慢增强.生长期N2O平均排放通量为0.190 mg.m-2.h-1,收割后到冰冻期间为0.077 mg.m-2.h-1,冻融期间为0.017 mg.m-2.h-1.