茶蚜(Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer))蜜露分泌节律及对多种天敌的引诱效应

为研究茶蚜蜜露的分泌节律及对蚜茧蜂、中华草蛉、大草蛉、门氏食蚜蝇、七星瓢虫、异色瓢虫二斑变型、显现变种、显明变种和十九斑变种的引诱效应,在21℃、85%RH、3500lx光照和12L∶12D光周期下,把1头无翅胎生雌成蚜在1h内产出的45头无翅胎生雌若蚜分别引至小茶苗上,观测发育,收集蜜露。发现若蚜和成蚜历期为32.4d±5.8d,分泌蜜露325.6滴±35.8滴,体积为41.98μl±6.14μl,质量为45.34mg±8.76mg。1～4龄期间的蜜露量与天数呈Logistic关系。其中1～2龄期分泌的蜜露量较小。成蚜历期22.0d±0.0d,分泌蜜露176.31滴±22.38滴,体积30.38μl±5.32μl,连续分泌5～8h之后间歇2～5h。另取一头雌成蚜在1h内产出的、已发育为成蚜的45头雌成蚜,在13～21℃、85%RH、3500lx光照和12L∶12D光周期下观测,发现室温的升降明显影响蜜露分泌量。蜜露显著延长9种(亚种)天敌昆虫搜寻时间;随着蜜露剂量的增大,搜寻时间显著地延长。蚜茧蜂搜寻时间最长,门氏食蚜蝇最短,异色瓢虫4变种(型)中,显明变种搜寻时间最长。茶蚜蜜露是重要的引诱多种天敌的接触性利它素。     

七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫四变种成虫对茶蚜蜜露的搜索行为和蜜露的组分分析

采用培养皿 ,1承接茶蚜自然分泌蜜露 ;2收集蜜露浓缩后点于培养皿中心。逐头释放瓢虫于分别盛有这 2类蜜露的培养皿中心进行生物测定 ,两个试验均证明 :1蜜露强烈地吸引七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫 ,随着蜜露浓度呈梯度地增大 ,搜寻时间极显著地延长 ( P<0 .0 1 ) ;2蜜露可激发瓢虫的搜索行为由广域搜索型转换为地域集中搜索型。前 0～ 5s局限在较小范围内不断地转向 ,即搜索速度小 ,转动角度大。七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫显明变种最敏感 ,搜索和滞留时间也最长。用高效液相色谱定性定量地分析出蜜露中有茶氨酸等 1 3种氨基酸和蔗糖等 7种糖分。     

蜜露对天敌昆虫生长繁殖及搜寻行为的影响

已有研究表明:同翅目昆虫蜜露对一些天敌昆虫有着特殊的作用。一方面,蜜露可用来补充营养,从而促进天敌若虫死亡率下降、成虫寿命延长以及繁殖力提高;另一方面,蜜露作为天敌搜寻行为的信息物质。而人工蜜露在很多情况下对部分天敌也具有上述2方面的作用。文章就此内容的研究进展作一概述,以期促进蜜露在天敌昆虫人工饲养、害虫综合防治以及其他方面发挥作用。     

天敌对麦长管蚜和麦二叉蚜种群数量影响程度的分析

通过对１９９３～１９９６年两种麦蚜种群数量及其天敌数量的系统调查,并采用灰色关联分析法,研究各种天敌对两种麦蚜种群数量的影响程度,得出对麦长管蚜种群数量影响最大的是龟纹瓢虫、蚜茧蜂和食蚜蝇;对麦二叉蚜种群数量影响最大的是草间小黑蛛,其次是龟纹瓢虫．     

Transmission of potato leafroll virus in relation to the honeydew excretion of Myzus persicae

Honeydew excretion of single Myzus persicae nymphs on potato leafroll virus (PLVR)-infected Physalis floridana was studied during the acquisition access period (AAP) in relation to the efficiency of virus transmission.
With increasing length of the AAP, the percentage of nymphs that transmitted the virus increased. These nymphs produced significantly more honeydew droplets during the AAP on PLRV-infected P. floridana plants than nymphs which failed to transmit the virus. However, the number of honeydew droplets excreted during the AAP by transmitting nymphs did not affect the length of the latency period. Nymphs which infected the first test plant after a short latency period produced a similar amount of honeydew during the AAP to those with a longer latency period.
Honeydew excretion recorded on plants of varied age, showed that nymphs feeding on bottom leaves of infected plants produced more honeydew droplets than on comparable leaves of healthy plants. On infected plants, nymphs produced more honeydew droplets on bottom leaves with pronounced symptoms than on top leaves that hardly showed any symptom of PLRV infection.
The concentration of viral antigen measured by ELISA was lower in top leaves than in bottom leaves of infected plants. Nevertheless, nymphs feeding on top leaves transmitted the virus more efficiently than those which used bottom leaves as virus source. When bottom leaves were used as a virus source, the percentage of viruliferous nymphs decreased with plant age. These results indicate that the availability of virus for acquisition by aphids declines with increasing plant age and symptom severity.     

大豆田中大豆蚜天敌昆虫群落结构分析

为了明确大豆田中大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura天敌昆虫的群落结构特点,采用系统调查法对大豆蚜天敌的种类及数量进行调查。结果表明,大豆蚜天敌昆虫主要有5目11科19种,另外还有一些捕食性蜘蛛。主要优势种为小花蝽Orius minutus、龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica、中华草蛉Chrysopa sinica以及蚜小蜂Aphelinus sp.和异色瓢虫Leis axyridis,捕食性蜘蛛其中小花蝽的相对丰盛度达到0.26以上。小花蝽和龟纹瓢虫发生较早,是大豆蚜发生初期的主要控制因素。物种多样性、均匀度、丰富度、物种数和个体数整体趋势表现为先增加后降低,在7、8月达最大;而优势集中性和优势度则表现为先降低后增加的趋势,群落较稳定。     

Effects of dietary sucrose concentration on aphid honeydew carbohydrate levels and rates of excretion

Honeydew droplets freshly excreted by two aphid species, Myzus persicae (Sulz.) and Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), feeding on nutritionally adequate, artificial diets containing 10–40% w/v sucrose, were collected in oil. The volume, frequency of excretion, and carbohydrate content of the droplets were determined by measuring the diameter of the droplets in the oil, by recording the number of droplets excreted per aphid per hour, and by using a quantitative colorimetric method for estimating carbohydrates. Rates for the intake or excretion of fluid, the intake and absorption of sucrose, and the excretion of carbohydrate were consequently calculated for the two species on each dietary sucrose concentration. The percentage of dietary sucrose absorbed by the aphids ranged from 36% on diet with 40% sucrose to 97% on diet with 10% sucrose. Such honeydew/diet relationships may allow one to use honeydew carbohydrate concentrations to estimate the sucrose concentrations of the phloem sap ingested by aphids feeding on host plants.

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Résumé Des gouttelettes de miellat fraîchement excrétées par deux espèces de pucerons, Myzus persicae (Sulz.) et Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), pucerons nourris sur des régimes nutritifs synthétiques contenant 10–40% de saccharose, ont été récupérées dans de l'huile. Le volume des gouttelettes a été déterminé en mesurant leur diamètre individuel dans l'huile, la fréquence d'excrétion établie par le nombre de gouttelettes excrétées par puceron par heure, et la teneur en glucides par une méthode d'analyse colorimétrique quantitative. Les taux d'ingestion et d'excrétion de liquide, d'ingestion et d'absorption de saccharose ainsi que les taux d'excrétion de glucides ont été par la suite calculés pour les deux espèces d'aphides nourris sur les différentes concentrations de saccharose. Le pourcentage de saccharose alimentaire absorbé par les aphides a été de 36% sur le régime contenant 40% de ce glucide, mais s'est élevé à 97% sur le régime ne contenant que 10% de saccharose. D'après ces relations miellat/régime nutritif, et en connaissant la teneur du miellat en glucides, on peut faire une approximation de la concentration du saccharose dans la sève élaborée du phloème ingérée par les aphides.

     

Influence of physiological state and experience on the responsiveness ofLysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (hymenoptera: aphidiidae) to aphid honeydew and to host plants

The effect of physiological state (hunger) and experience on the responsiveness of the aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus testaceipes(Cresson), to clean and honeydew-contaminated host plants was investigated in laboratory bioassays. Both fed and unfed parasitoids spent significantly longer examining honeydew-contaminated plants compared to uncontaminated controls, but the presence of honeydew did not influence attack latency (i.e., the speed with which naive parasitoids found and attacked hosts). Hunger, however, had a significant negative effect on attack latency, presumably as a result of a physiologically based shift from host- to food-location behavior in starved parasitoids. The parasitoid 's response to clean plants was significantly increased as a result of classical conditioning procedures, whereas the response to honeydew-contaminated plants was not.     

The influence of black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scop., and its honeydew on the photosynthesis of sugar beet

The effect of black bean aphids on the photosynthesis of sugar beet plants was studied under glasshouse and field conditions. The presence of up to several hundred aphids per leaf had no significant effect on CO₂ exchange rates over a range of light intensities between complete darkness and light saturation. Artificially prepared honeydew, sprayed onto leaves in the same amounts and composition as was found on severely aphid-infested plants, covered 30% of the stomata on the upper epidermis but did not significantly alter the rate of photosynthesis of these leaves in the light or the rate of respiration in the dark. The stomata on the lower epidermis were uncovered and functional. High pressure liquid chromatography of aphid-produced honeydew detected 20 different amino-acids. Three amino-acids, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and gluta-mine, made up the bulk of the amino-acid weight in the honeydew produced on young plants, up till the 8 leaf-stage. In the 10 to 12 leaf-stage, several different amino-acids occurred in substantial amounts. The amino-acids to sugars ratio of the honeydew produced by the aphids decreased strongly as the sugar beet plants aged: from 1:6 in plants with 3 or 4 leaves to 1:25 in plants having 10 to 12 leaves.     

The reactions of two cereal aphid parasitoids, Aphidius uzbekistanicus and A. ervi to host aphids and their food-plants

ABSTRACT. A Y-tube olfactometer was used to test the reactions of the hymenopteran cereal aphid parasitoids Aphidius uzbekistanicus Luzhetski and A. ervi Haliday to odours from aphids and their host plants. Only females responded to aphids but both sexes responded to plant odours. A. uzbekistanicus responded to the cereal aphids Sitobion avenae (F.) and Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) whilst A. ervi , which has a broad host range, responded to M. dirhodum and the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Female A. uzbekistanicus responded to wheat leaves only but males responded to a range of plant material. Both male and female A. ervi responded to wheat and bean leaves. The failure of A. ervi to respond to either nettle aphids, Microlophium carnosum (Bukt.), or nettle leaves, despite its frequent parasitization of this aphid in the field, suggests the existence of more than one race of the parasitoid and casts doubts on the usefulness of alternative hosts as reservoirs for A. ervi in integrated control programmes. Males of both species responded to their respective females suggesting the presence of a sex specific attractant.     

Effect of honeydew and hosts on plant colonization by the aphid parasitoidEphedrus cerasicola

Females ofEphedrus cerasicola Stary were released into small glasshouses (13.6 m³) or cages (0.125 m³) which contained paprika plants in 2 of the following categories: fresh plants (without honeydew and aphids), honeydew-contaminated plants (aphids removed) and aphid-infested plants (with honeydew). Two hundred females were released into each glasshouse with 20 plants, 10 of each category, while 10 females were released into the cages with 2 plants, one of each category. Control experiments with only fresh plants were conducted in both the glasshouses and the cages. The female parasitoids on each plant were counted at regular intervals for 24 or 48 h in the glasshouse and for 4 h in the cage experiments; this number was used as an indicator of plant preferences. The following preferences were established (preferred plant > less preferred plant): honeydew-plant > fresh plant, aphid-plant > fresh plant, aphid-plant > honeydew-plant. The number of females on the aphid-plants increased throughout the experimental period, whereas the number on the honeydew-plants tended to be more stable.      

Composition of the volatiles from intact and tea aphid-damaged tea shoots and their allurement to several natural enemies of the tea aphid

Abstract: The comparison between the composition of the volatiles from intact tea shoots (ITS) and that from tea aphid-damaged tea shoots (TADTS) was accomplished, and the difference of both volatiles in attraction to natural enemies of the tea aphid, Toxoptera aurantii , i.e the ladybug, Leis axyridis (Pallas), the aphid parasite, Aphidius sp., and the lacewing, Chrysopa septempunctata Wesmeal, was investigated in the current paper. Volatile components from ITS, obtained by air entrainment, were identified by their mass spectra and retention times and comfirmed by comparison with authentic samples. They are E-2-hexenal, ocimene, Z-3-hexenyl acetate, Z-3-hexen-1-ol, butanoic acid-3-hexenyl ester, linalool, 1-octanol, geraniol and indole. Volatiles from TADTS have been identified as E-2-hexenal, ocimene, Z-3-hexenyl acetate, Z-3-hexen-1-ol, linalool, geraniol, indole, benzaldehyde and E-2-hexenoic acid. Z-3-hexen-1-ol is the main component in the two kinds of volatiles, whilst benzaldehyde is the another main component in TADTS volatiles. The air entrainment extracts of TADTS and benzaldehyde elicit the stronger electroantennogram (EAG) responses, and the stronger upwind flight and arresting behaviour from each natural enemy in wind tunnel. EAG responses from Leis axyridis and Chrysopa septempunctata were bigger than those from Aphidius sp., whereas Leis axyridis responds to these odours slightly less than Aphidius sp. and Chrysopa septempunctata in wind tunnel bioassay. So TADTS emits volatile synomones, in which the amount of benzaldehyde is ample and its allurement is the strongest.     

茶蚜体表漂洗物对天敌的引诱活性及组分分析

行为生测和触角电位反应都证明茶蚜Toxoptera aurantii体表的正己烷或乙醚漂洗物对茶蚜重要天敌中华草蛉Chysopa sinica、蚜茧蜂Aphidius sp.和七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata具有显著的引诱效应,正己烷漂洗物的活性稍强。GC、GC-MS分析表明正己烷漂洗物中主要组分是苯甲醛、十一烷、2, 5-己二酮、2,5-二氢噻吩、芳樟醇、萘、4-甲基-辛烷、1, 2-苯甲酸-双-（二丁基-邻苯二甲酸甲酯）、二丁基-邻苯二甲酸甲酯和二十烷,其中苯甲醛、2, 5-己二酮和芳樟醇含量稍大。乙醚漂洗物中主要组分为反-2-己烯酸、正十七烷、2,6,10,14-四甲基十五烷、二十烷、四甲基四十烷、二丁基-邻苯二甲酸酯和十九烷,前2种组分含量较大。     

植物篱对小麦蚜虫及其天敌种群的影响

采用坡地种植蓑草、苜蓿、香根草和紫穗槐等植物篱的方法,研究了其对小麦蚜虫及其天敌种群的影响.结果表明： 在20°坡度试验区,紫穗槐植物篱显著抑制了麦蚜种群的发生,且麦田拟寄生物的密度等于或显著低于香根草区.在12°坡度试验区,苜蓿和蓑草推迟了麦蚜种群发生的高峰期,蓑草作为植物篱可以显著抑制麦蚜种群数量;苜蓿区麦田拟寄生物密度显著高于对照,瓢虫种群密度等于或显著高于蓑草区.蓑草挥发物对麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜均有驱避作用,而显著引诱猫蛛科1种蜘蛛;苜蓿挥发物对麦长管蚜具有引诱作用;苜蓿和蓑草挥发物对瓢虫的行为反应均无明显影响.紫穗槐和蓑草作为坡地植物篱,不仅能防护水土流失,而且有助于调控害虫及其天敌种群.     

The influence of aphids and honeydew on the leaving rate of searching aphid parasitoids from wheat plants

Dispersal cages were used to investigate the effects of aphids and treatment with artificial honeydew on the leaving rate of searching females of the parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi from groups of wheat plants. Parasitoids which flew away from groups of plants placed in the centre of a cage were trapped on the sides and roof of the cage and thus were prevented from returning to the plants. The positions of trapped parasitoids suggested their direction of flight when dispersing from the plants. Parasitoids increased their residence times on groups of plants in the presence of aphids and of artificial honeydew, but the rate of parasitism of the host Sitobion avenae was not raised by the presence of artificial honeydew under the experimental conditions used. The direction of flight taken by the majority of parasitoids suggested that they were leaving the plants in order to locate further plants nearby to continue searching rather than to terminate searching and disperse away from the area. The need to consider plant patch size in studies of parasitoid searching behaviour is stressed.     

Responses to aphid sex pheromones by the pea aphid parasitoids Aphidius ervi and Aphidius eadyi

Aphidius ervi and Aphidius eadyi, two parasitoids of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, were attracted to components of the aphid sex pheromone in laboratory bioassays. Pre-test experience with host aphids in the presence of aphid sex pheromone did not affect the response of A. ervi to pheromone in a 4-way olfactometer, compared with that of naive parasitoids. Aphidius ervi females exposed only to the pheromone prior to testing did not respond in the olfactometer, suggesting habituation to the foraging cue by the parasitoid. In a wind tunnel, aphid sex pheromone increased the attraction of A. ervi to the plant-host complex (Vicia faba/A. pisum), suggesting an additive effect when two different foraging cues are present simultaneously.     

樱桃瘿瘤头蚜的发生和防治

樱桃瘿瘤头蚜是樱桃春季的主要害虫之一,该蚜在豫西地区每年发生１０－１４代,以受精卵在小枝条的芽腋等处赵冬。越冬卵孵化盛期为落花后至第一片叶展开际,这是防治的有利时机,其防治方法是：（１）４月下旬人工摘除虫叶并集中销毁;（２）喷洒２．５％功夫乳油２５００倍稀释液,缺水地区则用４０％氧乐果乳油５倍稀释液涂干,其保叶效果均在９０％以上。     

Olfactory response by the aphidophagous gall midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza to honeydew from green peach aphid, Myzus persicae

Female adults of the aphidopagous gall midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), showed an olfactory response to honeydew excreted by the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) under laboratory conditions. The response was only elicited by treatments with honeydew, whereas aphids, aphids with pepper plants or leaves, and pepper plants or leaves were not attractive to the midges. Dose‐dependent responses were observed from whole honeydew, honeydew volatiles extracted in pentane, and honeydew volatiles captured on Porapak Q®. When honeydew was eluted with three sequential pentane washes, a positive response was only observed from the midges for the first wash. Female midges laid more eggs on pepper plants infested with higher densities of M. persicae. The olfactory response of midges to honeydew is discussed with respect to prey location.     

Flexibility in the composition and concentration of amino acids in honeydew of the drepanosiphid aphid Tuberculatus quercicola

Abstract 1. Mutualistic interactions between aphids and ants are mediated by honeydew that aphids produce. Previous work showed that when attended by the ant Formica yessensis Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), nymphs of the aphid Tuberculatus quercicola (Matsumura) (Homoptera: Aphididae) developed into significantly smaller adults with lower fecundity than did nymphs that were not ant attended.
2. This study tested the hypothesis that this cost of ant attendance arises through changes in the quality and quantity of honeydew. Ant-attended and ant-excluded aphid colonies were prepared in the field. The composition and concentration of amino acids were compared between the honeydew produced by ant-attended colonies and that produced by ant-excluded colonies.
3. The aphids excreted smaller droplets of honeydew, but also excreted them more frequently, in ant-attended colonies than in ant-excluded colonies. The honeydew of ant-attended aphids contained more types of amino acid, and a significantly higher total concentration of amino acids, than did the honeydew of ant-excluded aphids.
4. These results suggest that the increase in the concentration of amino acids in honeydew leads to a shortage of nitrogen available for aphid growth and reproduction, resulting in lower performance under ant attendance.
5. With the advance of seasons, a significant reduction was found in both the total free amino acid concentration in phloem sap and the frequency of honeydew excretion; however the total concentration of amino acids in the honeydew did not vary significantly during the seasons, suggesting that aphids keep the quality of honeydew constant in order to maintain ant visitation.     

粗纹举腹蚁垄断蜜露对紫胶生产的影响

为了解粗纹举腹蚁垄断云南紫胶虫分泌的蜜露对紫胶生产的影响,于2008年10月至2 010年5月,在云南省墨江县雅邑乡调查了粗纹举腹蚁对蜜露的垄断方式,以及粗纹举腹蚁垄 断蜜露对云南紫胶虫的雌雄性比、死亡率、泌胶量和怀卵量的影响.结果表明：在云南紫胶 虫生活史周期内,被粗纹举腹蚁垄断的胶被上,该蚂蚁昼夜不停地取食云南紫胶虫分泌的蜜 露,每10 cm胶被上粗纹举腹蚁的平均数量在（168±23）～（393±100）头,并在 胶被 上建立保护膜,阻止其他动物访问云南紫胶虫.粗纹举腹蚁的垄断显著降低了云南紫胶虫个 体的泌胶量,但是垄断对云南紫胶虫的群体泌胶量没有显著影响;粗纹举腹蚁的垄断 显著降低了云南紫胶虫的死亡率,提高了云南紫胶虫的雌虫比例和个体怀卵量.粗纹举腹 蚁垄断紫胶虫分泌的蜜露有利于紫胶生产.