Reproduction strategy of Trias verrucosa (Orchidaceae) from China

Trias, an orchid genus, was reported in this paper from China as a newly recorded genus for the first time. The genus and its new species, T. verrucosa Z. J. Liu, L. J. Chen et S. P. Lei, were described and discussed. Trias consists of 19 species ranging from Assam of India to Indonesia and Australia in the southeast via Myanmar to Deccan of India in the southwest. Its occurrence in West Yunnan of China is a further indication of phytogeographical relations between this region and the tropical Asia. This new species grows on shady rocks in forests. By observing of its biological characteristics such as phenology and blooming biology, lots of cloned ramets of generation overlap were found, but there were no fruited plants, and that clonal reproduction could repeat had nothing to do with whether the ramet bloomed or not. The flowering season of this species is from early April to early May. The opening of flowers on plants or inflorescence was irregular and the florescence of single flowers was rather short, only lasting 4–5 d, and no fruited flowers were found. Based on the detection of mating systems, no flowers of artificial self-pollination and artificial cross-pollination have fruited. Since the flowering period is just before the rainy season in this region, the ecological conditions of dryness, strong wind, low temperature and weak light during that period of time are evidently unfavorable to plant blooming, pollinating and fruiting. Apparently, the short duration and sterility of each flower would avoid the invalid energy waste in unfavorable circumstances and save the limited energy for more valid asexual reproduction so that the opportunity of multiplication in an uncertain environment would be increased to ensure the progenitive success. The P/O value of T. verrucosa is 187.4 ± 22.4, which is obviously related with the highly valid usage of its conglutinated and hard tuberous pollinarium during pollination, indicating that this species could hold the characteristic of sexual reproduction. This is an adaptation of this type of plants to the rather atrocious ecological circumstance there by its reproduction strategy of strengthening asexual reproduction and weakening sexual reproduction, and so it enables the plants to survive in this region, long-distanced from the places where its relatives dwell.     

疣花三角兰（Trias verrucosa）的生殖策略

首次报道了中国兰科新记录属三角兰属(Trias),并对该属及该属新种疣花三角兰(T.verrucosa Z.J.Liu,L.J.Chen et S.P.Lei)进行了描述与讨论。三角兰属含19种,分布于自印度的阿萨姆经缅甸向东南扩展至印度尼西亚与澳大利亚,向西南延伸至印度德干高原。它在云南西部的发现进一步表明了该地区与热带亚洲在植物地理学上的亲密关系。新种生于林下较阴蔽的石上,对其物候学与开花生物学特征的观察,发现该物种有大量世代重叠的克隆分株,未见结实的植株,克隆繁殖的发生与分株是否开花无关。花期自4月初至5月初,花在植株或花序上的开放毫无规律,而且单花的花期较短,仅有4～5d,未发现有结实的花。交配系统检测,人工自花传粉和异花传粉的花未见有结实。由于该植物的花期常处于雨季来临之前,此时干燥,风力大,低温和弱光的生态条件对于植物的开花、传粉、结实显然是不利的。缩短开花时间和不结实可避免植株的能量在不利环境的无效消耗,将有限的能量用于其较为有效的无性繁殖,增加了在不可预测环境中繁衍的机会,以保障繁殖的成功。它的P/O(花粉/胚珠)值为187.4±22.4,显然是与它的花粉粘合成坚硬块状可在传粉中的高效利用有关,表明该物种仍然保留有性繁殖的特性。该种植物所采取强化无性繁殖,弱化有性繁殖生殖策略是对该地区较为恶劣生态条件的适应,可能正是由于这个原因,疣花三角兰能够在远离其同属近亲的地方生存下来。     

Der Buntsandstein. Eine lebensfeindliche Wüste oder doch mehr?

A hostile desert – or still more? The Bunter During the time span of the Bunter a continental, semiarid to arid climate with high temperatures prevailed in the “Germanic Basin”. The sediments deposited are often “coloured” – mostly red – because of the oxidizing conditions. They mostly represent braided river systems and large flood plains. In the Upper Bunter a connection to the Tethys sea existed. The evaporation of salt water led to the formation of thick layers of hydrogenetic rocks in the Early Upper Bunter. Palynomorphs and the famous fossil communities found are providing evidence of life and climate during the Bunter period.     

Triassic magnetic overprints related to albitization in granites from the Morvan massif (France)

The Morvan massif, located in the northern part of the French Massif Central, shows widespread unusual deep alteration profiles in the Palaeozoic basement rocks (gneisses, granites and rhyolites). They are characterised by overall albitization, chloritisation and haematisation. Albite and chlorite constitute their characteristic mineral paragenesis. Haematite pigmentation comes with this paragenesis and gives an overall pink coloration to the weathered rocks.A paleomagnetic analysis was conducted after detailed petrographical and mineralogical studies of the alteration that lead to the albitized profiles. Special attention was devoted to the occurrence of haematite, the main paleomagnetism carrier, with the though to date this palaeoweathering event. Petrographical checking after heating treatments showed that deshydroxylation of chlorite also led to the formation of secondary haematite. This haematite formed by recrystallization acquired remanence properties and thus superimposed and hided the original magnetic signal. This problem has prevented the extraction of the original magnetic signal especially in the sections made up of rhyolites.Virtual Geomagnetic Poles (VGPs) obtained from the characteristic directions carried by haematite have been compared to the European Apparent Polar Wander Path (APWP). An Early Triassic magnetic overprint has been recorded in the albitized basement rocks of the Morvan massif. The age obtained for this albitization phenomena, strengthens the hypothesis that albitization developed in relation with palaeoweathering processes linked with the Triassic palaeosurface. Therefore, large scale continental weathering could be the main mechanism for Late Permian/Early Triassic remagnetizations which are widespread throughout the Palaeozoic formations of western Europe.As far as we know, this is the first time that deep palaeoweathering phenomena affecting hard and non-disaggregated weathered rocks of the basement have been directly dated. Palaeomagnetism appears as a precious tool to date alteration events developed in widely and long-lasting emerged areas of the basement.     

The prolacertid LepidosaurianCosesaurus avicepsEllenberger & Villalta, a claimed «Protoavian from the Middle Triassic of Spain

Cosesaurus aviceps, a small, probable diapsid reptile from the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) of Montral-Alcover (prov. Tarragona, Spain), has been reported as an ancestor of the Neornites. The only known specimen of this taxon is likely an inmature individual. The allometric growth models have been introduced in the character analysis, to infer the features of the adult Cosesaurus. For the present analysis, only the features that can be ascertained without doubt have been retained. The characters have been classified as primitive and derived. Cosesaurus shares all the ten derived characters we have found with Prolacertiformes, especially with Macrocnemus. The sister-group Macrocnemus + Cosesaurus is characterized by the relatively elongated neck in respect both to the skull and trunk length, 7–8 cervical vertebrae with the centra relatively elongated, and a relatively narrow distal femur region.     

Pangea Megasequences of Tethyan Gondwana-margin reflect global changes of climate and tectonism in Late Palaeozoic and Early Triassic times—A review

The maximum concentration of continental crust at the Pangea stage is characterized by a specific depositional sequence generally referred to as the Pangea Megasequence. Extending in time from the Late Carboniferous to the middle of the Triassic, the succession exhibits similar trends across the whole of Gondwana. Invariably, the sequence was initiated by Late Carboniferous to Early Permian glacial and periglacial deposits. Deglaciation occurred in Early Sakmarian time, evidenced by a typical, commonly transgressive facies. The succeeding formations comprise, in ascending order, coal measures, redbeds, some more coal measures and again redbeds with an intercalation of fluviatile sands in the Early Triassic.After deglaciation the basic depositional theme was modified, depending on postglacial adjustments of climate and on the type of regional tectonic regimes. Extension of the tropical climatic belt after deglaciation was one factor that governed the resulting sediment facies. Coal deposition that prevailed in central Gondwana in the Early Permian gave way to dominance of redbeds in the Middle and Late Permian and, in more distal positions, evaporitic deposits were laid down, following deglaciation. Within marine realms, coralline limestones were formed.Within Gondwana the depositional period of the Pangea Megasequence was governed by three distinctive tectonic regimes: collision dominated the Panthalassa margin, transpressional sag controlled the interior basins, and extension and rifting was experienced along the entire Tethyan margin. In the Early Permian, large and complex graben structures commenced to develop between Africa and India (Malagasy Trough) and between India and Australia (West Australian Trough), giving access to Tethyan waters during deglaciation, commencing in the late Early Sakmarian.Rifting along the Tethyan margin commenced in the Early Permian and was associated with active volcanism between Cashmere and Yunnan and in north-western Australia. Spreading of Neo-Tethys and the formation of oceanic crust, leading to the separation of the Cimmerian Blocks from Gondwana, commenced in the late Early Permian and continued into the Triassic. Thus two facies realms developed, an intracratonic rift facies comprising the Cashmere, Lhasa and Baoshan blocks and a facies controlled by detachment, comprising more distal blocks, such as Tengchong, Malay and Sumatra. The present distribution of individual blocks was governed by fold movements of the Himalayan Orogeny, complicated by transpression along the eastern Himalayan Syntaxis.     

Middle triassic Parapopanoceratidae and Nathorstitidae (ammonoidea) of Boreal region: Internal structure,ontogeny and phylogenetic patterns

Internal structure of Stenopopanoceras mirabilePopow, Parapopanoceras sp., P. mediumMcLearn, P. janaense (Popow), P. paniculatumPopow, P. asseretoiDagys & Ermakova, Indigirites krugiPopow, Nathorstites mcconnelli (Whiteaves), N. gibbosusStolley, N. lenticularis (Whiteaves), N. argatassensis (Popow) is described and also ontogenetic development of species I. krugiPopow and N. mcconnelli (Whiteaves) originating from middle triassic deposits of northern part of Middle Siberia, north-eastern part of the USSR and Svalbard is given. For the species mentioned above data is given on the position of siphuncle, shape and dimensions of protoconch, caecum, ammonitella, the angle of primary varix, structure of septal necks and the nature of their change in the course of ontogeny. Significance of these signs for taxonomy and phylogeny of triassic ammonoidea is analysed. Intergeneric difference of Stenopopanoceras and Parapopanoceras is established according to the position of siphuncle on the first whorl of the shell. On the basis of the analysis of internal structure and ontogenetic development of suture line and morphological signs Indigirites is considered to belong to the family Hungaritidae (subfamily Longobarditinae). Phylogenetic patterns of the ammonoidea species described are discussed.     

The Permian/Triassic mass extinction among brachiopods in the Northern Caucasus (northern Palaeo-Tethys): A tentative assessment

A palaeontological record of the Northern Caucasus provides new data to evaluate the influence of the Permian/Triassic mass extinction on brachiopod communities. The study region is currently located in the southwest of Russia; it laid on the northern margin of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean during the late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic. A total of 168 genera and 36 superfamilies are known from the Changhsingian-Bajocian deposits of this region. The total diversity of brachiopods was very high in the Changhsingian (57 genera and 19 superfamilies), but these organisms disappeared entirely at the Permian/Triassic boundary. Three genera and three superfamilies existed in the Induan, but brachiopods perished again in the Olenekian. A recovery began in the Anisian, but the Changhsingian diversity was never reached again. No genera crossed the Permian/Triassic boundary, whereas 4 superfamilies became able to do this. Ambocoelioidea was a “dead clade walking” and went extinct in the Induan, whereas three other superfamilies (Dialasmatoidea, Rhynchonelloidea, and Wellerelloidea) were more successful. Survivors included no less than 20% of genera during the entire Induan-Bajocian time interval. The Changhsingian-Anisian interval is dominated by just one type of facies in the studied region, which may explain differences in the post-extinction diversity patterns between the Northern Caucasus, South China, and other parts of the World. Use of the alternative Triassic time scale does not change the absolute duration of the post-extinction stress (5.1 myr), whereas it highlights higher rates for the Anisian recovery (appearance of 0.9 superfamilies and 2.8 genera per myr).     

Middle Triassic radiolarians from the Southeastern Pamirs (Republic of Tajikistan)

Triassic radiolarians were studied from a limestone/chert succession of the Dzhangisu and Boztere formations, Southeastern Pamirs, Republic of Tajikistan. The middle part of the Dzhangisu Formation is characterized by a Late Anisian assemblage with Eptingium nakasekoi Kozur and Mostler, Archaeospongoprunum bispinosum Kozur and Mostler, A. mesotriassicum mesotriassicum Kozur and Mostler, Paroertlispongus multispinosus Kozur and Mostler, P. rarispinosus Kozur and Mostler and Hozmadia rotunda (Nakaseko and Nishimura) that belongs either to the upper part of the Tetraspinocyrtis laevis Zone or to the Spongosilicarmiger transitus Zone (Kozur, 2003). The lowermost part of the Boztere Formation is characterized by a Late Ladinian assemblage with Muelleritortis cochleata (Nakaseko and Nishimura), M. expansa (Kozur and Mostler), Spongoserrula rarauana Dumitrica that corresponds to the M. cochleata Zone. Pamirian localities have a transitional position between the Western Tethys (Alpine–Mediterranean region) and the Eastern Tethys–Pacific junction (Southern China and Thailand). The assemblages are Tethyan in affinity.     

2020年中国蜘蛛分类年报

本文总结了2020年发表的中国蜘蛛新分类单元和中国分类学者发表的国外蜘蛛新分类单元。基于国内标本, 2020年共发表中国蜘蛛223个新分类单元, 其中中国学者在12种期刊的56篇文章中命名了1新亚科、12新属和201新种, 国外学者命名了9新种, 合计210新种。云南是发现新种数量最多的省份, 占全国发现新种总数的38.1%。基于缅甸等12个国家标本, 2020年中国分类学者发表了外国蜘蛛95个新分类单元, 包括2新科、7新属和86新种。本文还总结了过去5年中国分类学者对全球蜘蛛分类的贡献, 2016‒2020年有1位中国学者发表771个新分类单元。     

New sesquiterpene lactones from Inula species

An investigation of Inula helenium, I. royleana, I. salicina and I. bifrons afforded in addition to known sesquiterpene lactones 20 new lactones, the eudesmanolides 3, 6 and 8–12, the germacranolides 14–18 and 20–22, the guaianolides 23 and 25, the pseudoguaianolide 26, the xanthanolides 28 and 32 and the cyclopropane analogue 30. Structures and configurations of these new compounds were established by extensive PMR studies and by some chemical transformations. Some of the investigated species contain besides the widely distributed pentaynene 33 several known thymol derivatives together with a new one (40).     

New high latitude Capnuchosphaera species (Triassic Radiolaria) from Waipapa Terrane,New Zealand

Two new species and one new subspecies of genus Capnuchosphaera, (Capnuchosphaera tumida nov. sp., C. waihekeensis nov. sp. and C. texensis australis nov. ssp.) are described herein from phosphatic nodules included in mudstone and sandstone beds of the Waipapa Terrane, Waiheke Island, New Zealand. The phosphatic nodules yielded a rich Late Triassic (Carnian-Norian) radiolarian fauna, with a high abundance of spumellarian taxa including numerous species of the genera Capnuchosphaera, Vinassaspongus, Kahlerosphaera, Sarla and Dumitricasphaera. Waiheke Island Capnuchosphaera are characterized by a large cortical shell and a distinctively low ratio of spine length to cortical shell diameter. These features differ significantly from those of Capnuchosphaera in the Tethyan Realm and are considered to be the result of adaptation to an Austral-New Zealand peripheral ocean of Gondwanaland in the Mesozoic Southern Hemisphere.     

广西爵床科植物新资料

本文报道广西爵床科３３个新分类群,４个新组合,８个中国新记录,１３个广西新记录,１种花的补充描述和１种花萼描述的修订     

中国环蛱蝶属的新种,新亚种及新级位：鳞翅目：蛱蝶科

本文描述采自陕西的环蛱蝶属１新种－周环蛱蝶Ｎｅｐｔｉｓｃｈｏｕｉｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．;将黄环蛱蝶伊洛亚种ＮｅｐｔｉｓｔｈｅｍｉｓｉｌｖｓＦｕｈｓｔｏｒｆｅｒ提升为种,即伊洛环蛱蝶ＮｅｐｔｉｓｉｌｖｓＦｒｕｈｓｔｏｒｆｅｒ,认为黄环蛱蝶台湾亚种ＮｅｐｔｉｓｔｈｅｍｉｓｎｉｅｒｉＮｏｍｕｒａ应为伊洛环蛱蝶ＮｅｐｔｉｓｉｌｖｓＦｒｕｈｓｔｏｒｆｅｒ的１个亚种,描述了伊洛环蛱蝶的１新亚种－四川亚种Ｎｅｐｔｉｓｉ     

Five diterpenes and other constituents from nine Baccharis species

The investigation of nine Baccharis species afforded, in addition to known compounds, three new clerodane derivatives related to bacchotricuneatin B, two ent-labdane derivatives, two 3-acetoxyflavanones, a benzofuran derivative and a chromene. The overall picture of the chemistry of this large genus is still not very clear.     

Eremophilane derivatives from Senecio species

The investigation of two further Senecio species afforded two new furanoeremophilanes, four eremophilanolides and a new hydroxyeremophilane. The structures of two furanoeremophilane, isolated before, have been revised.     

Neue sesquiterpenlactone und andere inhaltsstoffe aus vertretern der Eupatorium-gruppe

The investigation of twelve further species of the Eupatorium complex affords four new germacrolides and seven guaianolides together with new thymol and p-hydroxyacetophenone derivatives. The structures of these compounds have been elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Chemotaxonomic aspects of these findings are briefly discussed.     

中国鳞翅目新物种2021年年度报告

本文总结了2021年国内外学者发表的中国鳞翅目新分类单元的情况。经过统计, 2021年共发表与中国鳞翅目物种相关的论文104篇, 专著1部, 涉及新分类群230个, 其中新属7个, 新种215个, 新亚种8个; 发表中国新记录属9个、中国新记录种78个(包括2亚种)、新组合31个; 提出4个种的异名, 2个种被赋予新名。新种(亚种)隶属于34科。云南省发表的新物种数和新记录物种数明显高于其他地区, 分别占全国发表总数的36.8%和39.7%。2021年我国南方新物种和新记录种发表数量仍然显著高于北方。     

Neue furanoeremophilane und andere sesquiterpene aus vertretern der gattung Euryops

Investigation of a further 27 Euryops species affords, besides known compounds, 55 new furanoeremophilanes together with several other compounds. The configuration of six furanoeremophilanes earlier given as 10β-H has to be changed to 10α-H. Furthermore 9 new eremophilenes were isolated; the configurations of four compounds of this type isolated before have had to be changed. One of the eremophilenes is esterified with 3-methylpent-3(E)-enoic acid, not found before in nature. Two hemiacetals, which are probable precursors of the furanoerephilanes, and a corresponding lactone are also present. Furthermore two benzylic esters, cis-caryophyllene, a bicyclo-germacrene derivative, and a new oplopanone derivative have been found. The structures are elucidated mainly by spectroscopic methods together with some chemical transformations. From the chemotaxonomic viewpoint, the high concentration of very variable furanoeremophilanes may be important. The proposed differentiation into sections however can not be clearly correlated with the chemical constituents, though some taxonomic conclusions seem to be supported by the chemical evidence.