东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)和链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella)对模拟食物链物质传递的影响

研究了东海原甲藻的基本营养组成,并就赤潮密度下的东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)和链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella)在单一和混合情况下对赤潮藻→卤虫模拟食物链物质传递的影响进行了探讨。结果表明:与其它饵料微藻相比,东海原甲藻必需氨基酸中的苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸和组氨酸含量明显偏低。东海原甲藻单独投喂时,卤虫对其的总物质转化效率随着藻密度的增加呈现先逐渐增加再逐渐降低的趋势。而当不同密度的东海原甲藻分别与一种硅藻小新月菱形藻(Nitzschia closterium)混合投喂时,随东海原甲藻密度的增加,卤虫选择性地增加对东海原甲藻的摄食,而降低对小新月菱形藻的摄食,并且其总物质转化效率逐渐降低。暴露于链状亚历山大藻藻液,卤虫体重减轻,且在其体内未检测到叶绿素a,表明卤虫未摄食该藻。当链状亚历山大藻藻细胞重悬液和去藻过滤液分别与小新月菱形藻或东海原甲藻混合时,卤虫对后两株藻的摄食量和总物质转化效率均有所降低。因此,在大规模赤潮发生时,东海原甲藻和链状亚历山大藻可能分别对浮游动物的营养和存活带来不利影响,并影响物质沿食物链的传递。     

Effects of toxic Alexandrium species on the survival and feeding rates of brine shrimp, Artemia salina

Zooplankton is an important link between phytoplankton and higher consumers in the marine food chain. To investigate the harmful effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium species on zooplankton, 4 strains of Alexandrium spp., isolated from the Chinese coast, were used to test the species' effects on the survival and feeding rates of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina. The experiment was designed to assess the response of A. salina in each stage of its life cycle: nauplii, metanauplii, and adult. Each experiment was conducted in a 500 ml treatment that was added. The toxic treatments consisted of single strains of A. minutum, A. catanella, and A. tamarense (Nanhai and Donghai strain), while non-toxic species (dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense and diatom Chaetoceros minutissimus) were used as control treatments. An additional phytoplankton treatment consisted of, a mixture of A. tamarense (Nanhai strain) and P. donghaiense. Alexandrium spp. species were found to have lethal effects on the brine shrimp at a density of 2000 cells/ml. All the brine shrimps died within 24-168 hours of inoculation with the 4 treatments each containing single toxic Alexandrium species. During the feeding experiment, toxic Alexandrium spp. caused a reduction in the feeding rates in all the three stages of the life cycle of A. salina, whereas this response was not obvious in the treatment involving the nontoxic species P. donghaiense. The body surface of the brine shrimp that were fed on Alexandrium species was consistently covered by a sticky floc. Mortality of A. salina was observed to increase with the occurrence of the floc. The toxicity of the paralytic shellfish poisons (PSP) produced by the Alexandrium species was not significantly correlated with the survival or the feeding rate of the brine shrimp. When A. tamarense was mixed with P. donghaiense, the lethal effect of A. tamarense decreased, as shown by an increase in the survival and the feeding rates of the brine shrimp. A. salina metanauplii were found at the life stage most sensitive to the toxic algae and hunger. In summary, toxic Alexandrium spp. were found to have lethal effects on A. salina and to restrain the brine shrimp's feeding rate. Nontoxic Prorocentrum mitigated the toxicity of Alexandrium to a certain extent. The results also imply that the sticky material on the surface of the body of the brine shrimp may have been an important lethal factor rather than the PSP toxins.     

塔玛亚历山大藻和东海原甲藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群数量的影响

通过对2002年5月东海赤潮原因种一东海原甲藻和亚历山大藻的单一藻种和两种藻混合情况下对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群数量影响的实验研究,发现塔玛亚历山大藻(ATHK)对轮虫有致死作用,其48hLC50为1300cell·ml^-1．藻的各组分毒性比较研究表明,只有藻液和藻细胞具有这种毒害作用,藻在早期生长阶段的毒害作用较强,毒性大小与藻细胞活性相关．东海原甲藻在高密度(4×10^4、5×10^4、10×10^4cell·ml^-1)时对轮虫种群数量在第5d时开始有影响;东海原甲藻在低密度(1×10^4、2×10^4、3×10^4cell·ml^-1)时,轮虫能够以其为食并进行生长繁殖．两种藻混合情况下,东海原甲藻能够减轻塔玛亚历山大藻对轮虫的毒害作用．实验结果表明,此次赤潮对东海的微型浮游动物种群能够产生一定的影响．     

东海原甲藻与中肋骨条藻的种间竞争特征

对东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻按照起始Chl-a比1∶5、1∶1和5∶1进行了f/2条件下的共培养实验,以探讨这两种藻的种间竞争特征。实验结果表明在共培养体系中,中肋骨条藻完全占优势,而东海原甲藻的生长受到明显的抑制。应用Lotka-Volterra种间竞争模型对共培养实验进行模拟的结果表明,东海原甲藻与中肋骨条藻的种间竞争结果与初始密度配比无关,中肋骨条藻总会竞争胜过东海原甲藻。为了探讨他感作用对东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻种间竞争的影响,采用了中肋骨条藻的无藻细胞滤液来进行培养实验。实验结果显示,中肋骨条藻滤液对东海原甲藻及其本身的生长均无明显影响,这表明他感作用并非中肋骨条藻获得优势的主要竞争方式。     

Effects of toxic Alexandrium species on the survival and feeding rates of brine shrimp, Artemia salina

Zooplankton is an important link between phytoplankton and higher consumers in the marine food chain. To investigate the harmful effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium species on zooplankton, 4 strains of Alexandrium spp., isolated from the Chinese coast, were used to test the species' effects on the survival and feeding rates of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina. The experiment was designed to assess the response of A. salina in each stage of its life cycle: nauplii, metanauplii, and adult. Each experiment was conducted in a 500 ml treatment that was added. The toxic treatments consisted of single strains of A. minutum, A. catanella, and A. tamarense (Nanhai and Donghai strain), while non-toxic species (dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense and diatom Chaetoceros minutissimus) were used as control treatments. An additional phytoplankton treatment consisted of, a mixture of A. tamarense (Nanhai strain) and P. donghaiense. Alexandrium spp. species were found to have lethal effects on the brine shrimp at a density of 2000 cells/ml. All the brine shrimps died within 24-168 hours of inoculation with the 4 treatments each containing single toxic Alexandrium species. During the feeding experiment, toxic Alexandrium spp. caused a reduction in the feeding rates in all the three stages of the life cycle of A. salina, whereas this response was not obvious in the treatment involving the nontoxic species P. donghaiense. The body surface of the brine shrimp that were fed on Alexandrium species was consistently covered by a sticky floc. Mortality of A. salina was observed to increase with the occurrence of the floc. The toxicity of the paralytic shellfish poisons (PSP) produced by the Alexandrium species was not significantly correlated with the survival or the feeding rate of the brine shrimp. When A. tamarense was mixed with P. donghaiense, the lethal effect of A. tamarense decreased, as shown by an increase in the survival and the feeding rates of the brine shrimp. A. salina metanauplii were found at the life stage most sensitive to the toxic algae and hunger. In summary, toxic Alexandrium spp. were found to have lethal effects on A. salina and to restrain the brine shrimp's feeding rate. Nontoxic Prorocentrum mitigated the toxicity of Alexandrium to a certain extent. The results also imply that the sticky material on the surface of the body of the brine shrimp may have been an important lethal factor rather than the PSP toxins.     

Biological interactions in enclosed plankton communities including Alexandrium catenella and copepods: Role of phosphorus

A microcosm approach was used to test whether: a) growth under unbalanced nutrient conditions (varying N:P ratios) affected the susceptibility of a phytoplankton community including the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella (a paralytic shellfish toxin producer) to mesozooplankton grazing, and b) the potential effects of unbalanced nutrient conditions were mediated by changes in toxicity of A. catenella or by other mechanisms. The experimental setup consisted of fifteen 30 l microcosms, filled with water from the Barcelona Harbour and subjected to treatments combining nutrient inputs at three different N:P ratios (Redfield N:P ratio or nutrient-balanced, high N:P and low N:P), addition or omission of A. catenella (an estimated initial concentration of 38 A. catenella cells ml^− 1, a value typical for blooms in harbours of the Catalan coast), and selective addition of a cultured population of Acartia grani. P sufficiency had a strong positive effect on the growth of A. grani, both with or without A. catenella addition, presumably due to enhanced food quality of the prey community. The presence of this copepod resulted in lower concentrations of ciliates, A. catenella, and other dinoflagellates, suggesting active grazing by the copepods. No noxious effects of A. catenella on the copepods were detected at the relatively low cell concentrations of that dinoflagellate used in the experiment.     

Development of a PNA probe for fluorescence in situ hybridization detection of Prorocentrum donghaiense

Prorocentrum donghaiense is a common but dominant harmful algal bloom (HAB) species, which is widely distributed along the China Sea coast. Development of methods for rapid and precise identification and quantification is prerequisite for early-stage warning and monitoring of blooms due to P. donghaiense. In this study, sequences representing the partial large subunit rDNA (D1-D2), small subunit rDNA and internal transcribed spacer region (ITS-1, 5.8S rDNA and ITS-2) of P. donghaiense were firstly obtained, and then seven candidate DNA probes were designed for performing fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) tests on P. donghaiense. Based on the fluorescent intensity of P. donghaiense cells labeled by the DNA probes, the probe DP0443A displayed the best hybridization performance. Therefore, a PNA probe (PP0443A) analogous to DP0443A was used in the further study. The cells labeled with the PNA probe displayed more intensive green fluorescence than that labeled with its DNA analog. The PNA probe was used to hybridize with thirteen microalgae belonging to five families, i.e., Dinophyceae, Prymnesiophyceae, Raphidophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae, and showed no visible cross-reaction. Finally, FISH with the probes PP0443A and DP0443A and light microscopy (LM) analysis aiming at enumerating P. donghaiense cells were performed on the field samples. Statistical comparisons of the cell densities (cells/L) of P. donghaiense in the natural samples determined by FISH and LM were performed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple comparisons of the means. The P. donghaiense cell densities determined by LM and the PNA probe are remarkably higher than (p<0.05) that determined by the DNA probe, while no significant difference is observed between LM and the PNA probe. All results suggest that the PNA probe is more sensitive that its DNA analog, and therefore is promising for the monitoring of harmful algal blooms of P. donghaiense in the future.     

Feeding preferences and grazing rates of Pfiesteria piscicida and a cryptoperidiniopsoid preying on fish blood cells and algal prey

The grazing rates and feeding preferences of the dinoflagellates Pfiesteria piscicida and a cryptoperidiniopsoid on the alga Rhodomonas sp. and fish blood cells were calculated at different ratios of the two food types and at different total food densities. Data from 6 h grazing periods within microcosms were used to calculate grazing rates. Grazing rates of both dinoflagellates increased linearly with an increased ratio of blood cells to Rhodomonas, and P. piscicida had a higher maximum grazing rate than the cryptoperidiniopsoid. The grazing rate of P. piscicida on Rhodomonas also increased with increased Rhodomonas densities relative to the blood cells, but increased densities of Rhodomonas did not increase the grazing rate of the cryptoperidiniopsoid, suggesting a lower feeding threshold for this species. Both dinoflagellates demonstrated a preference for fish blood cells over Rhodomonas cells, with no significant difference in the index of preference between the two species. Total food abundance affected the degree of preference differently for each dinoflagellate species. A higher index of feeding preference was attained by P. piscicida when resource levels were high, while the cryptoperidiniopsoid did not show this response. A preference for fish blood cells occurred at all food ratios for both dinoflagellates, including when blood cells were scarce relative to the alternate food type (15% of total available food). These results suggest that these strains of P. piscicida and the cryptoperidiniopsoid share similar feeding preferences for the prey types tested, although cryptoperidiniopsoids have not been associated with fish kills.     

Effect of food preservation on the grazing behavior and on the gut flora of the harpacticoid copepod Paramphiascella fulvofasciata

Harpacticoids owe their ‘reputation’ as primary consumers in aquatic food webs to their substantial grazing on diatoms, thus assuring an efficient energy flow to higher trophic levels. Due to the complex feeding behavior of harpacticoids, the nature and dynamics of diatom-harpacticoid trophic interactions remain poorly understood. In addition, there is a growing interest from aquaculture industry in mass-culturing harpacticoids with algal foods but the labor costs of maintaining algal stock cultures are high. This study focuses on the palatability of preserved diatoms for copepods and considers the possible role of bacterially mediated effects on diatom food uptake.The grazing of Paramphiascella fulvofasciata on a preserved freeze-dried diatom diet was tested and compared to the grazing on fresh cells. P. fulvofasciata assimilated the preserved diet, but assimilation of fresh cells was higher. When both cell types were mixed, no selective feeding was observed. Community fingerprinting of the bacteria associated with diatoms and fecal pellets suggests that the copepod gut flora was modified depending on the food source. Furthermore, the results suggest that the egestion of gut bacteria enriches the microenvironment and this can have an additional influence on the feeding behavior of the copepod.Experimental research using preserved foods must take into account that copepod grazing assimilations of fresh foods are likely to be significantly higher. Yet, the stated high assimilation of the mixed diet, encourages further exploration of the application of preserved ‘balanced’ foods for harpacticoid mass-culturing.     

Analysis of competitive interactions between the limpets Patella depressa Pennant and Patella vulgata L. on the northern coast of Portugal

Inter- and intraspecific competitive interactions among the species Patella depressa Pennant and P. vulgata L. were analysed on the northern coast of Portugal, where both species co-occur in similar proportions. Increased (×2, ×4), normal and decreased (×1/2 intraspecific only) densities of limpets were used to test the effects of competition on the growth and mortality of the limpets, and competitive interactions between the different species. Fenced plots of 25×25 cm enclosing marked limpets at various densities were set up at a mid tidal level on the shore. Twelve treatments with three replicates of different combinations of densities and species were established. Mortality was recorded every 15 days and length was measured monthly during the 5 months of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, limpets were collected for biometry, sex determination and gonad staging. Both species of grazing molluscs showed increased mortality and reduced size and weight in increased density treatments. Limpets in decreased density treatments showed lower mortality and higher size. There were no significant differences between the effect of P. vulgata on P. depressa and the effect of P. depressa on P. vulgata on mortality and length. There were, however, decreases in weight due to intraspecific effects for both species. For P. vulgata, interspecific effects were much less than intraspecific effects and for P. depressa, the interspecific effects depended on density. The analysis of the gonad stage at the end of the experiment showed that the lower stages of development were most prevalent at increased densities and the occurrence of neuter individuals only in increased densities single species plots corroborated the evidence of a stronger intraspecific interaction. The availability of food was indirectly assessed by determination of chlorophyll concentration with spectrophotometric analysis of rock chips. Microalgal food assessment in this experiment, however, did not show any clear trends. The results were compared with previous studies of competition in grazing molluscs and discussed in relation to the limits of distribution of P. vulgata on the Portuguese coast.     

不同食物及食物密度对盐蚕豆虫 种群动力学特征的影响

为探究不同食物及食物密度对盐蚕豆虫（Fabrea salina）种群动力学的影响。本文采用商业酵母和杜氏藻（Dunaliella salina）两种不同类型的饲料喂食盐蚕豆虫,探究其种群动力学特征。结果表明,杜氏藻组的盐蚕豆虫具有较高的生长率[（0.78 ± 0.019）/d]、较低的世代时间[（0.89 ± 0.021）d],内禀生长率为1.49/d,米氏常数值为1 121.32;商业酵母组生长率较低[（0.36 ± 0.001）/d],世代时间较长[（1.93 ± 0.007）d],内禀生长率为0.51/d,米氏常数值为2.68。One-way ANOVA检验结果表明,食物及食物密度对盐蚕豆虫的种群生长均有极显著影响（P < 0.01）。以密度为10 × 109 cells/L的杜氏藻投喂,可在短时间内实现盐蚕豆虫的高密度培养和利用,而酵母适用于实验室中盐蚕豆虫的保种工作。     

Gastropod grazers and nutrients,but not light,interact in determining periphytic algal diversity

The potential interactions of grazing, nutrients and light in influencing autotroph species diversity have not previously been considered. Earlier studies have shown that grazing and nutrients interact in determining autotroph species diversity, since grazing decreases species diversity when nutrients (i.e. N or P) limit autotroph growth, but increases it when nutrients are replete. We hypothesized that increased light intensities would intensify the interactions between grazing and nutrients on algal species diversity, resulting in even stronger reductions in algal species diversity through grazing under nutrient–poor conditions, and to even stronger increases of algal species diversity through grazing under nutrient-rich conditions. We studied the effects of grazing (absent, present), nutrients (ambient, N + P enriched) and light (low light, high light) on benthic algal diversity and periphyton C:nutrient ratios (which can indicate algal nutrient limitation) in a factorial laboratory experiment, using the gastropod grazer Viviparus viviparus. Grazing decreased algal biomass and algal diversity, but increased C:P and N:P ratios of periphyton. Grazing also affected periphyton species composition, by decreasing the proportion of Spirogyra sp. and increasing the proportion of species in the Chaetophorales. Grazing effects on diversity as well as on periphyton N:P ratios were weakened when nutrients were added (interaction between grazing and nutrients). Chlorophyll a (Chl a) per area increased with nutrient addition and decreased with high light intensities. Light did not increase the strength of the interaction between grazing and nutrients on periphytic algal diversity. This study shows that nutrient addition substantially reduced the negative effects of grazing on periphytic algal diversity, whereas light did not interact with grazing or nutrient enrichment in determining periphytic algal diversity.     

东海原甲藻与中肋骨条藻的种间竞争数值模拟

研究探讨了两个零维箱式模型在东海典型赤潮藻东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻竞争与演替研究中的应用。模型在采用不同接种密度下的单种培养实验数据进行参数校正后,被用来模拟不同N/P条件下单种培养实验以及两藻种共培养竞争实验,并以实验数据对其结果进行了验证。模拟结果表明,在单种培养条件下,模型能够较好地重现两种藻在不同N/P环境中的生长及对营养盐的利用;共培养实验的模拟结果显示,在所有初始细胞密度比例条件下,中肋骨条藻的最终密度均会超过东海原甲藻,且PO4的消耗主要源于中肋骨条藻的利用,与实验结果一致,表明模型能够很好地体现两种藻的竞争结果及对营养盐的竞争关系;由于模型不足以模拟除营养盐竞争以外的藻间相互作用,模拟结果未体现东海原甲藻细胞数迅速衰减这一现象,有待进一步研究。     

东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiensis）对原生动物群落结构影响的现场船基实验

2005年在长江口赤潮频发海域调查期间,分别于4月27日、5月4日和5月8日,在zzf1、zc18a和ra5站位利用现场船基培养的方法,研究了添加到赤潮密度106 cells L-1的东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）对原生动物群落结构的影响。结果发现,赤潮密度的东海原甲藻抑制了小型无壳纤毛虫的种群数量,而没有抑制中大型砂壳纤毛虫和夜光虫（Noctiluca scintillans）的种群数量,从而使得原生动物群落向中大型种类演替,这种影响的程度与原生动物本身的群落组成和浮游植物的组成密切相关。添加东海原甲藻72 h后,在以小型无壳纤毛虫管游虫（Cyrtostrombidium sp.）为优势种的zzf1站位,演替为以大型原生动物夜光虫为优势种的群落;在以中大型原生动物百乐拟铃虫（Tintinnospsis beroidea）和夜光虫为优势种的zc18a站位,仍然是以此为优势种,且大型原生动物夜光虫在群落中的比例上升;在以小型无壳纤毛虫急游虫2（Strombidium sp.2）为优势种的ra5站位,演替为以中大型原生动物百乐拟铃虫和亚速岛网纹虫（Favella azorica）为优势种的群落。zzf1和ra5站位实验组中原生动物的总丰度都呈下降趋势,而zc18a站位变化不明显,这是由于前两个站位的最优势种管游虫（zzf1站位）和急游虫2（ra5站位）的丰度迅速下降,而zc18a站位的优势种百乐拟铃虫和夜光虫的丰度比较稳定造成的。在zzf1和zc18a站位,对照组和实验组中原生动物的总生物量在实验前后都没有大的变化,而在ra5站位却均呈下降的趋势。这可能与浮游植物的组成有关,zzf1和zc18a站位是以无毒的锥状斯氏藻（Scrippsiella trochoidea）和螺旋环沟藻（Gyrodinium spirale）为主,而ra5站位是以有毒的亚历山大藻（Alexandrium sp.）为主。综上可见,可预测当东海大规模赤潮爆发时,会使原生动物群落向中大型种类演替,进而可能影响海洋生态系统的结构和功能。     

COMPARATIVE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ALGAL BLOOM DINOFLAGELLATES PROROCENTRUM DONGHAIENSE AND ALEXANDRIUM CATENELLA,AND THE DIATOM SKELETONEMA COSTATUM1

The alkaline phosphatase (AP) characteristics of three algal bloom species in the coastal waters of China [Prorocentrum donghaiense D. Lu, Alexandrium catenella (Whedon et Kof.) Balech, and Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve] were analyzed in a laboratory batch culture experiment using bulk assay and the single‐cell enzyme‐labeled fluorescence (ELF) method. Results showed that the AP of these three test species shared some common characteristics: AP was inducible in all three species and was expressed by algae under phosphorus (P)–stress conditions; no constitutive AP enzyme was detected in the three test species. Once AP was produced, all three test species gradually released the enzymes into the water, and the algae would reinduce AP production. There were also different specific AP characteristics among the three test species under severe P‐stressed conditions. In P. donghaiense, AP covered most of the cell, and the AP production sites were mainly on the cell surface, although some could be observed inside cells. AP also covered the whole cell of A. catenella, but the AP sites were mainly inside the cell with only some on the cell surface. Only one or two AP sites could be detected in S. costatum, and they were all on the cell surface.     

东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiensis)对原生动物群落结构影响的现场船基实验

2005年在长江口赤潮频发海域调查期间,分别于4月27日、5月4日和5月8日,在zzf1、zc18a和ra5站位利用现场船基培养的方法,研究了添加到赤潮密度10^6cells L^-1的东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）对原生动物群落结构的影响。结果发现,赤潮密度的东海原甲藻抑制了小型无壳纤毛虫的种群数量,而没有抑制中大型砂壳纤毛虫和夜光虫（Noctiluca scintillans）的种群数量,从而使得原生动物群落向中大型种类演替,这种影响的程度与原生动物本身的群落组成和浮游植物的组成密切相关。添加东海原甲藻72h后,在以小型无壳纤毛虫管游虫（Cyrtostrombidium sp．）为优势种的zzf1站位,演替为以大型原生动物夜光虫为优势种的群落;在以中大型原生动物百乐拟铃虫（Tintinnospsis beroidea）和夜光虫为优势种的zc18a站位,仍然是以此为优势种,且大型原生动物夜光虫在群落中的比例上升;在以小型无壳纤毛虫急游虫2（Strombidium sp．2）为优势种的ra5站位,演替为以中大型原生动物百乐拟铃虫和亚速岛网纹虫（Favella azorica）为优势种的群落。zzf1和ra5站位实验组中原生动物的总丰度都呈下降趋势,而zc18a站位变化不明显,这是由于前两个站位的最优势种管游虫（zzf1站位）和急游虫2（ra5站位）的丰度迅速下降,而zc18a站位的优势种百乐拟铃虫和夜光虫的丰度比较稳定造成的。在zzf1和zc18a站位,对照组和实验组中原生动物的总生物量在实验前后都没有大的变化,而在ra5站位却均呈下降的趋势。这可能与浮游植物的组成有关,zzf1和zc18a站位是以无毒的锥状斯氏藻（Scrippsiella trochoidea）和螺旋环沟藻（Gyrodinium spirale）为主,而ra5站位是以有毒的亚历山大藻（Alexandriumsp．）为主。综上可见,可预测当东海大规模赤潮爆发时,会使原生动物群落向中大型种类演替,进而可能影响海洋生态系统的结构和功能。     

Food patch size, food concentration and grazing efficiency of the harpacticoid Paramphiascella fulvofasciata (Crustacea, Copepoda)

Harpacticoid copepods are known as important grazers on primary producers. The underlying factors for their food selectivity and grazing efficiency are however far from well known. For instance, their patchy distribution in the marine environment is well documented but how meiofaunal organisms cope with the spatial distribution/accessibility of the available food resources is less clear.In the present study a laboratory experiment was conducted to test the grazing efficiency of Paramphiascella fulvofasciata (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) on the epipelic diatom Seminavis robusta applied in recipients of different area and in various concentrations. Diatoms were enriched in the stable isotope ¹³C in order to trace food uptake and copepods were left to graze for 4 days.We found that the grazing efficiency of P. fulvofasciata was diatom concentration-dependent. A lower diatom uptake at lower diatom densities illustrated this clear functional response. On the contrary, there was no significant effect of the area per se where the copepods could graze upon. The lack of a significant effect of area is mainly due to the high variability in uptake that was recorded in some treatments. Although P. fulvofasciata is a very motile copepod, known as endobenthic and epibenthic species, it was able to concentrate on food uptake at the bottom of the experimental unit as there was no significant difference in uptake between treatments with different water heights in the units. In addition, it was found that a diatom concentration of about 140 000 cells/cm² favours egg production of P. fulvofasciata.     

Independent and interactive effects of nutrients and grazers on benthic algal community structure

Algal responses to nutrients, grazing by Helicopsyche borealis, and concurrent grazing by Helicopsyche and Baetis tricaudatus were examined in recirculating stream chambers. Alagl communities, dominated by Achnanthes minutissima, Cocconeis placentula, and Synedra ulna, were primarily phosphorus-limited. Algal populations responded after only 6 days of nutrient enrichment. Initially, both the adnate diatom Cocconeis and erect diatom Synedra showed positive response to nutrient enrichment. Accumulation of algal biomass between day 3 and 6 in the P enriched treatment was resulted primarily from the growth of Synedra, an overstory rosette-like diatom colony. Such a shift in dominant growth from adnate to erect diatoms is a general phenomenon in periphyton succession in the absence of disturbance. Algal species showed differential responses to an increase of Helicopsyche densities. The accrual rate of Achnanthes continuously decreased with increasing grazer densities. The accrual rates of both Cocconeis and Synedra declined but reached plateaus between medium and high grazing densities. Baetis effectively and exclusively depressed Synedra and had no significant impact on Cocconeis. After concurrent grazing, algal communities were mainly dominated by Cocconeis (approximately 80% of total algal biovolume). The grazer' s mouth structures, grazing efficiencies, and mobility may account for the differential effects of concurrent grazing on algal communities. Significant interactive effects of P and grazing by Helicopsyche indicated that both nutrient addition and grazing may exert significant impact on algal communities. However, grazing may have a much stronger effect on algae than nutrients. Our results indicate that enhancement of algal biomass by P was dampened by grazing activities and that P had no effect on algal biomass in the presence of grazers.     

克氏针茅草原土壤生态化学计量特征对放牧强度的响应

生态化学计量学是研究生态系统中各元素间平衡的科学,对于探究土壤有机碳（C）、全氮（N）、全磷（P）元素循环以及土壤养分限制状况具有重要意义。为了解克氏针茅（Stipa kirschnii）草原土壤生态化学计量特征,以内蒙古克氏针茅草原区为研究对象,在不同放牧强度草场进行采样分析。结果表明：随着放牧强度的增加,C、P含量先降低后升高,N含量先升高后降低;土壤C/N先降低后升高、C/P逐渐升高、N/P先升高后降低。C/N随着放牧强度的增加与有机碳相关性逐渐增大、与全氮的相关性逐渐减小;轻牧区的C/P受有机碳作用有所增强;中牧区N/P受全氮作用增强。C/N主要限制因素是有机碳含量,C/P和N/P主要限制因素是全磷含量。不同放牧强度会影响土壤化学计量比与其他物质的关系,也会改变土壤化学计量比各制约因素的强度。     

Feeding efficiency of a marine copepod Acartia erythraea on eight different algal diets

Acartia erythraea is a dominant zooplankton copepod in the South China coastal waters during summer. This paper examined its feeding behavior (food gut passage, clearance rate and ingestion rate) on eight phytoplankton diets. The food gut passage time and ingestion rate were negatively related to the size and concentration of food supply, whereas the clearance rate was positively related to the food concentration. The ingestion rate decreased with the food concentration when it reached a threshold level. Generally, the clearance rate of copepods decreased with increasing cell density, but was very low at both low and high algal densities when the food were small in sizes. The optimum food size was about 10 μm for the copepods, and the dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum minimum, was considered as a good food choice for A. erythraea.