Effects of increased atmospheric CO2 on nutritional contents in poplar (Populus pseudo-simonii [Kitag.]) tissues and larval growth of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar)

Changes in the concentrations of phytochemical compounds usually occur when plants are grown under elevated atmospheric CO₂. CO₂-induced changes in foliar chemistry tend to reduce leaf quality and may further affect insect herbivores. Increased atmospheric CO₂ also has a potential influence on decomposition because it causes variations in chemical components of plant tissues. To investigate the effects of increased atmospheric CO₂ on the nutritional contents of tree tissues and the activities of leaf-chewing forest insects, samples of Populus pseudo-simonii [Kitag.] grown in open-top chambers under ambient and elevated CO₂ (650 μmol mol^?1) conditions were collected for measuring concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, C : N ratio, soluble sugar and starch in leaves, barks, coarse roots (>2 mm in diameter) and fine roots (<2 mm in diameter). Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) larvae were reared on a single branch of experimental trees in a nylon bag with 1 mm × 1 mm grid. The response of larval growth was observed in situ. Elevated CO₂ resulted in significant reduction in nitrogen concentration and increase in C : N ratio of all poplar tissues. In all tissues, total carbon contents were not affected by CO₂ treatments. Soluble sugar and nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) in the poplar leaves significantly increased with CO₂ enrichment, whereas starch concentration increased only on partial sampling dates. Carbohydrate concentration in roots and barks was generally not affected by elevated CO₂, whereas soluble sugar contents in fine roots decreased in response to elevated CO₂. When second instar gypsy moth larvae consuming poplars grew under elevated CO₂ for the first 13 days, their body weight was 30.95% lower than that of larvae grown at ambient CO₂, but no significant difference was found when larvae were fed in the same treatment for the next 11 days. Elevated atmospheric CO₂ had adverse effects on the nutritional quality of Populus pseudo-simonii [Kitag.] tissues and the resultant variations in foliar chemical components had a significant but negative effect on the growth of early instar gypsy moth larvae.     

小青杨组织营养品质和舞毒蛾幼虫生长对大气CO2浓度升高的响应

利用开顶式气室研究了1年生小青杨绿叶、细根、粗根和树皮内营养成分对CO2浓度升高的响应,并检验了上树取食的舞毒蛾幼虫的生长反应.结果表明：CO2浓度升高环境下小青杨绿叶、细根、树皮和粗根中的氮含量显著降低,绿叶、树皮和粗根中的碳氮比显著增加,但细根中碳氮比增加未达到显著水平;CO2浓度升高对所有杨树组织的总碳含量均无影响;CO2浓度升高显著增加了绿叶中总可溶性糖和总非结构碳水化合物的浓度,而绿叶淀粉含量仅在部分采样日期发生显著增加,除细根可溶性糖含量在CO2浓度升高处理下降低外,根系和树皮中各碳水化合物指标的浓度均未发生显著变化;CO2浓度升高环境下2龄舞毒蛾幼虫上树取食13d后体重显著低于自然CO2浓度处理下幼虫的体重,但幼虫继续在各自的实验处理下取食11d后,体重未表现出显著性差异.大气CO2浓度升高对杨树各组织内的营养成分含量均有影响,绿叶营养品质变差可能是导致低龄舞毒蛾幼虫生长受抑制的主要原因.     

Host specificity of microsporidia pathogenic to the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.): Field studies in Slovakia

Several species of microsporidia are important chronic pathogens of Lymantria dispar in Europe but have never been recovered from North American gypsy moth populations. The major issue for their introduction into North American L. dispar populations is concern about their safety to native non-target insects. In this study, we evaluated the susceptibility of sympatric non-target Lepidoptera to two species of microsporidia, Nosema lymantriae and Vairimorpha disparis, isolated from European populations of L. dispar and applied in field plots in Slovakia. Application of ultra low volume sprays of the microsporidia maximized coverage of infective spores in a complex natural environment and, thus, exposure of non-target species to the pathogens. Of 653 non-target larvae collected from plots treated with V. disparis in 2002, 18 individual larvae representing nine species in four families were infected. These plots were monitored for two subsequent seasons and V. disparis was not recovered from non-target species. Of 2571 non-target larvae collected in N. lymantriae-treated sites, one larva was found to be infected. Both species of microsporidia, particularly N. lymantriae, appear to have a very narrow host range in the field, even when an inundative technique is used for their introduction. V. disparis infections in L. dispar exceeded 40% of recovered larvae in the treated study sites; infection rates were lower in sites sprayed with N. lymantriae. Several naturally-occurring pathogens were recorded from the non-target species. The most common pathogen, isolated from 21 species in eight families, was a microsporidium in the genus Cystosporogenes.     

CO2浓度和降水协同作用对短花针茅生长的影响

关于二氧化碳(CO2)浓度和降水等单因子变化对植物生长的影响研究已很多,但多因子协同作用的影响研究仍较少,制约着植物对全球变化响应的综合理解与预测.利用开顶式生长箱(OTC)模拟研究了CO2浓度升高(450和550 μmol/mol)和降水量变化(-30％、-15％、对照、+15％和+30％)的协同作用对荒漠草原优势植物短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)生长特性的影响.结果表明:550 μmol/mol CO2浓度下短花针茅植株的生物量和叶面积较对照显著增加,但450 μmol/mol CO2浓度下的变化不明显;降水增多导致植株生物量、叶面积、叶数和株高显著增加;CO2浓度与降水协同作用显著影响短花针茅植株生物量.CO2浓度升高在一定程度上缓解了降水减少对短花针茅的胁迫效应,但降水量减少3O％则明显抑制了CO2浓度升高带来的效应.研究结果有助于增进荒漠草原植物对未来气候变化的适应性理解,可为制定荒漠草原应对气候变化的对策提供依据.     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil enzyme activities at different nitrogen application treatments

It has been predicted that elevated atmospheric CO₂ will increase enzyme activity as a result of CO₂-induced carbon entering the soil. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ on soil enzyme activities under a rice/wheat rotation. This experiment was conducted in Wuxi, Jiangsu, China as part of the China FACE (Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) Project. Two atmospheric CO₂ concentrations (580±60) and (380±40) μmol·mol^-1) and three N application treatments (low-150, normal-250 and high-350 kg N·hm^-2) were included. Soil samples (0-10 cm) were collected for analysis of β-glucosidase, invertase, urease, acid phosphates and β-glucosaminidase activities. The results revealed that with elevated atmospheric CO₂ β-glucosidase activity significantly decreased (P < 0.05) at low N application rates; had no significant effect with a normal N application rate; and significantly increased (P < 0.05) with a high N application rate. For urease activity, at low and normal N application rates (but not high N application rate), elevated atmospheric CO₂ significantly increased (P < 0.05) it. With acid phosphatase elevated atmospheric CO₂ only had significant higher effects (P < 0.05) at high N application rates. Under different CO₂ concentration, effects of N fertilization are also different. Soil β-glucosidase activity at ambient CO₂ concentration decreased with N fertilization, while it increased at elevated CO₂ concentration. In addition, invertase and acid phosphatase activities at elevated CO₂ concentration, significantly increased (P < 0.05) with N treatments, but there was no effect with the ambient CO₂ concentration. For urease activity, at ambient CO₂ concentration, N fertilization increased it significantly (P < 0.05), whereas at elevated CO₂ concentration it was not significant. Additionally, with β-glucosaminidase activity, there were no significant effects from N application. In general, then, elevated atmospheric CO₂ increased soil enzyme activity, which may be attributed to the following two factors: (1) elevated atmospheric CO₂ led to more plant biomass in the soil, which in turn stimulated soil microbial biomass and activity; and (2) elevated atmospheric CO₂ increased plant photosynthesis, thereby increasing plant-derived soil enzymes.     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil enzyme activities at different nitrogen application treatments

It has been predicted that elevated atmospheric CO₂ will increase enzyme activity as a result of CO₂-induced carbon entering the soil. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ on soil enzyme activities under a rice/wheat rotation. This experiment was conducted in Wuxi, Jiangsu, China as part of the China FACE (Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) Project. Two atmospheric CO₂ concentrations (580±60) and (380±40) μmol·mol^-1) and three N application treatments (low-150, normal-250 and high-350 kg N·hm^-2) were included. Soil samples (0-10 cm) were collected for analysis of β-glucosidase, invertase, urease, acid phosphates and β-glucosaminidase activities. The results revealed that with elevated atmospheric CO₂ β-glucosidase activity significantly decreased (P < 0.05) at low N application rates; had no significant effect with a normal N application rate; and significantly increased (P < 0.05) with a high N application rate. For urease activity, at low and normal N application rates (but not high N application rate), elevated atmospheric CO₂ significantly increased (P < 0.05) it. With acid phosphatase elevated atmospheric CO₂ only had significant higher effects (P < 0.05) at high N application rates. Under different CO₂ concentration, effects of N fertilization are also different. Soil β-glucosidase activity at ambient CO₂ concentration decreased with N fertilization, while it increased at elevated CO₂ concentration. In addition, invertase and acid phosphatase activities at elevated CO₂ concentration, significantly increased (P < 0.05) with N treatments, but there was no effect with the ambient CO₂ concentration. For urease activity, at ambient CO₂ concentration, N fertilization increased it significantly (P < 0.05), whereas at elevated CO₂ concentration it was not significant. Additionally, with β-glucosaminidase activity, there were no significant effects from N application. In general, then, elevated atmospheric CO₂ increased soil enzyme activity, which may be attributed to the following two factors: (1) elevated atmospheric CO₂ led to more plant biomass in the soil, which in turn stimulated soil microbial biomass and activity; and (2) elevated atmospheric CO₂ increased plant photosynthesis, thereby increasing plant-derived soil enzymes.     

大气CO2浓度升高对不同施氮土壤酶活性的影响

利用中国唯一的无锡FACE（Free-air CO₂ enrichment,开放式空气CO₂浓度升高）平台,研究了大气CO₂浓度升高对土壤β-葡糖苷酶、转化酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、β-氨基葡糖苷酶的影响。研究发现,不同氮肥处理下大气CO₂浓度升高对某些土壤酶活性的影响不同。在低氮施肥处理中,大气CO₂浓度升高显著降低β-葡糖苷酶活性,但是在高氮施肥处理下,大气CO₂浓度升高显著增加β-葡糖苷酶活性。在低氮和常氮施肥处理中大气CO₂浓度升高显著增加了土壤脲酶活性,但在高氮水平下影响不显著。在低氮、常氮施肥处理中,大气CO₂浓度升高对土壤酸性磷酸酶活性没有影响,而在高氮施肥处理中显著增强了土壤中磷酸酶活性。大气CO₂浓度升高对土壤转化酶活性和β-氨基葡糖苷酶的活性有增加趋势,但影响不显著。研究还发现,在不同的CO₂浓度下,土壤酶活性对不同氮肥处理的响应也不同。在正常CO₂浓度下,土壤中β-葡糖苷酶活性随着氮肥施用量的增加而降低,而在大气CO₂浓度升高条件下,却随着氮肥施用量的增加而增加。在大气CO₂浓度升高条件下,高氮施肥显著增加了转化酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,而在正常CO₂浓度下,影响不显著。在大气CO₂浓度升高条件下,氮肥处理对脲酶活性的影响不大,但在正常CO₂浓度下,脲酶活性随着氮肥施用量的增加而增加。氮肥对β-氨基葡糖苷酶活性的影响不明显。     

Changes in CH4 and CO2 emissions from soils under flooded conditions after being exposed to FACE (free-air CO2 enrichment) for three years

To evaluate the variations of CO₂ and CH₄ emissions from FACE (free-air CO₂ enrichment, F) soils three years after rice-wheat rotation FACE treatment, incubation experiments in the laboratory with laboratory and elevated CO₂ concentration (1000 μl L?1) were carried out under flooded conditions at 25°C. Results show that soil organic carbon is increased by 11% after exposure to FACE treatment for three years. The results indicate that at laboratory and elevated CO₂, the cumulative CO₂ emissions from FACE soils are 35% and 22% higher than those from the ambient soils, whereas the cumulative CH₄ emissions from FACE soils are 2.6 and 2.3 times that of ambient soils. Thus, there is a larger ratio of cumulative emissions of CH₄ to CO₂ in the soil F. The elevated CO₂ concentration during the incubation stimulates the cumulative CO₂ emission significantly, but its stimulation on CH₄ emission is not statistically significant. The results indicate that the elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration stimulates the turnover rates of soil organic matter, with a net increase in soil organic matter content, and alters the CH₄/CO₂ ratio.     

外来入侵植物飞机草和本地植物异叶泽兰对大气CO_2浓度升高的响应

大气CO2浓度升高影响外来植物入侵,研究外来入侵植物和本地植物对大气CO2浓度升高响应的差异,有助于准确预测和管理外来植物入侵。基于封顶式CO2生长室,模拟大气CO2浓度变化(对照和700μmol/mol),比较研究了外来入侵植物飞机草(Chromolaena odorata)和本地植物异叶泽兰(Eupatorium heterophyllum)形态、生长、生物量分配和光合特性对大气CO2浓度升高响应的差异。结果表明:(1)在当前大气CO2浓度下,飞机草总生物量、株高、基径和总叶面积高于异叶泽兰,分枝数低于异叶泽兰;CO2浓度升高,飞机的总生物量、株高、基径、分枝数和总叶面积分别增加了92%、41%、60%、325%和148%,高于异叶泽兰的32%、14%、30%、64%和79%,飞机草生长优势进一步提高。(2)无论在高或低CO2浓度下,飞机草根生物量分数(RMF)都低于异叶泽兰,叶生物量分数(LMF)和茎生物量分数(SMF)都高于异叶泽兰;CO2倍增两种植物RMF均降低,LMF和SMF均升高,但这2个参数对CO2倍增响应的种间差异不显著。(3)无论在高或低CO2浓度下,飞机草和异叶泽兰的净光合速率差异均不显著,CO2倍增对两种植物的净光合速率的促进作用相似。上述结果表明,在未来大气CO2浓度升高的条件下,飞机草的入侵性可能提高,入侵危害将加剧。     

CO2浓度升高对毛竹器官矿质离子吸收、运输和分配的影响

为了给大气CO2浓度逐渐升高背景下的毛竹林适应性经营管理提供理论依据,运用开顶式气室(OTCs)模拟大气CO2浓度升高(500、700 μmol/mol)情景,以目前环境背景大气为对照,研究了Na+、Fe2+-Fe3+、Ca2+、Mg2+等矿质离子在毛竹器官中吸收、运输和分配的变化规律.结果显示,除CO2浓度700 μmoL/mol对Ca2+浓度在毛竹器官中大小排序会产生影响外,CO2浓度500、700 μmol/mol并未改变毛竹器官中Na+、Fe2+,Fe3+、Mg2+、Ca2+浓度的大小排序.CO2浓度升高对竹叶Fe2+-Fe3+和竹枝Fe2+-Fe3+、Mg2+浓度无明显影响,但对器官的其它矿质离子浓度会有不同程度的影响,竹叶Ca2+和Mg2+、竹枝Na+和Ca2+、竹秆Na+和Ca2+及Mg2+、竹根Na+和Mg2+浓度明显提高,竹叶Na+、竹秆Fe2+-Fe3+、竹根Fe2+-Fe3+和Ca2+浓度明显降低;随着CO2浓度的升高,竹叶Fe2+-Fe3+/Na+、Mg2+/Na+和Ca2+/Na+,竹枝Ca2+/Mg2+及各器官Mg2+/Fe2+-Fe3+、Ca2+/Fe2+-Fe3+均逐渐增大,而竹枝、竹秆、竹根Fe2+-Fe3+/Na+、Mg2+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+和竹叶、竹秆、竹根Ca2+/Mg2+均逐渐减小;CO2浓度升高后除竹根-竹秆Sca.Na、竹秆-竹枝SMg,Fe和竹枝-竹叶Sca,Mg明显下降外,其余的毛竹器官矿质离子向上运输系数变化平缓或明显提高.研究表明CO2浓度升高增强了毛竹立竹根部积累Na+能力和Fe2+-Fe3+、Ca2+和Mg2+的向上选择性运输能力,提高了光合器官竹叶中矿质养分元素浓度,可维持体内矿质养分元素平衡,有利于提高毛竹对高浓度CO2环境的适应能力.     

CO2浓度升高条件下内生真菌感染对宿主植物的生理生态影响

以内蒙古草原常见伴生种、感染内生真菌的天然禾草羽茅为研究对象,通过比较不同CO₂浓度和不同养分供应条件下,带内生真菌和不带菌植物在种子发芽和幼苗生长等方面的差异,探讨带内生真菌的天然禾草对CO₂浓度增加的响应。结果表明:CO₂浓度增加对带菌种子发芽率和发芽速度均无显著影响,但CO₂浓度增加显著降低了不带菌种子的发芽率和发芽速度,即CO₂浓度升高加大了带菌和不带菌种子发芽率之间的差异;内生真菌感染显著提高了宿主植物的最大净光合速率和水分利用效率;羽茅的营养生长受CO₂浓度和养分供应的交互影响,高CO₂浓度对生长的促进作用只出现在充足养分供应条件下;CO₂浓度升高和内生真菌感染对植物根系形态有显著的交互作用,在正常CO₂浓度下,带菌植株根径>1.05 mm的根系比例显著高于不带菌植株,随着CO₂浓度的升高,带菌植株上述根径根系所占比例无显著变化而不带菌植株所占比例显著升高,CO₂浓度升高导致带菌和不带菌不同根径根系分配之间的差异缩小。     

大气CO2浓度及温度升高对高山灌木鬼箭锦鸡儿(Caragana jubata)生长及抗氧化系统的影响

以CO_2浓度及温度升高为主要标志的全球气候变化将对我国西北地区脆弱的生态系统产生重要影响。利用环境控制实验研究CO_2浓度倍增(eCO_2, C_1:400μmol/mol和C_2:800μmol/mol)和温度升高(eT, T_1:20℃/10℃和T_2:23℃/13℃)对高山灌木鬼箭锦鸡儿(Caragana jubata)生长及抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明:eCO_2和eT表现出相反的生长和生理效应,eT对幼苗生长的影响要大于eCO_2对其的影响。eT使幼苗的总生物量、净光合速率(NAR)和相对生长速率(RGR)降低;但可促进地上部分生长,叶生物量比及叶面积比增加。eCO_2可减缓或补偿由eT引起的总生物量、NAR和RGR的降低,并促进地下部分生长。对抗氧化系统来说,eT使得超氧化歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性降低,还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(ASA)含量降低;eCO_2只增加常温下SOD酶活性,并使GSH、ASA整体水平提高。结论:温度升高和CO_2浓度倍增没有协同促进鬼箭锦鸡儿幼苗的生长和光合能力。温度升高将对幼苗生长和抗氧化系统产生不利影响,eCO_2可促进生长并可能通过抗氧剂含量增加来缓解氧化胁迫。因此,未来气候变化,尤其是温度升高将会对高寒区植物产生较大影响,CO_2浓度增加可缓解增温的不利影响。     

大豆主要株型和产量指标对大气CO2和温度升高的响应

针对当前气候变暖和大气CO_2浓度升高同步发生现实,以高光效大豆品种黑农41(HN41)和3个常规对照品种周豆16号(ZD16)、中豆35号(ZD35)和桂黄豆2号(GHD2)为研究对象,通过开顶式气室模拟高CO_2浓度(650μL/L)和温度升高(±0.5—0.6℃)研究了大气CO_2和温度升高对大豆的生长发育与产量影响。结果表明,CO_2浓度升高对株高、茎粗、单株干重和单株籽粒重影响极显著;温度、CO_2与品种互作极显著地影响单株籽粒重。CO_2浓度升高有增加大豆株高、茎粗、干重和单株籽粒重的趋势,且高温下CO_2浓度升高对株高和茎粗的促进作用更大,而正常温度水平下高CO_2浓度升高更有利于干物质积累。与对照CO_2浓度比,高CO_2浓度显著促进了高温下HN41、ZD16和GHD2的株高,并显著提高了正常温度下HN41、ZD16、ZD35和GHD2的单株干重。与正常温度相比,高温仅显著提高了高CO_2处理下HN41的茎粗,并显著提高了对照CO_2处理下HN41的单株籽粒重。此外,同一CO_2浓度和温度处理下,高光效大豆HN41的茎粗、根冠比和单株籽粒重等都显著高于ZD16、ZD35和GHD2;而仅在正常温度与高CO_2浓度处理下HN41的单株干重显著高于ZD16和GHD2。CO_2浓度和温度升高显著影响了高光效大豆的生长,其中,高温下CO_2浓度升高有利于其生长势,正常温度下CO_2浓度升高有利于其光合产物积累。     

不同温度下CO2浓度增高对坛紫菜生长和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

大气CO2浓度升高对海藻的影响已有许多的研究报道,但鲜见有关温度与CO2相互作用的研究.在4种条件下对坛紫菜进行连续通气培养:(1)15℃+ 390tmol/mol CO2,(2) 15℃+700 μmol/mol CO2,(3) 25℃+390 μmol/mol CO2,(4) 25℃+ 700 μmol/mol CO2.从而探讨这种南方海域重要栽培海藻种类的生长和叶绿素荧光特性对温度和CO2相互作用的响应.结果表明:CO2对坛紫菜的生长的影响具有温度依赖性,在低温生长条件下提高CO2浓度更有利于坛紫菜的生长.CO2对坛紫菜叶绿素a(Chlorophyll a,Chl a)和类胡萝卜素(Carotenoid,Car)的促进作用远大于温度对其产生的影响.相对于25℃的生长温度而言,15℃生长温度下的坛紫菜表现出较高的最大相对电子传递速率(rETRmax),表明坛紫菜在低温环境下有较高的光合潜力;而CO2对坛紫菜的rETRmax没有明显影响.对于在不同测定温度下的光合荧光特性而言,在10-30℃测定温度范围内,在各生长条件下的海藻的rETRmax、光能利用效率(α)和最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)随温度的升高变化不明显;但在较高测定温度下(≥30℃),上述荧光参数显著下降,说明高温易引发海藻光能利用效率和光合能力的下降,这可能与光系统(PS)Ⅱ反应中心活性下调有关.同时,当测定温度大于30℃时,15℃生长条件下的坛紫菜的rETRmax、α和F/Fm值下降趋势远大于25℃生长条件下的坛紫菜的值,表明在低温生长条件下的坛紫菜对短期高温胁迫的适应能力较弱;而在高CO2浓度生长条件下的坛紫菜的rETRmax总是低于正常CO2浓度生长下的值,说明CO2浓度升高会抑制坛紫菜在短期高温条件下的光合电子传递能力.     

大气CO_2增加对不同生长光强下龙须菜光合生理特性的影响

为了探讨未来大气CO2升高对不同生长光强下大型海藻的影响,选取经济红藻龙须菜为实验材料,研究了其生长速率、光合作用、呼吸作用、叶绿素荧光参数以及光合色素对CO2和光强的响应。实验设置两个CO2浓度,正常空气水平CO2浓度(390μL/L)和高CO2浓度(1000μL/L);两个光强梯度,高光(300μmol m-2s-1)和低光(100μmol m-2s-1)。结果表明,CO2和光强对龙须菜的生长和光合作用有明显的交互作用。大气CO2升高并没有显著影响龙须菜的生长速率,但在不同CO2处理下,龙须菜对光强的响应不同。在空气水平下,光强的变化对其生长速率影响不显著。而在高CO2作用下,高光处理下的藻体有更高的生长速率。CO2显著促进高光生长下龙须菜的呼吸作用速率,但是在低光下作用不明显。而对于光合作用速率来说,低光培养下的藻体CO2表现为负面效应,但对高光下生长的藻体作用不明显。CO2增加没有改变龙须菜生长状态下的电子传递速率,但在高光下,CO2表现为一定的抑制作用。CO2显著降低了龙须菜天线色素藻红蛋白和叶绿素a的含量。这些CO2与光强的结合效应表明,大气CO2的升高对龙须菜光合生理特性的影响随着光强的变化而呈现不同的效应,在未来评估CO2的增加对大型海藻的影响时,要充分考虑其他环境因子的耦合效应。     

大气CO2浓度升高对春玉米土壤呼吸的影响

为探讨春玉米不同生育期土壤呼吸速率对大气CO₂浓度升高的响应,以黄土高原旱作春玉米为研究对象,通过改进的开顶式气室（OTC）模拟大气CO₂浓度升高的环境,在田间条件下设置自然大气CO₂浓度（CK）、OTC对照（OTC,CO₂浓度同CK）与CO₂浓度升高（OTC+CO₂,OTC系统自动控制CO₂浓度700 μmol/mol）3种处理。研究了旱区覆膜高产栽培春玉米播前（V0）、六叶期（V6）、九叶期（V9）、吐丝期（R1）、乳熟期（R3）、蜡熟期（R5）及完熟期（R6）土壤呼吸速率对大气CO₂浓度升高的响应特征,以及大气CO₂浓度升高对土壤呼吸速率的温度与水分效应的影响。研究发现,OTC+CO₂处理土壤呼吸速率,与CK相比,在R3和R5期分别增加43%、104%（P<0.05）,与OTC相比,R3和R5期分别提升了63%、109%（P<0.05）;OTC处理与CK相比,在整个生育期对土壤呼吸影响不显著;3种处理条件下,土壤温度和水分随生育期变化趋势基本一致,土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度和水分分别呈指数相关和抛物线型相关;结果表明：大气CO₂浓度升高对土壤呼吸的影响因生育期而异,土壤温度和土壤水分是影响旱地农田土壤呼吸的重要因素,CO₂浓度升高会使土壤呼吸温度效应值（Q₁₀）降低,土壤呼吸对土壤水分响应的阈值提高。     

Effects of CO2 concentration on growth of filamentous algae and Littorella uniflora in a Danish softwater lake

An experiment was conducted from May to November in Lake Hampen, Denmark, to study the effect of higher CO₂ concentration on the biomass of filamentous algae. Three enclosures (1.5 m diameter) were enriched with free CO₂ to ∼10 times atmospheric equilibrium (∼170 μM) and three enclosures were kept at atmospheric equilibrium (∼17 μM). The isoetid Littorella uniflora dominated the vegetation in the enclosures. Low concentrations of nitrate and phosphate in the water were observed, especially in the summer months. During the summer, a high biomass of filamentous algae (dominated by Zygnema sp.) developed in both types of enclosures (18–58 g dry wt. m⁻² in July and August), but the biomass of algae was significantly higher (1.9–38 times) in the CO₂ enriched enclosures than in enclosures with low CO₂ concentration. L. uniflora biomass, especially leaf biomass, also showed a significant positive response to increased CO₂ concentration (75.0 ± 10.4 and 133.3 ± 42.5 g dry wt. m⁻² at low and high CO₂ concentrations, respectively) even though the massive filamentous algal growth decreased the light intensity. Both filamentous algae (in August) and L. uniflora showed lower tissue concentrations of N and P at high CO₂ concentration.     

大气CO2浓度升高对B型烟粉虱大小、酶活及其寄主的选择性影响

以CO₂浓度升高为作用因子,观测了连续3代饲养在转Bt基因棉(GK-12)和亲本棉泗棉3号(S3)上B型烟粉虱的个体大小、解毒酶活性及第3代烟粉虱的选择性和产卵量。结果表明,CO₂浓度和棉花品种处理对第2、3代烟粉虱卵长、伪蛹大小、雌雄成虫大小的影响均不显著,但CO₂浓度升高使第1代烟粉虱的伪蛹长、雌虫翅展和雌、雄虫长显著低于对照CO₂浓度下生长的烟粉虱;取食S3的伪蛹长、雌虫长和雌虫翅展分别比相应的对照浓度下的低2.81%、2.95%、0.94%,取食GK-12的雌虫翅展和雄虫长均比相应的对照浓度下的低2.08%和2.58%。3种解毒酶的活性测定显示,取食高CO₂浓度处理的转基因棉GK-12上的F3代烟粉虱的谷胱甘肽S转移酶(Glutathione Stransferase, 简称GSTs)活性和取食亲本棉S3的F1代的乙酰胆碱酯酶(Acetylcholinesterase;简称AchE)的活性分别比对照处理的增加45.73%和27.68%;而羧酸酯酶(Carboxylic Ester hydrolase;简称 CarE)在取食4个处理的棉花上烟粉虱的活性均无显著的差异;而取食对照CO₂条件下GK-12棉花的F1代烟粉虱GSTs活性比取食S3棉花低35.12%。对3个因子的交互分析结果显示,C0₂浓度对3种酶活影响均不显著,品种对GSTs的影响显著,世代、CO₂×品种及CO₂×品种×世代间的交互作用对AchE酶活影响显著,各因子对CarE的活性影响均不显著。烟粉虱的选择实验结果表明,4种处理的F3代B型烟粉虱均喜好选择在高CO₂处理的棉花,而且选择高CO₂处理的GK-12的数量多于其他3个处理,其中对照浓度下生长的烟粉虱选择高CO₂的GK-12比高CO₂处理的S3、对照浓度处理的GK-12 和S3分别增加9.175%, 19.89%、27.93%; 而高浓度下生长的烟粉虱选择高CO₂的GK-12比高CO₂处理的S3、对照浓度处理的GK-12 和S3分别增加12.56%,21.05%,28.73%。72h的产卵量检测发现,烟粉虱在高CO₂处理的2种棉花上的产卵量也是多于对照条件下的棉花,对照条件下的棉花相比,高CO₂和对照浓度下生长的烟粉虱的在高CO₂处理的2种棉花上的产卵量分别增加24.55%和19.03%;在高CO₂浓度下生长的F3代烟粉虱更喜好在高CO₂浓度处理的GK-12上产卵,与对照浓度下的GK-12相比增加26.93%,差异达到显著水平。     

不同温度及二氧化碳浓度下培养的龙须菜光合生理特性对阳光紫外辐射的响应

为了研究不同温度及CO₂浓度下培养的大型海藻对紫外辐射的生理学响应,选取龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)作为实验材料。实验设置两个温度梯度(20 ℃和24 ℃),两种CO₂浓度(390 μL/L和1000 μL/L)以及3种辐射处理,即可见光(PAR)处理(滤除紫外线A(UV-A)、紫外线B(UV-B),400-700 nm)、可见光加紫外线A(PA)处理(滤除UV-B,320-700 nm)、PAB处理(全波长辐射280-700 nm)。结果表明,酸化、升温以及紫外辐射处理都未影响大型经济红藻龙须菜的叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素的含量。然而紫外辐射处理显著降低了龙须菜的有效光化学效率,其抑制水平在酸化处理的藻体中更为显著,并且随着温度的上升而进一步加剧;酸化与温度耦合使藻体对紫外辐射的敏感性增加,导致其较低的修复速率以及较高的损伤速率。     

Responses of Gmelina arborea, a tropical deciduous tree species, to elevated atmospheric CO2: Growth, biomass productivity and carbon sequestration efficacy

The photosynthetic response of trees to rising CO₂ concentrations largely depends on source-sink relations, in addition to differences in responsiveness by species, genotype, and functional group. Previous studies on elevated CO₂ responses in trees have either doubled the gas concentration (>700 μmol mol⁻¹) or used single large addition of CO₂ (500-600 μmol mol⁻¹). In this study, Gmelina arborea, a fast growing tropical deciduous tree species, was selected to determine the photosynthetic efficiency, growth response and overall source-sink relations under near elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration (460 μmol mol⁻¹). Net photosynthetic rate of Gmelina was ∼30% higher in plants grown in elevated CO₂ compared with ambient CO₂-grown plants. The elevated CO₂ concentration also had significant effect on photochemical and biochemical capacities evidenced by changes in F_V/F_M, ABS/CSm, ET₀/CSm and RuBPcase activity. The study also revealed that elevated CO₂ conditions significantly increased absolute growth rate, above ground biomass and carbon sequestration potential in Gmelina which sequestered ∼2100 g tree⁻¹ carbon after 120 days of treatment when compared to ambient CO₂-grown plants. Our data indicate that young Gmelina could accumulate significant biomass and escape acclimatory down-regulation of photosynthesis due to high source-sink capacity even with an increase of 100 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂.