甲基纤维素对生黄瘤胃球菌降解纤维素的抑制效应

高度甲基化的长链纤维素强有力地抑制瘤胃器官的几种纤维素分解菌的纤维素降解作用。确切地说,甲基纤维素对生黄瘤胃球菌FDI生长的抑制效应是由浓度决定的,如0.1％(W/V)时具完全抑制作用;它不抑制菌体在纤维素或纤维寡糖上的生长,甲基化纤维寡糖混合物平均聚合度为6.7—9.5才抑制纤维素降解,平均聚合度为1.0—4.5时则不抑制纤维素的降解。用对硝基酚—β—D—纤维二糖类物质的水解作用测纤维酶活性时,观察到甲     

瘤胃纤维素降解细菌的研究进展

反刍动物瘤胃是自然界中最有效的纤维素降解系统，其纤维素降解能力主要源于寄居于其中的纤维素降解细菌、真菌和原虫。其中，瘤胃纤维素降解细菌因数量庞大、种类繁多以及代谢途径丰富，在木质纤维素降解及利用方面发挥着重要作用。本文综述了国内外瘤胃纤维素降解细菌的种类，分析了瘤胃纤维素降解细菌的特性；阐述了瘤胃纤维素降解细菌通过纤维小体对纤维素的降解过程，以及瘤胃微生物之间的相互作用和相互制约关系；简述宏组学技术在开发新纤维素降解菌和新纤维素酶方面的应用，旨在为进一步研究纤维素降解细菌的降解机理，开发新的纤维素菌种和酶资源提供新的思路。     

粗糙脉孢菌木质纤维素降解利用研究进展简

粗糙脉孢菌作为木质纤维素降解真菌,不仅具有完整的木质纤维素降解酶系,而且还拥有全基因组基因敲除突变体库,是研究丝状真菌纤维素酶表达分泌和木质纤维素降解机制的优秀体系。近年来,国内外利用粗糙脉孢菌系统,在木质纤维素降解机制方面取得了显著进展,包括纤维素酶信号传导、调控以及生物质降解后糖的转运利用等。笔者就相关方面的进展进行综述,并对利用粗糙脉孢菌研究木质纤维素降解利用进行展望,总结和分析木质纤维素降解机制研究的国际前沿动态,有助于加深本领域研究人员对真菌体系纤维素降解机制的理解。     

粗糙脉孢菌木质纤维素降解利用研究进展

粗糙脉孢菌作为木质纤维素降解真菌,不仅具有完整的木质纤维素降解酶系,而且还拥有全基因组基因敲除突变体库,是研究丝状真菌纤维素酶表达分泌和木质纤维素降解机制的优秀体系。近年来,国内外利用粗糙脉孢菌系统,在木质纤维素降解机制方面取得了显著进展,包括纤维素酶信号传导、调控以及生物质降解后糖的转运利用等。笔者就相关方面的进展进行综述,并对利用粗糙脉孢菌研究木质纤维素降解利用进行展望,总结和分析木质纤维素降解机制研究的国际前沿动态,有助于加深本领域研究人员对真菌体系纤维素降解机制的理解。     

生孢噬纤维细菌的滤纸纤维素的降解过程研究

生孢噬纤维细菌(Sporocytophaga)是能够降解纤维素的滑动细菌,它可将滤纸和棉花纤维素完全降解;但其可测得的纤维素酶活性极低。为研究其纤维素降解机制,本文采用扫描电子显微镜观察了一株生孢噬纤维细菌(Sporocytophaga sp.) JL01对滤纸纤维素的降解过程,分析了在此过程中滤纸纤维素的降解与菌体形态变化之间的关系。结果表明：生孢噬纤维细菌在纤维素降解过程中,形成长度为2.5μm～4.0μm可弯曲的细长杆状细胞,该细长杆状细胞通过与纤维素分子的吸附或嵌入纤维素中完成对纤维素的降解;在降解后期,杆状细胞转化为直径约为0.6μm的小孢囊休眠细胞。     

筛选微生物降解木质纤维素的研究进展

木质纤维素资源是自然界中含量丰富的可再生资源,利用微生物降解木质纤维素是一种重要的策略。在综合国内外对木质纤维素降解微生物的筛选方法和研究策略的基础上,从单一菌株、复合微生物菌系和组学技术三个方面对筛选微生物降解木质纤维素进行了总结和分析,阐述了各个策略的优势特点和应用价值,即单一菌株易于培养但降解能力较低,复合菌系降解能力强但传代稳定性较差,组学技术能够更好的解释微生物降解木质纤维素的机理,为筛选木质纤维素降解微生物提供一定的指导。同时提出使用合成生物学的策略进行相应微生物的筛选,旨在为筛选高效降解木质纤维素的微生物提供一定的参考。     

担子菌及其木质纤维素降解液在红豆杉细胞培养中的作用

研究了担子菌及其木质纤维素降解液在红豆杉细胞培养中的作用,结果表明,担子菌Ｂｄｓ及其木质纤维素降解液制备的诱导子对紫杉醇生物合成具有明显的促进作用,且以木质纤维素发酵致第７天的降解液对紫杉醇生物合成的诱导作用最明显。因此,可以用担子菌Ｂｄｓ发酵木质纤维素所得的降解液制备紫杉醇生物合成的诱导子。     

木质纤维素的定量测定及降解规律的初步研究

为了准确地测定稻草及其发酵物中纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的含量,通过差重法进行定量测定,并以此评价白腐菌株Pleurotus sapidus对稻草秸秆的降解状况,结果表明：利用差重法测定稻草发酵物中纤维素、半纤维索、木质素的百分含量是可行的,并能很好地评价白腐菌对稻草的降解规律,即降解过程中纤维素、半纤维素、本质素在前20d降解的很快,之后降解减缓,在50d内,纤维素被降解34．02％,半纤维素被降解56．29％,木质素被降解61．65％。     

纤维素降解菌的研究与应用进展

本文介绍了纤维素降解菌的研究进展和纤维素基因工程菌的开发,以及纤维素降解菌在农业和工业的应用进展,为探索和应用纤维素降解菌提供了新方向和思路.     

产纤维素体菌厌氧降解纤维素制乙醇的研究进展

纤维素(植物细胞壁的主要成分)是自然界最丰富的一种可再生资源,但是极难降解利用。纤维素体是一种多酶复合体,能够高效降解纤维素,降解产物能够被某些厌氧微生物利用发酵产乙醇。综述了近年来产纤维素体菌厌氧降解纤维素制乙醇的研究进展,报道了纤维素体结构和功能、重组设计型纤维素体、代谢工程、混菌培养等研究方向的最新成果和思路,并对其前景作了展望。可以预期,随着研究的深入,生物质制乙醇必将日益显示出其强大的市场竞争力。     

Alterations in histone acetylation following exposure to <Superscript>60</Superscript>Co γ-rays and their relationship with chromosome damage in human lymphoblastoid cells

Chromosome damage is related to DNA damage and erroneous repair. It can cause cell dysfunction and ultimately induce carcinogenesis. Histone acetylation is crucial for regulating chromatin structure and DNA damage repair. Ionizing radiation (IR) can alter histone acetylation. However, variations in histone acetylation in response to IR exposure and the relationship between histone acetylation and IR-induced chromosome damage remains unclear. Hence, this study investigated the variation in the total acetylation levels of H3 and H4 in human lymphocytes exposed to 0–2 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ-rays. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, was added to modify the histone acetylation state of irradiated cells. Then, the total acetylation level, enzyme activity, dicentric plus centric rings (dic?+?r) frequencies, and micronucleus (MN) frequencies of the treated cells were analyzed. Results indicated that the acetylation levels of H3 and H4 significantly decreased at 1 and 24 h, respectively, after radiation exposure. The acetylation levels of H3 and H4 in irradiated groups treated with SAHA were significantly higher than those in irradiated groups that were not treated with SAHA. SAHA treatment inhibited HDAC activity in cells exposed to 0–1 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ-rays. SAHA treatment significantly decreased dic?+?r/cell and MN/cell in cells exposed to 0.5 or 1.0 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ-rays relative to that in cells that did not receive SAHA treatment. In conclusion, histone acetylation is significantly affected by IR and is involved in chromosome damage induced by ⁶⁰Co γ-radiation.     

Relative biological effectiveness and dose rate effect of tritiated water on chromosomes in human lymphocytes and bone marrow cells

Tritriated water (HTO) is a major toxic effluent from the nuclear power industry, that is released into the environment in large quantities. The low dose radiation effect and dose rate effect of HTO on human lymphocytes and bone marrow cells have not been well studied. The present study was therefore undertaken to investigate the HTO dose-response relationship for chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes and bone marrow cells at low in vitro radiation doses ranging from 0.1 to 1 Gy. Lymphocytes (G₀ stage) and bone marrow cells were incubated for 10–150 min with HTO at a dose rate of 2cGy/min (555 MBq/ml). The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of HTO was calculated with respect to ₆₀Co γ-rays for the induction of dicentric and centric ring chromosomes at low radiation doses. The RBE value for HTO β-rays relative to ⁶⁰Co γ-rays was 2.7 for lymphocytes and 3.1 for chromatid aberrations in bone marrow cells. Lymphocytes were also chronically exposed to HTO for 6.7–80 h at dose rates of 0.5 cGy/min (138.5 MBq/ml) and 0.02 cGy/min (5.6 MBq/ml). There was a 71.5% decrease in the yield of dicentrics and centric rings at the dose rate of 0.02 cGy/min, indicating a clear dose rate effect of HTO. The RBE value for HTO relative to ¹³⁷Cs γ-rays was 2.0 at a dose rate of 0.02 cGy/min, suggesting that low HTO dose rates produce no increase of the RBE values and that the values may be constant between 2 and 3 within these dose rates. These results should prove useful in assessment of the health risk for humans exposed to low levels of HTO.     

Induction of translocations in mouse spermatogonia after fractionated exposure to 60Co γ-rays

Male mice of the Q strain were exposed to ⁶⁰Co γ-rays at 2 Gy and 2 × 2 Gy separated by increasing time intervals (from 0 min to 4 min). The chromosome translocations induced in spermatogonia were scored at diakinesis-metaphase I. A significant decrease of the translocation frequency at time intervals higher than 2 min was observed, confirming results obtained with plant materials.     

Radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes. I. Dependence on the dose of gamma-rays and an anomaly at low doses

Cultures of human lymphocytes obtained from blood of healthy adult donors were irradiated with different doses of ⁶⁰Co γ-rays and the irradiated cells were analysed in metaphase 50 h after irradiation. The effect (total yield of abberations of chromosome type, or total yield of exchange type abberations) produced by the lowest dose (5 rad) appears to be statistically significant in a sample of 1500 cells. In the usual dose range (25–400 rad), both parabolic and linear-quadratic equations give a satisfactory fit of experimental data (dicentrics, fragments, or all aberrations of chromosome type). Low doses of γ-rays, however, produced more aberrations than expected, if one extrapolates dose-effect curves from higher doses. Both relations should be considered, therefore, merely as empirical equations. Dicentrics show at low doses (10–30 rad) a plateau which appears to be statistically significant. Some indications are obtained that the total number of chromosome-type aberrations is a more reliable criterion of cytogenetic damage than the usually accepted yeild of dicientrics and rings.     

The number of chlorophyll-less spots and the primary leaf area as criteria of radiation damage in soybean (Glycine max merill)

The number of chlorophyll-less spots occurring on the primary leaves as well as the primary leaf size were investigated in two soybean cultivars, differing genetically in radiosensitivity, after irradiation of seed with ⁶⁰Co γ-rays. A high correlation was found between increasing number of spots, decreasing leaf size and seedling growth inhibition.The number of spots can be used to monitor radiation effects over the small dose range where the growth inhibition is not pronounced. Primary leaf size can be used as a convenient criterion of seedling growth inhibition. Possible causes of leaf spotting are discussed.     

γ-射线对大鼠小肠粘膜上皮细胞RNA合成的影响及其机理的研究

本文观察了15戈瑞γ-射线全身照射后,大鼠小肠粘膜上皮细胞核体外转录活性,从染色质结合的RNA聚合酶和可溶性RNA聚合酶活性变化探讨辐射对核转录活性的抑制机理。实验结果表明:(1)照后2小时、8小时和24小时,核转录活性分别下降22.7％、20.8％和28.2％;(2)染色质结合的RNA聚合酶活性变化与细胞核转录活性变化基本平行,提示核转录活性降低与核内染色质损伤有关;(3)照后24小时,核分离的可溶性RNA聚合酶抑制58％,提示辐射至少部分是通过抑制RNA聚合酶而影响细胞核转录活性;(4)在细胞核和分离的RNA聚合酶都观察到RNA聚合酶Ⅱ抑制程度大于RNA聚合酶Ⅰ和酶Ⅲ,酶活性下降主要表现在RNA聚合酶Ⅱ提示不同类RNA聚合酶对辐射的敏感性不同,酶Ⅱ对辐射更敏感。     

ESR evidence of paramagnetic intermediate formation from water radiolysis products and SOD.

Irradiating the aqueous solution of SOD with ⁶⁰Co γ-rays at 77 K and recording the ESR spectra during thermal annealing one observes, beside the signal of Cu⁺⁺, the paramagnetic intermediate with g_⊥ = 2.008 and g_∥ = 2.039. Because of its thermal stability, up to about 250 K, the formation of the complex ECu⁺⁺…HO₂ is suggested.     

DNA damage response signaling in lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells following gamma and carbon beam irradiation

Carbon beams (5.16MeV/u, LET=290keV/μm) are high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation characterized by higher relative biological effectiveness than low LET radiation. The aim of the current study was to determine the signaling differences between γ-rays and carbon ion-irradiation. A549 cells were irradiated with 1Gy carbon or γ-rays. Carbon beam was found to be three times more cytotoxic than γ-rays despite the fact that the numbers of γ-H2AX foci were same. Percentage of cells showing ATM/ATR foci were more with γ-rays however number of foci per cell were more in case of carbon irradiation. Large BRCA1 foci were found in all carbon irradiated cells unlike γ-rays irradiated cells and prosurvival ERK pathway was activated after γ-rays irradiation but not carbon. The noteworthy finding of this study is the early phase apoptosis induction by carbon ions. In the present study in A549 lung adenocarcinoma, authors conclude that despite activation of same repair molecules such as ATM and BRCA1, differences in low and high LET damage responses might be due to their distinct macromolecular complexes rather than their individual activation and the activation of cytoplasmic pathways such as ERK, whether it applies to all the cell lines need to be further explored.     

Epimerization of Alanyl-Alanine Induced by γ-Rays Irradiation in Aqueous Solutions

Living organisms have homochiral L-amino acids in proteins and homochiral D-mononucleotides in nucleic acids. The chemical evolutionary process to protein homochirality has been discussed for many years. Although many scenarios have been proposed for homochirality in the monomeric compounds, homochirality in amino acids and mononucleotides does not always guarantee homochirality in polypeptides and polynucleotides. Integrated scenarios containing the pathways from monomer to polymer should be proposed because in the pathways oligomers and polymers as well as monomers racemize (or epimerize), degrade, and condense. This research addresses epimerization and degradation of dipeptides under γ-rays irradiation by a cobalt-60 (⁶⁰Co) radiation source. The different rate constants of epimerization between diastereomeric dipeptides in the research suggest that the potential pathway toward homochirality could be much more complex.