医联体内医疗质量同质化管理方法探析

我国医联体在促进区域医疗资源整合、理顺患者就医秩序等方面进行了许多有益的尝试和实践探索。但是,患者对医联体中基层医疗机构医疗水平的信任缺失,导致三甲医院依旧人满为患。因此,在医联体内进行医疗质量同质化管理对于提高成员医疗机构的医疗服务水平,真正实现医联体的宗旨和使命具有至关重要的意义。文章介绍了目前国内最大的全国范围的专科医联体——北京儿童医院集团在集团各家医院间实施医疗质量同质化管理的思路和具体措施,希望能为我国医联体如何实现医疗质量同质化管理提供借鉴。     

新医改下医联体三级康复医疗服务可行性探讨

目的 了解医务人员对三级康复医疗服务模式认知,分析实施区域性医疗联合体康复医疗服务体系的可行性。方法 对上海市卢湾区域医疗联合体进行机构问卷,并随机抽取本区域270例医务人员进行调查,建立数据库并分析区域性医疗联合体康复医疗服务接受度。结果 卢湾区域性医疗联合体医务人员对开展康复医疗服务的认知水平仍较低,且大部分受访者认为在区域性医联体推行康复医疗服务分级模式是可行的。但区域性医联体内开展康复医疗服务情况调查显示,社区卫生服务中心、二级医院/康复医院评价较低,有待改进的空间较大。结论 加大对三级康复医疗服务模式的宣传和推广,提高医务人员对康复治疗认知水平。

     

我国医疗联合体发展的动态分析

目的 对我国医疗联合体各阶段发展进行动态分析。方法 运用文献荟萃分析的方法,针对医疗联合体产生发展的各时期特征进行阶段划分。结果 我国医疗联合体自产生时起可分为3个发展时期,分别为1980—1989年萌芽期,医联体萌芽产生;1990—2009年形成期,医联体缓慢发展、典型类型形成;2010年至今发展期,医联体快速发展。结论 随着医改的深化,我国医疗联合体将不断改革发展,概念不断完善、类别更为丰富、紧密程度更受重视。

     

上海市中心城区医联体模式的探索和实践

根据上海市中心城区的特点,经过3年探索和实践,构建了“以三级医院为依托、区中心医院为平台、社区卫生服务中心为基础”的“静安医联体模式”。分析了该模式在管理体制、运行机制、分配补偿机制等方面进行的创新举措,以及在慢性病管理、提高医疗服务质量、促进基层医疗机构建设、引导患者分级就诊等方面取得的成效,为医疗联合体改革的深入推进提供参考。     

医学检验服务支撑平台在区域医联体中的作用

自2013年以来,北京地区构建了多个区域医联体。在中日友好医院医联体运行的半年多时间里,针对遇到的问题,医联体内各医疗机构采取了许多相应的措施。针对医学检验信息互通,结果互认,样本转运等方面的问题,中日友好医院联合医联体内各成员单位引入医学检验服务支撑平台,探索一种“互助式”的新型医学检验服务模式,力求达到“六统一”的要求,实现医联体的优势互补、资源优化配置作用。     

医疗质量考评体系改革的方法和策略

介绍了在医院等级评审全面展开的背景下,参照医院评审标准要义,进行医院医疗质量考评体系改革,即以建立健全2个体系、全面加强2项管理、持续改进4项质量、保障患者安全为目标,设置关键指标考评模块,构建医疗质量考评三级网络,设置关键指标考评模块,突出质量兼顾效率,向服务倾斜,注重消费和成本控制,成立医疗质量与安全管理基金,实行奖惩两条线等。     

新医改背景下瑞金—卢湾医疗联合体实践与思考

实施小病在社区,大病到医院的分级医疗体系是目前缓解老百姓看病难问题的有效举措,瑞金医院借公立医院改革的契机,在全市范围内率先开展了区域医疗资源纵向整合,组建了瑞金-卢湾医疗联合体,本文在总结瑞金-卢湾医疗联合体实践经验和成效的基础上,对实施过程中存在的问题进行了分析和研究,以期对医联体工作的进一步推进提供一定的借鉴作用。     

基于医疗联合体的区域医疗信息平台建设

以医疗联合体为依托,建立区域医疗信息平台。其平台系统集成并共享各医疗机构的诊疗信息,对居民在各医疗机构的诊疗信息进行系统、连贯的有机整合;系统制定规范的分级诊疗流程、上转诊间预约、下转自动推送机制;在区域医疗联合体内部层级医疗机构内,提供远程会诊、在线医学教育、病患健康宣教、区域临床统一知识库、居民电子健康档案、诊疗预约、信息共享服务。     

基于远程医疗的异地转诊就医一体化实践探索

为探索借助远程医疗解决异地转诊就医一体化的问题，为异地转诊就医患者提供医疗保障。某医院成立专科疾病医联体，借助远程医疗对异地转诊就医患者提供医疗服务，总结某医院借助远程医疗，以专科疾病医联体进行精准转诊、异地就医，提供医疗保障的实践经验。某医院借助远程医疗，以专科疾病医联体为抓手，制定了精准转诊的规章制度，为异地就医患者提供了更加方便快捷的服务，同时降低了医疗费用，节省了医疗基金的开支，实践效果显著。借助远程医疗，成立专科疾病医联体，可以很好的实现患者精准转诊、精准医疗，解决异地就诊患者“看病难、看病贵”问题，为异地就医患者提供更好的医疗保障，助推实现全国异地就医一体化的大健康战略。     

论中长期医疗改革重要任务：推进医疗同质化

通过回顾中国医疗改革的现状和问题,梳理了医疗改革的关键环节,提出了医疗同质化的概念。实施医疗技术同质化是中国中长期医疗改革的重要目标和任务。实施医疗同质化可以从执业医师规范化培训、区域医疗资源整合、区域信息化建设、统一医疗评价指标、高标准构建基层医院、移动医疗互联网来着手推进。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.