医院医疗风险预警预控指标研究

目的 筛选医疗风险预警指标,为医院建立医疗风险预警系统提供参考。方法 将某军队三甲医院2010—2015年发生的60例手术纠纷患者作为研究对象,同时选取同时期入院、未发生医疗纠纷的120名手术患者作为对照,从医院信息系统调取患者年龄、住院天数、住院费用等资料,筛选22个医疗风险关键指标,运用χ²检验进行单因素分析,选择有统计学意义的指标进行条件logistic回归分析。结果 χ²检验结果显示,入院方式、住院天数、住院费用、四周内手术次数等16个指标有统计学意义（P<0.05）;logistic回归分析显示,住院天数、四周内手术次数、输血总量、病情危重、手术并发症和出院病情等6个指标是医疗风险的危险因素。结论 所选指标均为可量化、灵敏度高的指标,可以为医院建立医疗风险预警信息系统提供参考。     

关于终末期糖尿病肾病的医疗保险研究

目的 探索终末期肾病的保险精算方法,为终末期肾病以及其他重大疾病的保险研究方法提供参考和借鉴。为完善我国终末期肾病的医疗保障提供理论依据。方法 拟和糖尿病病人终末期肾病发病概率模型、生存概率模型,采用寿险精算的思想 , 考虑长期保险过程中利率因素的影响,建立终末期糖尿病肾病的保险方案。结果 糖尿病患者终末期肾病的发病率随年龄增加而上升。保费与投保时年龄有关。对于终身长期疾病保险,利率的变化对保费的影响较大。结论 将寿险精算的方法应用到糖尿病终末期肾病保险中具有可行性,随着糖尿病的发病率迅速上升,终末期肾病造成的经济负担需要健全和完善的社会医疗保障体系。     

基于DRGs的军队医院临床绩效分类对比研究

目的 了解不同分类属性下军队综合医院临床医疗服务能力、服务效率、医疗安全及综合绩效水平。方法 采用疾病诊断相关组作为基本风险调整工具,建立临床绩效评价模型,分析研究各类军队医院临床服务绩效。结果 不同类型、不同等级医院间临床绩效指数差异均有显著统计学意义,不同地区、不同经济发展水平城市的军队医院间差异不明显,各单项指标在不同分类维度上的差异情况各不相同。结论 通过基本风险调整可较为客观地评价不同类型医院的临床医疗服务绩效水平,为明确各类医院临床管理目标导向、提升医院核心竞争力提供参考依据。     

标准操作流程模型在医疗设备管理流程中的应用

依据标准操作流程模型,将医疗设备管理细分为物流采购控制、应用核算控制和质量技术控制3个方面,实施了医院医疗设备管理的标准化和一些有效的做法, 阐述了加强医疗设备标准化管理的必要性, 提出了建立医疗设备质量管理体系的理念,使医疗设备管理逐步进入质量—效率—效益良性循环的发展轨道。

     

基于因子分析与Borda序值法的医疗风险矩阵构建

目的 构建医疗风险矩阵,为应对和控制医疗风险的预警和控制提供科学的管理依据。方法 运用风险矩阵的管理理论,通过文献查阅、风险问卷分析和专家咨询法识别和衡量各类潜在医疗风险发生的概率及其潜在的损失程度,采用因子分析法初步确定医疗风险矩阵的风险结,进一步用Borda序值法对风险结的风险影响和风险概率进行量化评估。结果 本研究通过因子分析将医疗风险归为六个风险结：包括操作规范、药物使用、工作负荷、患方因素、沟通与协作、医疗风险管理。Borda序值排在第一位的风险结为工作超负荷风险,其次为操作不当风险和药物使用潜在风险,然后为不良医患沟通和医疗风险管理不到位,最后为患方风险。结论 应构建多维度、全过程的医疗风险管理机制,密切防控风险等级较高的潜在医疗风险因素,及时做出有效的预警和干预。     

基于病种的精细化医疗管理模式研究与实践

目的 以肺部专科疾病为主要研究内容,探索基于病种的精细化医疗管理模式。方法 借鉴澳洲版DRGs体系,建立医院病种分类目录,并按病种目录进行绩效评价与考核。结果 实施病种管理以来,病例组合指数（CMI）呈明显升高趋势,从2013年0.94提高到2016年的1.04;医疗费用指标基本保持稳定;6个医疗质量指标有明显提高。结论 按病种管理有利于优化医院病种结构调整、控制医疗费用以及保证医疗质量。     

2005—2009年我国中医医院资源情况分析

医院资源主要包括人员、床位、医疗设备、固定资产等。通过对2005—2009年我国中医医院机构数、床位、人员、固定资产等资源情况进行分析,并与综合医院进行比较,找出存在的问题,以期为“十二五”中医医院的发展提供参考。数据均来源于2005—2009年卫生部《中国卫生统计年鉴》和国家中医药管理局《全国中医药统计摘编》。     

DRGs方法在临床亚专科医疗服务绩效评价中的应用

目的 运用疾病诊断相关组指标对研究医院“消化系统大手术”亚专科住院医疗服务绩效进行评价,为医院加强精细化医院管理和学科建设提供数据支持。方法 以“国家版诊断相关组”作为风险调整工具,从能力、效率和安全3个维度对样本医院“消化系统大手术”亚专科住院医疗服务绩效进行评价。结果 2008—2015年,样本医院亚专科总权重逐年增加,2015年亚专科病例数占到了市属医院的50.27%;时间消耗指数0.91,但费用消耗较市属医院平均水平高24%;2015年GB15、GB25疾病组死亡率均为0,GB11、GB23疾病组死亡率低于市属医院平均水平。结论 2008—2015年,样本医院“消化系统大手术”亚专科医疗服务能力稳步提升,在市属医院范围内具有明显优势;但须注意在保持服务效率和安全优势的同时,增加GB11、GB23疾病组病例的收治,并应注意严格控制患者住院费用。     

上海三级甲等综合性医院收益变化趋势及其影响因素分析

目的 揭示政策对三甲医院经营行为的导向、存在的问题,为新一轮改革进程中有关三甲医院相关政策的制定提供实证依据。方法 回顾性统计描述分析上海10所三甲医院1997—2006年收益变化趋势及其影响因素。结果 （1）1999—2004年平均药品加成率持续快速递增,由13.0%跃升至30.9%,但2004年之后开始下降。（2）万元医疗收入卫生材料支出总体呈现增长趋势,卫生材料支出占医疗收入比重由1997年19.0%升至2006年29.3%;平均人员经费支出占业务收入比重经1999年跃升后维持在27%～30%之间。（3）1999年以来,10所医院平均医疗收入支出比从未超过1.00,总体呈略降趋势,反映医疗服务亏损率增加;同时,药品收入支出比一直维持在1.10以上且呈上升趋势,反映药品利润率增加。2004年后药品收支比呈下降趋势,在时间上与药品集中招标采购政策实施相吻合。（4）平均业务收入结余率、净资产结余率从未超过9.0%,2006年经费自给率低于100%。结论 （1）由于对医院实行“以药养医”补偿机制,为了维持盈亏平衡,医院是以不断增加的药品盈利来弥补不断增加的医疗服务的亏损,致使医院对药品依赖不弱反强。（2）在药品占医院收入比重受制于政策导向不断下降情况下,医院通过不断提高药品加成率来扩大药品盈利,但2004年上海开始实施药品集中招标采购等政策,抑制了医院药品加成率的增长趋势,导致药品盈利减少,最终将打破以药品盈利弥补医疗服务亏损的平衡。（3）医院经营状况呈现收入与资产快速递增,但医疗服务与药品收入结构没有显著改善,且医护人员工作负荷不断加重的趋势。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor