中国绵羊起源、进化和遗传多样性研究进展

中国地方绵羊品种资源丰富,部分品种具有繁殖力高、毛皮品质好、多角、多乳头、大尾脂、抗逆性强等独特性状,这些遗传资源引起了学者们对其进行深入研究的兴趣,但目前仍然存在绵羊起源问题的争议,缺乏对我国绵羊的遗传多样性进行全面系统研究等问题。本文综述了绵羊起源、品种分化等方面的研究进展,并从父系、母系、常染色体分子标记等不同层面介绍了中国绵羊遗传多样性的研究概况,为中国绵羊遗传资源的保护和利用、绵羊新品种(系)的培育以及我国绵羊产业良性发展提供参考。     

Independent colonization of multiple urban centres by a formerly forest specialist bird species

Urban areas are expanding rapidly, but a few native species have successfully colonized them. The processes underlying such colonization events are poorly understood. Using the blackbird Turdus merula, a former forest specialist that is now one of the most common urban birds in its range, we provide the first assessment of two contrasting urban colonization models. First, that urbanization occurred independently. Second, that following initial urbanization, urban-adapted individuals colonized other urban areas in a leapfrog manner. Previous analyses of spatial patterns in the timing of blackbird urbanization, and experimental introductions of urban and rural blackbirds to uncolonized cities, suggest that the leapfrog model is likely to apply. We found that, across the western Palaearctic, urban blackbird populations contain less genetic diversity than rural ones, urban populations are more strongly differentiated from each other than from rural populations and assignment tests support a rural source population for most urban individuals. In combination, these results provide much stronger support for the independent urbanization model than the leapfrog one. If the former model predominates, colonization of multiple urban centres will be particularly difficult when urbanization requires genetic adaptations, having implications for urban species diversity.     

Characteristics of dispersal in the eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki

The demographic and genetic characteristics of dispersing Gambusia holbrooki were examined relative to changes in stream flow velocity, flow direction, and rapid saltwater inundation. Dispersal of all G. holbrooki sex classes decreased as flow velocity increased, dispersal for a given flow velocity being greater in female, than male and juvenile fish respectively. Juveniles and males dispersed at low (9 mm s⁻¹) but not high (109 mm s ¹) flow. Females dispersed at both flow rates. Dispersing adults were not larger than non-dispersing adults of the same sex. Direction of dispersal was sex and size dependent, but independent of flow velocity. Larger females (>22 mm) moved preferentially downstream, while smaller females (17–22 mm) remained stationary or moved in the upstream direction. Males dispersed equally in both directions. No relationship was found between dispersal characteristics and the presence of high salt concentrations. Movement patterns at high flow were independent of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase ( GPI-2* ) alleles carried by dispersing individuals. Significant non-random dispersal of sex or size cohorts, and the interaction of dispersal with flow velocity have significant implications for the maintenance of genetic diversity in stream ecosystems, particularly where localized selection or genetic drift may alter the genetic constitution of specific sex or size cohorts. The applicability of these results to field populations is discussed.     

Evidence that disease-induced population decline changes genetic structure and alters dispersal patterns in the Tasmanian devil

Infectious disease has been shown to be a major cause of population declines in wild animals. However, there remains little empirical evidence on the genetic consequences of disease-mediated population declines, or how such perturbations might affect demographic processes such as dispersal. Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) has resulted in the rapid decline of the Tasmanian devil, Sarcophilus harrisii, and threatens to cause extinction. Using 10 microsatellite DNA markers, we compared genetic diversity and structure before and after DFTD outbreaks in three Tasmanian devil populations to assess the genetic consequences of disease-induced population decline. We also used both genetic and demographic data to investigate dispersal patterns in Tasmanian devils along the east coast of Tasmania. We observed a significant increase in inbreeding (F_IS pre/post-disease −0.030/0.012, P<0.05; relatedness pre/post-disease 0.011/0.038, P=0.06) in devil populations after just 2–3 generations of disease arrival, but no detectable change in genetic diversity. Furthermore, although there was no subdivision apparent among pre-disease populations (θ=0.005, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.003 to 0.017), we found significant genetic differentiation among populations post-disease (θ=0.020, 0.010–0.027), apparently driven by a combination of selection and altered dispersal patterns of females in disease-affected populations. We also show that dispersal is male-biased in devils and that dispersal distances follow a typical leptokurtic distribution. Our results show that disease can result in genetic and demographic changes in host populations over few generations and short time scales. Ongoing management of Tasmanian devils must now attempt to maintain genetic variability in this species through actions designed to reverse the detrimental effects of inbreeding and subdivision in disease-affected populations.     

小麦耐盐种质遗传多样性的RAPD分析

选用２２个引物对２４份小麦耐盐种质进行ＲＡＰＤ分析,共产生２００条扩增片段,多态性片段数为１７２条,扩增片段的多态性百分率为８６％,利用ＮＹＳＴＳ软件根据Ｊａｃｃａｒｄ系统分析ＲＡＰＤ结果,并按ＵＰＧＭＡ类平均法进行聚类。２４份材料相似系数在０．２１￣０．９７之间,其中含有多枝赖草、黑麦和偃麦草等外源染色体的多１７４、ＷＲ８３０和南前１２７被分别在３个独立的组,多１７４和南前１２７的亲关系最远,相     

罗汉松遗传多样性的SCoT分析

采用SCoT分子标记技术对8份罗汉松种质材料进行遗传多样性研究。结果表明,从80条引物中筛选出10条重复性好、条带清晰的引物进行PCR扩增,共产生136条带,其中多态性带122条(占88.97%),8个罗汉松种质间的遗传相似系数范围在0.39～0.80说明罗汉松的遗传多样性丰富。利用UPGMA进行系统的聚类分析显示,将8份罗汉松材料分为2大类;主成分分析结果与聚类分析结果相一致。可见,利用SCoT分子标记可有效的分析罗汉松种质资源的遗传多样性,为罗汉松种质亲缘关系的鉴别和分类提供理论依据。     

AFLP标记在玉米种质资源鉴定中的应用

利用AFLP分子标记技术对55份玉米(Z ea m ay s L.)种质材料进行了研究.结果表明,20对AFLP引物检测到清晰可见的带656条,其中多态性带487条.平均每个引物组合可以检测到24.4条多态性带.将55份玉米材料聚为6组,与材料来源基本一致.结果显示AFLP有利于玉米遗传多样性分析.对来源美国先锋的P ioneer系列与瑞得种群和BSSS种群的关系进行了初步探讨,认为P ioneer系列中有很多材料与瑞得种群有亲缘关系.     

Genetic diversity of ten Egyptian chicken strains using 29 microsatellite markers

In this study, we assessed the genetic diversity of three Egyptian local chicken strains (Fayoumi, Dandarawi and Sinai) and six synthetic breeds derived from Fayoumi and Sinai by intercrossing with Barren Plymouth Rock, Rhode Island Red or White Cornish. Diversity measures were based on interrogation of 29 microsatellites. We identified three main clusters of chicken populations encompassing selected Fayoumi lines and Doki-4 (cluster-1), native Dandarawi (cluster-2) and Sinai, and all six synthetic breeds (cluster-3). Dandarawi and Fayoumi lines exhibited lower intra-population genetic diversity and allelic privacy than Sinai and synthetic breeds. The global inbreeding (F(IT) ) was 0.11, among-population differentiation (F(ST) ) was 0.07, and within-population differentiation (F(IS) ) was 0.04. The between-population marker-estimated kinship was lower than within-population estimates. The cluster analysis classified the Fayoumi lines, Dandarawi and Gimmizah as clearly separated populations. The other strains were configured in mosaic admixed groups.     

应用RAPD指纹探讨黄麻属种间遗传多样性及其亲缘关系

采用RAPD标记构建了黄麻属(Corchorus)植物10个种27份材料的指纹图谱,从119个随机引物中筛选出清晰且多态性高的25个引物,共扩增出329条：DNA片段,分子量在0．3～3．0kb之间,其中294条谱带具有遗传多态性,多态比率(PPB)为89．36％,平均每个引物扩增出13．16条带。用Biol D^ 数据分析软件,计算Nei氏相似性系数,建立了UPCMA聚类图。结果表明：(1)供试黄麻属15份野生种和12份栽培种具有丰富的遗传多样性,遗传相似系数在0．49～0．98;(2)在聚类分析中,当L1聚值水平D=0．785时,可将两个栽培种及其近缘野生种(C．capsulris和C．olititorius)与原始黄麻野生种划分为3个不同类群。反映出栽培种及其近缘野生种与原始野生种间有明显的遗传差异;(3)当L2取值水平D=0．850时,可将供试27份材料划分为10个以物种为单元的亚类群或个类,①即假黄麻C．aestuans(3份),②三齿种C．tridens,③梭状种C．fascicularis,④假长果种C．psendo-olitorius,⑤假圆果种C．pseudo-capsularis,⑥三室种C．tilacularis,⑦甜麻(新种未定名),⑧圆果种C．capsularis(9份),⑨长果种C．olitorius(7份),⑩荨麻叶种C．uriticifolius,结果与10个种的经典分类相吻合,揭示了种间的遗传差异性。其中圆果种C．cap—sularis与长果种C．olitorius两个种亲缘关系较近,与荨麻叶种C．uriticifolius种间亲缘关系较远;(4)非洲荨麻叶种C．uriticifolius和中国的甜麻(新种)、假黄麻C．aestuans3个种与其他种间的遗传差异较大,处在分子聚类树较基础的地位,为较原始的黄麻野生种;(5)非洲的三室种21C为三室种一个生态型亚种;采集于中国的黄麻野生种河南南阳的粘粘菜、福建漳浦的麻菜,云南开远的猪菜为3个不同生态类型的假黄麻;海南野生圆果为圆果黄麻栽培种的近缘野生种;漳浦野生长果、河南野生长果、马里野生长果为长果栽培种的近缘野生种,种内不同材料间遗传相似性较高,亲缘关系较密切;(6)在两个栽培种中,品种基因型相似性系数圆果栽培种高于长果栽培种。     

Microsatellite analysis of relatedness structure in young of the year of the endangered Zingel asper (Percidae) and implications for conservation

1. Zingel asper is one of the most endangered freshwater fish of Western Europe. Because of critical habitat loss and fragmentation, stocking or reintroduction protocols are sometimes considered even though few data are available about the behaviour and biology of the species.
2. The present study is the first attempt to explore the population genetic structure of juveniles (young of the year, YOY) of this endangered species using genetic markers (microsatellite loci). In the Beaume River (ardeche, France), Z. asper exhibits very low densities (10–80 fish per hectare), and it was expected that annual recruitment would comprise only few clutches (full- or half-sibs groups).
3. However, sibship reconstruction in one YOY cohort showed that more than 60% of the adult population reproduced. Dispersal rate in early YOY was high: relatedness estimates showed that only few months after hatching, YOY sibs were mixed among study sites. A large number of breeders together with high dispersal rates explain the high genetic variability observed in small populations of Z. asper .
4. Conservation strategies for the species are discussed based on these results, emphasizing the importance of conserving population genetic variability and preserving habitat connectivity for juveniles.