Efficacy of bacterial auxin on in vitro growth of Brassica oleracea L.

Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium was supplemented with supernatant of Halomonas desiderata RE1 in different combinations to observe the impact of bacterial auxin on in vitro growth of Brassica oleracea L. Three groups of combinations MS + BS (Bacterial supernatant), MS + BS + 10% CW (coconut water) and MS + BS + 4 mg l⁻¹ 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were considered. Different amounts of BS used in each combination were 50, 100, 150 and 200 μl in 5 ml MS medium. Media combinations inoculated with seeds, internodal explants and callus of B. oleracea L. were incubated in a growth chamber at 25 ± 1°C and exposed to 16-h cool fluorescent light. Seeds inoculated on MS + BS and MS + BS + 10% CW, shoot elongation was observed over control whereas this response was suppressed in 2,4-D-containing media. In explants inoculated on MS + BS, MS + BS + 10% CW and MS + BS + 4 mg l⁻¹ 2,4-D different responses such as callus induction, adventitious shoot induction and hypertrophy were observed at different supernatant treatments. In callus inoculation, callus proliferation was observed in most of the treatments at different media combinations.     

Comparative assessment of the efficacy of bacterial and cyanobacterial phytohormones in plant tissue culture

Efficient callus and explant regeneration medium, using microbial extract (SPE purified) or supernatant has been formulated for Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata. Two cyanobacterial strains (Anabaena sp. Ck1 and Chroococcidiopsis sp. Ck4) and two bacterial strains, (Pseudomonas spp. Am3 and Am4) known to produce a number of cytokinins, tZ, cZ, ZR, DHZR and IAA were selected for the media formulation. Supernatant from strains with high cytokinin to IAA ratio, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa Am3 (2.08) and Chroococcidiopsis sp. Ck4 (0.8) efficiently induced compact calli which were turned green upon exposure to light. The strains producing lower cytokinins to IAA ratio (0.11–0.13) on the other hand induced friable callus which were unable to regenerate on the selected media combinations. Leaf, stem and root explants of Brassica oleracea L. regenerated on MS medium supplemented with phytohormones from microbial origin with efficiency comparable to standard cytokinins and IAA. Supplements from cyanobacterial origin proved to be the best for induction of adventitious roots and shoots on internodal and petiolar segments. Hypocotyl explants however, responded well on MS supplemented with bacterial metabolites. Induction of adventitious shoots on root explants was supported by phytohormones from both origin equally well. Callus induction on the seeds and regeneration of shoots on calli was also observed. Cyanobacteria based media were more efficient to induce calli capable of regeneration upon exposure to light. Internodal explants were highly amenable to regenerate shoot and roots simultaneously. Root explants were the less successful to regenerate shoots.     

Organogenesis, shoot regeneration, and flowering response of Vernonia cinerea to different auxin/cytokinin combinations

Summary A viable protocol has been developed for direct and indirect shoot regeneration of Vernonia cinerea. To establish a stable and high-frequency plant regeneration system, leaf and stem explants were tested with different combinations of α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and benzylaminopurine (BA). Lateral buds on nodal explants grew into shoots within 2 wk of culture in Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 20.9 μM BA. Excision and culture of nodal segments from in vitro-raised shoots on fresh medium with the same concentration of BA facilitated development of more than 15 shoots per node. Similarly leaf, nodal, and internodal explants were cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with different concentrations of BA, NAA, and IAA either alone or in combinations for callus induction and organogenesis. Shoot buds and/or roots were regenerated on callus. Shoot buds formed multiple shoots within 4 wk after incubation in induction medium. Adventitious buds and shoots proliferated when callus was cut into pieces and subcultured on MS basal medium containing 20.9 μM BA and 5.3 μM NAA. This combination proved to be the best medium for enhanced adventitious shoot bud multiplication, generating a maximum of 50 shoots in 4 wk. This medium was also used successfully for shoot proliferation in liquid medium. Root formation was observed from callus induced in medium containing 8.05–13.4 μM NAA. Regenerated shoots exhibited flowering and root formation in MS basal medium without any growth regulators. Plantlets established in the field showed 85% survival and exhibited identical morphological characteristics as the donor plant.     

盐地碱蓬幼嫩花序的组织培养及植株再生

选用盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)幼嫩花序为外植体, 建立了快速而高效的离体培养体系。在附加1.0mg.L-16-BA和0.4 mg.L-1 IAA的MS培养基上培养25天可诱导出不定芽, 诱导频率达到82.1%; 不定芽在此培养基上可快速扩增和长期继代培养。不定芽转至MS培养基中培养2~3周生根形成完整植株。     

High Frequency of Shoot Regeneration from Hypocotyls and Stem Segments of Antirrhinum majus (Snapdragon)

A broadly applicable direct shoot regeneration method from hypocotyls and stem explants has been developed for six cultivars of Antirrhinum majus L. In order to establish a stable and high frequency of shoot regeneration system, leaves, hypocotyls and stem explants of six cultivars were tested with 72 combinations of auxin (naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA)) and cytokinin (6-benzylaminopurine (BA) or zeatin (Z)). A few adventitious shoots were directly regenerated from hypocotyl segments of cv. Orchid on MS medium with NAA + BA, IAA + BA, NAA + Z and IAA + Z. High frequency of direct shoot regeneration was obtained from hypocotyl segments on MS medium with 0.05, 0.1 or 0.25 mg l⁻¹ NAA + 2 mg l⁻¹ Z and 0.5 mg l⁻¹ IAA + 2 mg l⁻¹ Z. Finally, stable and high frequency (92–100%) of shoot regeneration with more than 10 adventitious shoots per explant was achieved from the hypocotyls and stem explants of all six cultivars on MS medium with 0.25 mg l⁻¹ NAA + 2 mg l⁻¹ Z. The shoots emerged directly from the hypocotyls and stem segments 4 weeks after culture initiation.     

Micropropagation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scabiosa caucasica</Emphasis> Bieb. Cv. Caucasica blue

Summary Micropropagation of Scabiosa caucasica cv. Caucasica Blue was achieved by culturing, separating axillary and adventitious shoots, or node sectioning on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with benzyladenine (BA). The highest frequency of adventitious shoots regenerated from nodal or internodal explants and leaf blade (with or without petiole) appeared to occur on MS medium with 4.4 and 18 μM BA, respectively. Addition of 0.19 or 1.9 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid to the BA-containing medium promoted callus formation and reduced shoot organogenesis. During micropropagation, shoot nodal explants derived from in vitro shoots cultured on MS medium supplemented with 4.4 μM BA yielded 8.9 shoots per explant within 40 d after culture initiation.     

Establishment of an efficient and rapid method of multiple shoot regeneration and a comparative phenolics profile in in vitro and greenhouse-grown plants of psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC

An in vitro method of multiple shoot induction and plant regeneration in Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC was developed. Cotyledons, hypocotyls, epicotyls, internodal and young seedling leaves were used as explants. MS media supplemented with various concentrations of either thidiazuron (TDZ) or N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) along with NAA or IAA combinations were used to determine their influence on multiple shoot induction. MS media supplemented with TDZ induced direct shoot regeneration when epicotyls and internodal segments were used as explants. TDZ at 3 mg L⁻¹ induced highest rate (89.2 ± 3.28%) of regeneration with (13.4 ± 2.04) shoots per explant. MS media supplemented with BAP in combination with NAA or IAA induced callus mediated regeneration when cotyledons and hypocotyls were used as explants. BAP (2.5 mg L⁻¹) and IAA (0.2 mg L⁻¹) induced highest rate (100 ± 2.66%) of regeneration with (23.2 ± 2.66) shoots per explant. Mature plants produced from regenerated shoots were transferred successfully to the greenhouse. In a comparative study, the phenolics contents of various parts of greenhouse-grown plants with that of in vitro-raised plants showed significant variations.     

An efficient in vitro regeneration protocol for Tagetes minuta

Tagetes minuta is a source of secondary products which are used as pharmaceuticals, pesticides and as flavour components in the food industry. Cotyledons and hypocotyls of T. minuta were cultured on MS medium with combinations of IAA or NAA and BA. Hypocotyl-derived callus developed adventitious shoots which failed to develop further. Cotyledon-derived callus, cultured on medium with IAA, regenerated adventitious shoots which developed into plantlets on MS medium or half-strength MS with 2.85 μM IAA. Cotyledons cultured on medium with 5.71 μM IAA + 44.4 μM BA and transferred to MS medium for shoot growth yielded the highest number of shoots. Nodal segments from developing shoots were micropropagated on half-strength MS medium with 2.58 μM IAA and 95% of plantlets produced adapted successfully to greenhouse conditions. In vitro plants micropropagated from nodes had many shoots whereas plants regenerated from shoot tips had only a single main stem. This difference in morphology was retained after two months growth in a greenhouse. There were no significant differences in leaf and shoot fresh and dry weights among the regenerated plants after two months growth. After six subcultures of cotyledon-derived callus on medium with IAA and BA all explants lost their ability to regenerate except those cultured on medium with 17.23 μM IAA and 44.4 μM BA. The methods of regeneration developed will facilitate selection of T. minuta plants more tolerant of environmental stress, their micropropagation, and the in vitro production of secondary products. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Plant regeneration from tissue cultures of Persian buttercup (Ranunculus asiaticus L.)

Different plant explants of Persian buttercup (Ranunculus asiaticus L.) were screened for callus induction and adventitious shoot regeneration on different media to establish totipotent cultures. Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium was used, supplemented with different concentrations of the following growth regulators: kinetin, benzyladenine (BA), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and indoleacetic acid (IAA). Callus was induced and adventitious buds regenerated only from cotyledonary explants after 4–5 weeks. Subculture of the regenerated buds on the same basal medium in presence of gibberellic acid (GA₃) and BA produced well-organized shoots. Rooting was obtained by transferring shoots to growth regulator-free MS medium. A high rate of shoot multiplication has been achieved on medium with high concentration of kinetin and long-day photoperiod. Finally the plants were successfully transferred to soil and grown in a greenhouse.     

提高西瓜离体培养植株再生效率的研究

本文以“京欣1号”母本和“伊选”西瓜4天苗龄子叶为外植体,研究离体培养植株高频率再生体系。结果表明：“伊选”子叶远轴端外植体的再生频率仅为10％,子叶近轴端外植体在5mg／LBA 0．1mg／L IAA的激素组合下植株再生频率为100％,平均每个外植体的丛生芽数在所有组合中最多,为10.3个;“京欣1号”母本子叶近轴端外植体在2mg／LBA 0．5mg／L IAA激素组合下植株再生频率为100％,平均每个外植体的丛生芽数在所有组合中最多,达6．9个。本试验条件下,子叶近轴端外植体接种4天即分化出不定芽,至再生苗的移栽仅需40天,在MS 0．1mg／L NAA的生根培养基上的生根率为97．3％,移栽成活率达98．5％。     

In vitro induction of multiple shoots and plant regeneration from shoot tips of mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)

Conditions for plant regeneration from excised shoot tips of Vigna radiata were studied. Complete plants were regenerated directly without an intervening callus phase from shoot tips on basal medium (MS salts+B₅vitamins). Regeneration frequency varied with genotype, explant size and growth regulator combinations in the medium. Addition of cytokinins induced a variable amount of callus at the base of the shoot tip, followed by multiple shoot formation. Benzyladenine (BA), kinetin and zeatin at 5×10^-6 M each induced multiple shoots in 100% of the explants but the highest number of regenerants per explant (9) was produced with BA. The efficacy of BA for shoot multiplication was not improved when it was supplemented with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or indoleacetic acid (IAA). NAA or adenine sulphate, when applied alone, induced complete plantlets. The growth regulator requirement of explants for the induction of multiple shoots varied with explant size. The shoot tip explants maintained proliferation ability on subculture. None of the treatments was effective in inducing shoot bud differentiation from callus. Regenerated shoots were rooted on MS basal medium and MS supplemented with either IAA or indolebutyric acid. The rooted plants were transferred to the field; 60% subsequently survived and grew.Abbreviations BM basal medium [MS (Murashige & Skoog 1962) salts+B₅ (Gamborg et al. 1968) vitamins] - BA 6-benzyladenine - AdS adenine sulphate - IAA indole-3-acetic acid - NAA-1 naphthaleneacetic acid - IBA indolebutyric acid     

中林美荷杨不定芽分化的因素分析与植株再生

对中林美荷杨进行组织培养,采用不同外植体为组织培养材料,以6-BA和NAA或IBA不同激素组合,比较1/2MS与MS不同盐浓度培养基诱导不定芽产生的情况。结果表明叶柄不定芽诱导优于茎段和叶片,茎段形成层不定芽诱导效果也较好。叶柄诱导不定芽的最佳培养基及激素组合是：1/2MS + 6-BA0.5 mg·L^-1+ NAA0.05 mg·L^-1,较MS基本培养基不定芽生长正常,芽诱导率高(76%),增殖倍数达4.7个/叶柄。通过不定芽的继代培养及壮苗、生根,形成完整植株,炼苗移栽成活率高。     

新型分裂素PBU对尾巨桉胚性愈伤组织诱导及植株再生的影响

以尾巨桉优良无性系无菌苗茎段为外植体,通过对噻唑基脲类新型分裂素（N-phenyl-N′-[6-（2-chlorobenzothiazol）-yl]urea,PBU）等多种不同浓度生长调节剂组合的优化,进行胚性愈伤组织诱导及植株再生研究。结果表明,在添加了2mg·L^-1PBU和0.05mg·L^-1IAA的改良MS培养基上,茎段外植体培养5d后愈伤组织诱导率达96%以上。将愈伤组织接种在添加1mg·L^-16-BA和0.05mg·L^-1NAA的MS培养基上,诱芽率达90.8%。随后在添加了0.8mg·L^-1PBU与0.05mg·L^-1IAA的1/2MS培养基上诱导芽伸长,用1/2MS培养基附加0.5mg·L^-1IBA诱导生根,移栽后得到完整再生植株。     

Shoot organogenesis from petiole explants in the aquatic plant Nymphoides indica

A protocol for rapid shoot organogenesis from petiole explants of the ornamental aquatic plantNymphoides indica L. Thwaites O. Kuntze was developed for use in future mutation breeding and cultivar selection studies. Optimum culture conditions for shoot organogenesis were determined. Effects of factorial combinations of 2-iP, BA or kinetin (0–25 μM) in factorial combination with IAA or NAA (0–25 μM) were examined. On the basis of regeneration frequency (80%) and adventitious shoot number (11.5 shoots per explant), most efficient shoot organogenesis occurred on petiole explants cultured on a basal medium consisting of full-strength MS inorganic salts, 0.56 mM myo-inositol, 1.2 μM thiamine-HCl, 116.8 mM sucrose supplemented with 10 μM BA and 20 μM IAA and solidified with 0.8% TC agar. Formation of adventitious shoots by direct and indirect shoot organogenesis from the same explant was verified by histological sectioning. With the exception of variegated leaf production on a single adventitious shoot produced in the presence of 25 μM kinetin and 15 μM NAA, no visible phenotypic abnormalities were observedin vitro in any of the shoots generated. Solid achlorophyllous adventitious shoots were recovered following culture of this variegated leaf tissue. Plantlets were easily acclimatized toex vitro conditions. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

In vitro clonal multiplication of mature trees of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.

Multiple shoots were obtained from nodal explants of 30-year-old trees of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. on a defined medium, MS (Murashige & Skoog medium) supplemented with auxin-cytokinin combinations. IAA (Indole accetic acid) alone promoted 15% rooted shoot buds. A combination of IAA+Kn (Kinetin) gave 100% rooted shoot buds. A combination of NAA (napthaleneacetic acid) + Kn and NAA+BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) also gave high percentages of rooted shoot buds. Ascorbic acid in the medium prevented the death of callus and plantlets, which followed darkening of the medium.     

Plant regeneration through the direct induction of shoot buds from petiole explants of Jatropha curcas: a biofuel plant

An efficient and reproducible method for the regeneration of Jatropha curcas plants has been developed. The method employed direct induction of shoot buds from petiole explants, without the formation of an intervening callus using a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ). The best induction of shoot buds (58.35%) and the number of shoot buds per explant (10.10) were observed when in vitro petiole explants were placed horizontally on MS medium supplemented with 2.27 µM TDZ after 6 weeks. The induced shoot buds were transferred to MS medium containing 10 µM kinetin (Kn), 4.5 µM 6-benzyl aminopurine (BAP) and 5.5 µM α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) for shoot proliferation. The proliferated shoots could be elongated on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of BAP, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), NAA and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). MS medium supplemented with 2.25 µM BAP and 8.5 µM IAA was found to be the best combination for shoot elongation and 3.01–3.91 cm elongation was achieved after 6 weeks. However, significant differences in plant regeneration and shoot elongation were observed among the genotypes studied. The orientation (horizontal or vertical) and source (in vitro or in vivo) of explants also significantly influenced plant regeneration. The elongated shoots could be rooted on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 2% sucrose, different concentrations and combinations of IBA, IAA and NAA, and 0.25 mg L⁻¹ activated charcoal. Half-strength MS medium supplemented with 2% sucrose, 15 µM IBA, 5.7 µM IAA, 5.5 µM NAA and 0.25 mg L⁻¹ activated charcoal was found to be the best for promoting rooting. The rooted plants could be established in soil with more than 90% survival.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In vitro</Emphasis> bud regeneration of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carthamus tinctorius</Emphasis> and wild <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carthamus</Emphasis> species from leaf explants and axillary buds

The organogenic competence of leaf explants of eleven Carthamus species including C. tinctorius on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ) + α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzyladenine (BA) + NAA was investigated. Highly prolific adventitious shoot regeneration was observed in C. tinctorius and C. arborescens on both growth regulator combinations and the shoot regeneration frequency was higher on medium supplemented with TDZ + NAA. Nodal culture of nine Carthamus species on media supplemented with BA and kinetin (KIN) individually revealed the superiority of media supplemented with BA over that of KIN in facilitating a higher shoot proliferation index. Proliferating shoots from axillary buds and leaf explants were transferred to medium supplemented with 1.0 mg dm⁻³ KIN or 0.5 mg dm⁻³ BA for shoot elongation. Elongated shoots were rooted on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg dm⁻³ each of indole-butyric acid (IBA) and phloroglucinol. The plantlets thus obtained were hardened and transferred to soil.     

Pretreatment in thidiazuron improves the in vitro shoot induction from leaves in Curculigo orchioides Gaertn., an endangered medicinal plant

Leaf regeneration via direct induction of adventitious shoots obtained from an endangered medicinal plant, Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. by pretreating with thidiazuron. C. orchioides is an endangered medicinal herb belonging to the family Hypoxidaceae. Direct inoculation of leaf pieces on MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of BAP (2–8 μM) or TDZ (2–8 μM) alone or in combination with NAA (0.5 and 1.0 μM) produced low shoot induction both in terms of % response and number of shoots per explant. Hence, leaf explants were pretreated with 15, 25 or 50 μM thidiazuron (TDZ), for 6, 24 or 48 h with the aim of improving shoot regeneration from cultured explants. After pretreatment, explants were transferred to an agar solidified MS medium that was supplemented with BAP (4 μM), TDZ (6 μM), BAP (4 μM) + NAA (1.0 μM), TDZ (6 μM) + NAA (0.5 μM). Control explants were incubated directly on the medium without any pretreatment. The pretreatment of explants with 15 μM TDZ for 24 h significantly promoted the formation of adventitious shoots and the maximum response was observed on MS medium supplemented with 6 μM TDZ. In this medium, 96 % cultures responded with an average number of 16.2 adventitious shoots per explant. The percentage of leaf explants producing shoots and the average number of shoots per explant were significantly improved when TDZ pretreated leaves were cultured onto MS medium supplemented with BAP or TDZ alone or in combination with NAA. The rooted plantlets were successfully transplanted to soil with 90% success. The present investigation indicated the stimulatory role of TDZ pretreatment in regulating shoot regeneration from leaf explants of C. orchioides.     

Direct and indirect shoot and bulblet regeneration from cultured leaf explants of Lilium pumilum,an endangered species

Alternative methods of in vitro cloning that involve both adventitious (direct) and callus intermediate (indirect) pathways were investigated for the endangered species Lilium pumilum. Plantlet regeneration was obtained from leaf explants, cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with various combinations of auxins and cytokinins at different concentrations. About 30% of the explants directly formed adventitious shoots on MS medium containing 8.88 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 2.69 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). For production of regenerable callus, callus formation followed by shoot induction was best when explants were initially cultured on MS medium supplemented with 9.05 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Regenerable calli were yellow or purple and readily regenerated shoots when subcultured onto MS medium containing 2.22 μM BA and 1.61 μM NAA. About 78% of the calli were able to produce adventitious shoots. Shoots were rooted on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 1.34 μM NAA and were successfully acclimatized to greenhouse conditions. This report describes an efficient method for the in vitro multiplication of whole plants from leaf explants of the endangered species L. pumilum.     

Direct shoot regeneration from nodal,internodal and petiolar segments of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Piper longum</Emphasis> L. and in vitro conservation of indexed plantlets

Three explants namely, nodal, internodal and petiolar segments were used to establish in vitro cultures of Piper longum. Multiple shoots were induced on semi-solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1 mg/l 6-benzyladenine (BA). Addition of ascorbic acid (40 mg/l) considerably reduced browning of tissue and medium. Best shoot regeneration was observed from petiolar explants and was, therefore, used for all further studies. An indexing method was introduced for checking bacterial contamination in well established shoot multiplication cultures. It was found that bacterial infection was quite high in shoots derived from nodal and internodal explants while it was least in those obtained from petiolar segments. Only shoots that indexed negative for endogenous bacteria were used for proliferation and in vitro conservation studies. At the end of 4 weeks in proliferation medium which consisted of MS supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BA and 40 mg/l ascorbic acid as many as 22 shoot buds of 41 mm length could be obtained. Shoot buds developed into clusters for ease of further proliferation. A step of shoot elongation for 2 weeks in liquid MS basal medium was found to be beneficial for getting long and healthy shoots for rooting. Single shoots were rooted in 0.25 mg/l indole butyric acid that could be successfully acclimatized under nethouse conditions. A conservation strategy was also developed. The shoot cultures could be maintained without subculturing for as long as 8 weeks in MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l paclobutrazol (PBZ) and 40 mg/l ascorbic acid.