THE BIOLOGY OF THYSANOPTERA WITH REFERENCE TO THE COTTON PLANT

Investigations were made of the degree of infestation of plants grown in light soil and in clay soil sown at different dates. The plants sown late in the season in light soil were more affected by the thrips, the infestation being relatively high almost from the germination of the plant and causing death before the flowering stage was reached. On the blocks of plants in light soil sown earlier in the year the infestation was relatively low for a considerable period, and although, at the end of the season, the thrips became very numerous on these plants it was not until after the bolls had been formed, and in this case the practical damage was small.
The plants sown in clay soil at different dates did not show such a marked difference in the degree of infestation, and all were less infested by the insects than the corresponding blocks of plants in light soil. This corroborates the findings of previous experiments, namely, that plants grown in light soil are found to be more heavily infested by T. tabaci than plants grown under similar conditions in clay soil.
I should like to take this opportunity of thanking Prof. Dunkerly for his helpful criticism, Miss R. M. Smith and Mr I. Thomas for their assistance in making the counts, and Mr R. Stewart for his analysis of the soils used.     

杀虫双和杀螟丹选育对小菜蛾抗药性的形成及其抗性机制

用杀虫双和杀螟丹在实验室以点滴法处理小菜蛾Plutella xylostella L.四龄幼虫,以连续继代药剂淘汰选育其抗药性。至35代,药剂汰选的小菜蛾对杀虫双和杀螟丹的抗药性较选育前正常品系分别提高了51倍和25倍。其抗药性的形成发展均呈S形,可认为已成为抗性品系。以有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯及有机氮等11种杀虫剂测试抗杀虫双小菜蛾品系和抗杀螟丹小菜蛾品系对常用药剂的敏感度结果表明：对杀虫双、杀螟丹和杀虫环之间有较严重的正交互抗性;对敌敌艮、马拉硫磷和杀螟松有轻微交互抗性产生;对溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氯菊酯和灭多威、久效威等药剂更加敏感,呈负交互抗性。用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)法测定表明,抗药性产生与特异性酯酶的形成有一定关系。用比色法和酸度法测定,抗性品系的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)活性降低,羧酸酯酶(CarE)活性无差异。加增效剂Pb和SV₁：于四龄幼虫表皮,对抗杀虫双小菜蛾晶系分别有6.28及1.45倍的增效作用;对抗杀螟丹小菜蛾品系分别有4.85及1.39倍的增效作用,可见多功能氧化酶(MFO)为小菜蛾抗杀虫双和抗杀螟丹的重要因子。     

FACTORS AFFECTING THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CO2 CONCENTRATION

Durbin , Richard D. (U. Minnesota, St. Paul.) Factors affecting the vertical distribution of Rhizoctonia solani, with special reference to CO₂ concentration. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(1) : 22-25. Illus. 1959.—Thirty-three heterogeneous clones of 3 ecological types of Rhizoctonia solani (aerial, surface, and subterranean, based on their vertical distribution on the host plant) were grown in flowing atmospheres containing various levels of CO₂. The linear growth rates were compared with those obtained when the clones were grown in normal air. Significant differences were found among the clones with respect to their tolerance of CO₂. Those found normally in the soil were more tolerant of CO₂ than were clones occurring in either surface or aerial environments. Additional experiments with other plant pathogenic soil fungi, plus data obtained from the literature, indicate that tolerance of CO₂ is a common attribute of fungi normally found in the soil and in rotting organic matter, environments where high CO₂ concentrations are to be expected. Significant differences were also found in the linear growth rates of 86 clones from the 3 types. The ratio of the mean growth rates for aerial, surface, and subterranean clones was about 4:3:2, respectively. The 2 characteristics, linear growth rate and CO₂ tolerance, were negatively correlated (r = +.773). The percentage of the aerial, surface, and subterranean types producing sclerotia was 82, 48, and 21, respectively. In 9 clones tested linear growth rate was not found to be correlated with endogenous O₂ uptake rate. Carbon dioxide tolerance, linear growth rate, and sclerotial formation are characteristics which seem to play a part in determining the habitat of clones of this fungus.     

THE TRANSMISSION OF PLANT VIRUSES BY BITING INSECTS, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO COWPEA MOSAIC

Experiments on the virus-vector relationship of the Trinidad cowpea mosaic virus, transmitted by Ceratoma ruficornis , gave the following results: ability to infect decreased with increasing time after ceasing to feed on infected plants, but vectors remained infective for 14 days (much longer than the longevity in vitro of the virus at glasshouse shade temperatures of 23–31°C.); the beetles transmitted more consistently after longer feeding on infected plants, though feeds of under 5 min. made them efficient vectors; the proportion of plants infected increased with the amount of feeding damage on them; fasting the vectors before feeding on infected plants increased voracity but had no effect on their ability to transmit; beetles became infective immediately after feeding on infected plants. Cowpeas were infected by inoculation with macerated infective vectors or with juice regurgitated by vectors. There is no evidence that aphids or other sucking insects can transmit the virus. It seems similar to squash mosaic and turnip yellow mosaic, for vectors of all three viruses probably transmit by regurgitating infective juice during feeding.     

农牧交错区不同植物群落土壤呼吸的日动态观测与测定方法比较

 采用动态密闭气室法（IRGA）对农牧交错区10种植物群落最大生物量时期的土壤呼吸日动态进行了测定,并将该方法得到的土壤日呼吸速率与碱液吸收法（AA）进行了比较。结果表明：1）10个群落土壤呼吸的昼夜变化比较明显,均为单峰型曲线,主要受土壤温度的驱动,但同时也受到当日降水情况和云量、风速等气象因子的较大影响。因此,这些群落土壤呼吸日动态的一致性较差,规律性并不明显。2）用碱液吸收法和动态密闭气室法测定的10个群落的土壤呼吸速率变化范围分别为394～894 mg C·m-2·d-1和313～2043 mg C·m-2·d-1,其中碱液吸收法测定结果平均为动态气室法的67.5%,明显低于动态密闭气室法。3）两种测定方法具有很好的相关性,R2为0.873 9。本研究中发现,在土壤呼吸速率低的情况下,两种方法的测定结果十分接近甚至碱液吸收法测定结果稍大于动态密闭气室法,而在土壤呼吸速率较高的情况下,动态密闭气室法测定结果则显著高于碱液吸收法。上述结果与国内外同类研究的结果高度一致,从而为校正以往采用碱液吸收法在该区域的测定结果提供了可靠依据。