A STUDY OF THE BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF ULTRA VIOLET LIGHT : III. THE ABSORPTION OF ULTRA VIOLET LIGHT BY BACTERIA

The simple conclusion of former investigators that the shorter the wave length of ultra violet light the greater the bactericidal action is in error. A study with measured monochromatic energy reveals a characteristic curve of bactericidal effectiveness with a striking maximum between 260 and 270 m.µ. The reciprocal of this abiotic energy curve suggests its close relation to specific light absorption by some single essential substance in the cell. Methods are described for determining the absorption curve, or absorption coefficients, of intact bacteria. These curves for S. aureus and B. coli have important points of similarity and of difference with the reciprocals of the curves of bactericidal incident energy, and point the way in a further search for the specific substance, or substances, involved in the lethal reaction.     

沿林冠开度梯度的银杉幼树对光的适应性

用气体交换技术测定了四川省金佛山生长在一个典型林隙(林隙面积约为100 m²)不同位置的银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla)幼树叶片的部分光合生理生态指标,用改进的鱼眼镜头法测定了所测叶片的林冠开度(CO),并测定了这些银杉幼树个体的生长状况。研究了沿林冠开度梯度银杉幼树对光的适应性。银杉幼树在林隙边缘表现出较好的适应性,包括当年生树高生长速率(HG)、平均地茎生长速率(DG)和当年冠幅生长速率(CG)。随林冠开度的增加,单位叶面积的最大净光合速率(P_narea)、暗呼吸速率(R_darea)和单位叶面积的叶片干物质重(比叶重,SLM)明显增加,且相关显著。随林冠开度的增加,单位叶面积(LA)和单位叶干物质重的暗呼吸速率(R_dmass)略有降低,而单位叶片干物质重的最大净光合速率(P_nmass)和单位叶片干物质重(LM)略有升高,但相关不显著。沿林冠开度的银杉幼树的形态可塑性要略低于生理生态可塑性,但差异不显著。     

LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF A PUNCTATE SPECIES OF PYRAMIMONAS,P. MUCIFERA SP. NOV. (PRASINOPHYCEAE)1

Pyramimonas mucifera sp. nov., a punctate species of the genus, is unusual both behaviorally and at the fine structural level. It forms two distinct populations in culture, one benthic and one planktonic. Planktonic forms are more conventional for the genus, but benthic forms are found in loosely packed mucilage, have flagellar rather than ciliary beating of the flagella, and display a higher degree of metaboly. Ultrastructurally this species is unusual in that it has a unique scale complement and the cells contain numerous muciferous vesicles, leaving only small pockets of cytoplasm containing the usual organelles. This species has a 3–1 type flagellar apparatus but has an additional fibrillar band, a 4–3-2–3 microtubular root system and a flexible synistosome. The discovery of a mucilage-producing species of Pyramimonas draws attention to possible links with other prasinophytes (Halosphaera) and green algae of questionable affiliation (Oltmannsiellopsis and Hafniomonas). It also provides a model of the primitive pyramimonad.     

A NOTE ON THE RELATIVE PHOTOSENSORY EFFECT OF POLARIZED LIGHT

Experiments were made to compare the stimulating effectiveness of vertically and horizontally polarized lights and non-polarized lights of equal intensity upon phototropic movements of the beetle Tetraopes tetraopthalmus; and to compare the effectiveness of two light beams polarized at right angles to one another upon phototropic orientation of the land isopod Cylisticus convexus. Tetraopes is positively, and Cylisticus, negatively phototropic. Tests were also made of the intensities of horizontally and of vertically polarized light required to inhibit stereotropism in larvæ of Tenebrio. Under the conditions of the tests, no certain qualitative effect connected with polarization could be detected.     

A STUDY OF THE BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF ULTRA VIOLET LIGHT : I. THE REACTION TO MONOCHROMATIC RADIATIONS

In this first paper of a series on the bactericidal action of ultra violet light the methods of isolating and measuring monochromatic radiations, of preparing and exposing the bacteria, and of estimating the effects of exposure, are given in detail. At all the different wave lengths studied the reactions of S. aureus followed similar curves, but occurred, at each wave length, at a different energy level. The general similarity of these curves to those for monomolecular reactions provokes a discussion of their signifiance, and emphasis is laid upon variations in susceptibility of individual organisms, due especially to age and metabolic activity, so that the typical curve seems to be best interpreted as one of probability.     

STUDIES ON SARGASSUM. I. A LIGHT MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF THE WOUND REGENERATION PROCESS IN MATURE STIPES OF S. FILIPENDULA

Regrowth from wounded stipe explants of Sargassum can be divided into four stages based on cytological changes. The first stage involves changes associated with the wound reactions and the formation of a wound epidermis. The second stage includes the formation of a well defined medullary pit with meristematically active cells around its periphery. Several “bud primordia” are also formed which begin to grow by cell division towards the wound surface. The third stage involves a period of internal tissue differentiation in the “bud primordia” such that mitotic activity is localized in the bud tip and the basal cells grow by cell elongation. The fourth stage marks a major change in the morphology of the regeneration branch from a tubular structure to that of a flattened blade. This change in morphology is preceded by the formation of an apical pit around which the flattened growth appears to be organized.     

不同光照强度和湿度以钗石斛生长的影响

为了系统地研究不同光照强度下湿度以金钗石斛（Dendrobium nobile)生长的影响,在金钗石斛分蘖期,于80μmol.m^-2.s^-1、160μmol.m^-2.s^-1、320μmol.m^-2.s^-1、640μmol.m^-2.s^-1的不同光强下,各设置5个温度（15℃、20℃、30℃、35℃）梯度对石斛进行处理。结果表明：石斛的生长与代谢随温度由低到高,表现出弱－强－弱的变化规律℃;80μmol.m^-2.s^-1与640μmol.m^-2.s^-1的中、强光照下,25℃处理石斛的生长优势尤为明显;不同光强下,石斛鲜重的大多以25℃处理更快,繁殖力则以20℃和25℃处理较高;各光强下的MDA含量随温度升高而先降后升,且均以25℃最低;可溶性蛋白质、可溶性总糖及叶绿互含量则表现出随温度由低到高而先增后减的趋势,其含量最高点均出现在25℃左右;净光合速率和叶绿素含量随光强和温度的变化趋势基本一致;各种光强下的暗呼吸速率均随温度升高而增大。因此,在不同的光照条件下,石斛生长的适宜温度均在25℃左右。光温处理引起石斛生理生化过程明显的相应变化表现出：高温和弱光照条件有利于石斛的株高增长,但不利于产量和质量提高;石斛的生长与MDA含量呈显著负相关（r80=-0.9082、r160=0.8892、r320=-0.8075、r640=-0.8586),与可溶性糖含量一定正相关（r80=-0.7673、r160=0.8892、r320=0.8179、r640=0.9278）,并且石斛的生长与可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素含量、光合速率之间的变化趋势基本一致。     

不同光照强度和温度对金钗石斛生长的影响

为了系统地研究不同光照强度下温度对金钗石斛(Dendrobium nobile)生长的影响,在金钗石斛分蘖期,于80μmol·m-2·s-1、160μmol·m-2·s-1、320μmol·m-2·s-1、640μmol·m-2·s-1的不同光强下,各设置5个温度(15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃)梯度对石斛进行处理。结果表明：石斛的生长与代谢随温度由低到高,表现出弱—强—弱的变化规律;80μmol·m-2·S-1光强下,石斛生长以25～30℃较为适宜;160μmol·m-2·s-1光强下则以20～25℃为适宜温度范围;320μmol·m-2·s-1与640μmol·m-2·s-1的中、强光照下,25℃处理石斛的生长优势尤为明显;不同光强下,石斛鲜重的增长大多以25℃处理更快,繁殖力则以20℃与25℃处理较高,各光强下的MDA含量随温度升高而先降后升,且均以25℃最低;可溶性蛋白质、可溶性总糖及叶绿素含量则表现出随温度由低到高而先增后减的趋势,其含量最高点均出现在25℃左右;净光合速率和叶绿素含量随光强和温度的变化趋势基本一致;各种光强下的暗呼吸速率均随温度升高而增大。因此,在不同的光照条件下,石斛生长的适宜温度均在25℃左右。光温处理引起石斛生理生化过程明显的相应变化表现出：高温和弱光照条件有利于石斛的株高增长,但不利于产量和质量提高;石斛的生长与MDA含量呈显著负相关(r80＝-0.9082、r160＝-0.9816、r320＝-0.8075、r640＝-0.8586),与可溶性糖含量呈一定正相关(r80＝0.7673、r160＝0.8892、r320＝0.8179、r640＝0.9278),并且石斛的生长与可溶性蛋白质含量、叶绿素含量、光合速率之间的变化趋势基本一致。