云南高黎贡山蚤类的生态区系

本文报道了１９８５年以来对我甸横断山南端高黎贡山东、西坡蚤类生态区系的调查及研究结果。共发现蚤类５科２３属４７种（亚种）。文中对该山脉蚤类在不同森林植物带的群落结构、种的多样性及均匀度,各种蚤的栖境幅度、宿主多样性进行了陈述和比较,并对蚤类的区系特征、特有种的区系划分等问题进行了讨论。     

STUDIES ON THE FLORAL HISTOGENESIS AND PHYSIOLOGY OF PERILLA. III. EFFECTS OF INDOLEACETIC ACID ON THE FLOWERING OF APICAL BUDS AND EXPLANTS IN CULTURE

Raghavan , V. (Princeton U., Princeton, N. J.) Studies on the floral histogenesis and physiology of Perilla. III. Effects of indoleacetic acid on the flowering of apical buds and explants in culture. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(10): 870–876. Illus. 1961.—The responses of apical buds and explants of a short-day plant, Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. var. 'Tall Late,' when grown in vitro in White's medium supplemented with indoleacetic acid (IAA) and subjected to short-days (SD) or long-days (LD), are described. Additions of varying concentrations of IAA to the medium inhibited the flowering of the photoinduced apical buds in 2 ways. There was a progressive delay in the appearance of the first signs at the apex and a gradual transition from the more flower-like structures in lower concentrations of IAA (0.1 mg/liter) to sterile cones in higher doses. The sterile cones had florets with well-developed calyx and corolla lobes, but lacked the sporogenous tissues. When subjected to LD, visible signs were observed only in buds grown in 0.1 and 1.0 mg/liter IAA, the pronounced effect of the auxin being in the step-wise inhibition in the formation of the non-sporogenous tissues of the differentiating florets. Flowering of the explants with the 1st pair of unfolded leaves was also inhibited by IAA in either SD or LD, but the 1st signs appeared relatively faster than in apical buds. When photoinduced, explants with the 1st and 2nd pairs of unfolded leaves flowered in all concentrations of IAA tried (up to 100 mg/liter) while those kept in LD remained entirely vegetative.     

FINE STRUCTURE OF MYCOTA. 7. OBSERVATIONS ON SEPTA OF ASCOMYCETES AND BASIDIOMYCETES

Moore , R. T., and J. H. Mc Alear . (Cornell U., Ithaca, N. Y.) Fine structure of mycota. 7. Observations on septa of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. Amer. Jour. Bot. 49(1): 86–94. Illus. 1962.—Electron microscopy of 13 carpomycete species (5 Ascomycetes, 5 Basidiomycetes, and 3 Deuteromycetes) presents evidence that suggests there is an Ascomycete- and a Basidiomycete-type septum. The observed Ascomycete septa taper slightly or not at all toward a simple, clear-channel, central pore, while the observed Basidiomycete septa flare sharply and broadly at the center to produce what is termed a dolipore septum. On each side of this septum is a double membrane structure that is crescent-shaped in section. This is given the name parenthesome. These dolipore-parenthesome septa were found to be characteristic of basidiocarpic, dikaryotic, hyphae. Interpretative drawings of both types of septa are presented. From these and the micrographs, it is not difficult to see how materials, including nuclei, could pass through the Ascomycete-type septum, but it would appear that the modifications of the Basidiomycete-type septum while maintaining cytoplasmic continuity would prohibit nuclear migration in dikaryotic hyphae. It is postulated that as the plant and animal phylogenetic lines have developed actual diploidism, the terminal group of the fungi may have achieved functional diploidism. Of the 3 species of Deuteromycetes examined, 2, Aspergillus variecolor and Stilbum zacalloxanthum, have typical Ascomycete-type septa; the third, QM 7739, has Basidiomycete-type septa. This fungus is a species of Sclerotium, but the present confusion and lack of definitive information regarding the taxonomy, genetics, and perfect stage of this genus prohibit the enlarging at present on the possible significance of this observation.     

温度对赤眼蜂的发育和羽化的影响

赤眼蜂的生长发育温度大致为10—35℃,可区分为全期正常发育温度(16—33℃);部分虫期发育温度(10—11℃);全期发育阀限温度(12—15°及34—35.5℃)。全期正常发育温度尚可划出发育适温区(20—30℃)及最适温区(24—26℃)。在适温及最适温区,赤眼蜂的发育速率随温度的升高而稳步上升。拟澳洲赤眼蜂温度每增长5℃,发育速率增长21—23%。在最适温区或适温区下繁殖,生长发育最好,羽化率最高。在适温区以外,赤眼蜂的生长发育较大幅度地向不利方向变化,发育时间延长,发育速率减慢。赤眼蜂个体发育所需的时间十分悬殊,影响因素有接蜂时间、寄生量、卵粒大小及质量以及气候环境等。拟澳洲赤眼蜂的发育始点为10.6℃,有效积温为157日度;舟蛾赤眼蜂为9.6℃及176日度。 赤眼蜂群体羽化的时间,在自然环境下以日间为多,并受光线的影响常在晨间形成羽化高蜂。在适温下群体羽化的时间-数量关系呈主蜂前移的波形曲线。群体羽化过程一般常有三个明显的周期,形成三个羽化高峰;同一群体,每一周期的羽化高峰,在时间上常有同步现象。有97%以上的个体在三个羽化周期内完成羽化。第一周期内羽化的个体是群体中生活力最强的个体。     

马尾松和黄山松疱锈病病原及转主的研究

<正> 马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)和黄山松(P.hwangshanensis Hsia)疱锈病是皖西大别山区二针松枝干上的重要病害。早在五十年代末期就已于黄山地区的马尾松幼林内发现,近十年来又先后在霍山、金寨、岳西、太湖等县的马尾松和黄山松幼林中连续发生。发病率一般为5%左右,最高的达30%以上。有些受害严重的幼林,不得不全部伐除,并更换其他造林树种,因此给林业生产酿成了很大的损失。作者自1988—1990年在金寨、岳西等县对上述疱锈病病原及转主寄主进行了调查研究,现将     

S.aureus对PMN粘弹性和细胞骨架影响的研究

利用微管吸吮技术和免疫组化染色,研究了在不同浓度金黄色葡萄球菌及其代谢液作用下多形核中性粒白细胞粘弹性的变化,以及在金黄色葡萄球菌作用下PMN细胞骨架的改变。结果发现金黄色葡萄球菌代谢液对PMN粘弹性无显著影响,而金黄色葡萄球菌悬液则对PMN的粘弹性有显著影响。各参数值随金黄色葡萄球菌浓度的增加而显著递增,至金黄色葡萄球菌浓度达10倍PMN浓度时趋于稳定;微丝和微管的免疫组化染色发现其细胞骨架形态发生改变,定量分析其光密度有显著增加。这些结果表明：PMN受金黄色葡萄球菌刺激后,细胞骨架发生了重新组装和骨架蛋白的表达,使PMN刚性和粘性均增加,促进在局部微循环中滞留粘附,发生炎性反应。     

COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON RESPIRATION : XXIV. THE EFFECTS OF CHLOROFORM ON THE RESPIRATION OF DEAD AND OF LIVING TISSUE.

1. Chloroform in low concentration (0.25 per cent) causes an increase in the rate of production of CO₂ in Ulva; this is followed by a decrease. In higher concentration (0.5 per cent) only a decrease is observed. 2. Assuming that the normal oxidation depends on the action of peroxide and peroxidase, experiments were made by placing Ulva in 1.0 per cent H₂O₂ and in Fe₂(SO₄)₃ (which acts like a peroxidase). The former diminishes the rate, the latter increases and subsequently decreases it. 3. When Ulva is killed in such a manner as to destroy the oxidizing enzymes, no CO₂ is produced unless H₂O₂ and Fe₂(SO₄)₃ are present. If to this mixture chloroform is added, the effect depends on the concentration of the iron. If the concentration is low there is an increase in the production of CO₂ followed by a decrease. If the concentration is high the rate appears to decrease from the start.     

ON THE EVOLUTION OF PARTHENOGENESIS. II. INBREEDING AND THE COST OF MEIOSIS

Quantitative models of genetic change were analyzed to study the effect of inbreeding on the conditions for the evolution of parthenogenesis. Although inbreeding has been proposed as a key factor that may resolve the apparent paradox between the success of biparental reproduction and the genetic advantages of uniparental reproduction, the results indicate that inbreeding does not greatly change the cost of meiosis in diploids and actually increases it in haplodiploids. Inbreeding increases parent-offspring relatedness and the reproductive value of females. These direct effects act antagonistically on the cost of meiosis: higher relatedness between parents and biparentally-derived offspring promotes biparental reproduction, and high reproductive value of females promotes thelytoky. In diploids the two effects cancel one another, while in haplodiploids the latter predominates. A survey by Hamilton (1967) showed that a high proportion of haplodiploid species that undergo close inbreeding have thelytokous relatives, an association that is consistent with the result obtained here that, apart from its effect on the sex ratio, inbreeding directly promotes parthenogenesis in haplodiploids.