VASCULAR ORGANIZATION IN SHOOTS OF CACTACEAE. I. DEVELOPMENT AND MORPHOLOGY OF PRIMARY VASCULATURE IN PERESKIOIDEAE AND OPUNTIOIDEAE

Primary shoot vasculature has been studied for 31 species of Pereskioideae and Opuntioideae from serial transections and stained, decorticated shoot tips. The eustele of all species is interpreted as consisting of sympodia, one for each orthostichy. A sympodium is composed of a vertically continuous axial bundle from which arise leaf- and areole-trace bundles and, in many species, accessory bundles and bridges between axial bundles. Provascular strands for leaf traces and axial bundles are initiated acropetally and continuously within the residual meristem, but differentiation of procambium for areole traces and bridges is delayed until primordia form on axillary buds. The differentiation patterns of primary phloem and xylem are those typically found in other dicotyledons. In all species vascular supply for a leaf is principally derived from only one procambial bundle that arises from axial bundles, whereas traces from two axial bundles supply the axillary bud. Two structural patterns of primary vasculature are found in the species examined. In four species of Pereskia that possess the least specialized wood in the stem, primary vascular systems are open, and leaf traces are mostly multipartite, arising from one axial bundle. In other Pereskioideae and Opuntioideae the vascular systems are closed through a bridge at each node that arises near the base of each leaf, and leaf traces are generally bipartite or single. Vascular systems in Pereskiopsis are relatively simple as compared to the complex vasculature of Opuntia, in which a vascular network is formed at each node by fusion of two sympodia and a leaf trace with areole traces and numerous accessory bundles. Variations in nodal structure correlate well with differences in external shoot morphology. Previous reports that cacti have typical 2-trace, unilacunar nodal structure are probably incorrect. Pereskioideae and Opuntioideae have no additional medullary or cortical systems.     

SIMILARITY OF THE KINETICS OF INVERTASE ACTION IN VIVO AND IN VITRO. II

1. The pH-activity relationship of invertase has been studied in vivo and in vitro under identical external environmental conditions. 2. The effect of changing (H⁺) upon the sucroclastic activity of living cells of S. cerevisiae and of invertase solutions obtained therefrom has been found, within experimental error, to be identical. 3. The region of living yeast cells in which invertase exerts its physiological activity changes its pH freely and to the same extent as that of the suspending medium. It is suggested that this may indicate that this intracellular enzyme may perform its work somewhere in the outer region of the cell. 4. In using live cells containing maltase, no evidence of increased sucroclastic activity around pH 6.9, due to the action of Weidenhagen''s α-glucosidase (maltase), was found.     

SIMILARITY OF THE KINETICS OF INVERTASE ACTION IN VIVO AND IN VITRO. III

1. The relationship of sucrose and water concentration to invertase activity in vivo and in vitro has been studied under the same environmental conditions. 2. The sucroclastic activity of S. cerevisiae cells and of invertase solutions prepared from them reacts to changes in sucrose and water concentration in an identical manner. 3. The invertase contained in living yeast cells is just as freely exposed to the conditions of sucrose and water concentrations of the suspending medium as it would be if it were contained in a cell-free solution. Weight is added to the previous suggestion (2) that yeast invertase exerts its physiological activity in a region quite close to the surface of the cell.     

INTERSPECIFIC INCOMPATIBILITY IN GOSSYPIUM. II. LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDIES OF CELL NECROSIS AND TUMORIGENESIS IN HYBRIDS OF G. KLOTZSCHIANUM

Many Gossypium interspecific hybrids that involve G. klotzschianum result in either embryo or seedling lethals. Histologically, lethal symptoms are characterized by necrotic cells and tumors that appear 10–15 days after fertilization in the embryo lethals and at the first true-leaf stage in the seedling lethals. Ultrastructural studies of cell necrosis in seedling lethals show that the first subcellular abnormality is the degeneration of the inner membrane and cristae of the mitochondria. Mitochondrial degeneration is essentially complete before other organelles show evidence of structural aberrations.     

EVOLUTION OF DOMINANCE IN SPOROPHYTIC SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY SYSTEMS: I. GENETIC LOAD AND COEVOLUTION OF LEVELS OF DOMINANCE IN POLLEN AND PISTIL

Recent theoretical advances have suggested that various forms of balancing selection may promote the evolution of dominance through an increase of the proportion of heterozygote genotypes. We test whether dominance can evolve in the sporophytic self-incompatibility (SSI) system in plants. SSI prevents mating between individuals expressing identical SI phenotypes by recognition of pollen by pistils, which avoids selfing and inbreeding depression. SI phenotypes depend on a complex network of dominance relationships between alleles at the self-incompatibility locus ( S -locus). Empirical studies suggest that these relationships are not random, but the exact evolutionary processes shaping these relationships remain unclear. We investigate the expected patterns of dominance under the hypothesis that dominance is a direct target of natural selection. We follow the fate of a mutant allele at the S -locus whose dominance relationships are changed but whose specificity remains unaltered. We show that strict codominance is not evolutionarily stable in SSI, and that inbreeding depression due to deleterious mutations linked or unlinked to the S -locus exerts strong constraints on changes in relative levels of dominance in pollen and pistil. Our results provide a general adaptive explanation for most patterns of dominance relationships empirically observed in natural plant populations.     

LEAF DEVELOPMENT OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L. IN LIGHT AND IN DARKNESS

Development of the primary bean leaf in the dark and under continuous white light was studied during 14 days after sowing. The increase in surface area of the blade is the result of a number of sequential processes. Both in the darkness and under illumination, leaf growth is characterized by an initial cell enlargement followed by intensive cell division. Cell division in etiolated leaves continues for one day longer than in illuminated ones, but it proceeds at a slower rate. Mature leaves grown under white light undergo a phase of cell enlargement after cell division has stopped. This increases their surface area up to 800 times when compared with the blade area of the embryo. This enlargement phase is almost absent in dark-grown seedlings. Consequently the blade area of etiolated leaves is only 50 times that of the embryonic state. Thus light appears to have a dual effect on leaf development: it activates cell division and induces cell expansion.     

六六六在水环境中转移、积累和归趋研究——3.六六六在鱼体的积累释放

鳃是六六六进入鱼体的主要通道,鱼体的残留水平决定于水与体脂间的分配平衡。要使背肌六六六残留低于0.5毫克/公斤,则水中六六六含量要低于0.024毫克/升。鱼体六六六残留向水体释放的速度与温度有关,温度低,释放慢;当温度低于10℃时,释放的速度极慢以至难以检出。建议采用清水寄养的方法,让鱼体释放六六六,降低残毒,提高商品质量。这种方法估计也适用于其它脂溶性的与水分配系数不是太大的污染物。       

假木贼属植物化学成分及生物活性研究进展

综述了到目前为止发表的有关假木贼属的化学成分,主要为生物碱,对这些化合物的生物活性也作了简要的概括。     

STUDIES OF LINKAGE IN POPULATIONS. XIV. HISTORICAL CHANGES IN FREQUENCIES OF GENE ARRANGEMENTS AND ARRANGEMENT COMBINATIONS IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA ROBUSTA

Abstract Data are reported showing large directional changes in the frequencies of some gene arrangements and arrangement combinations in certain natural populations of Drosophila robusta in the eastern United States. The changes involve the same X‐chromosomal inversion differences in two of the three localities studied and similar autosomal inversions in all three. These genetic changes provide a rare opportunity to observe evolutionary forces at work in nature. They are interpreted as being due to natural selection.     

MORPHOGENESIS OF THE STAMENLESS-2 MUTANT IN TOMATO. I. COMPARATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE FLOWERS AND ONTOGENY OF STAMENS IN THE NORMAL AND MUTANT PLANTS

The single gene recessive mutant stamenless-2 (sl₂/sl₂) differs phenotypically from the normal (+/+) only in the stamen structure. Stamens of the mutant plants were laterally free, twisted, shorter, paler in color, possessed abnormal pollen, and bore naked external ovules (E.O.) on the adaxial surface near the junction of anther and filament. Mutant plants grown in the field during summer produced flowers in which a number of carpel-like organs (‘carpelloid stamens‘) with few or no E.O. replaced the stamens. On the other hand, plants grown in the greenhouse during winter possessed flowers with greater number of yellow and pubescent stamens and many E.O. Study of stamen ontogeny revealed that at initiation (up to 100 μ in length) stamen primordia of normal and mutant plants resembled each other. Thereafter the development of stamens in the two genotypes could be distinguished.     

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF GAMETOGENESIS IN LAMINARIA SACCHARINA. IV. IN SITU DEVELOPMENT OF GAMETOPHYTES AND YOUNG SPOROPHYTES1,2

Meiospores of Laminaria saccharina labeled with a fluorescent stain were put into the sea and recovered at frequent intervals. They developed into gametophytes which produced gametes throughout the year. Antheridia were produced earlier than oogonia. Gametogenesis was slowest during the late autumn and early winter. On the basis of nutritional studies and the seasonal distribution of nutrients, it was concluded that the rate of gametogenesis was not due to nutrient deficiency but most likely to light. Production of macroscopic sporophytes appeared to be limited by survival of microscopic sporophytes rather than gametogenesis. Macroscopic sporophytes became evident during the late winter and autumn. The greater light and perhaps higher temperatures of summer were suggested as agents limiting macroscopic sporophyte production during this period.     

蚕豆植株中酰脲分布和叶片中酰脲水解活性

蚕豆根、茎和叶含有0.31～0.70 μmol酰脲·g~(-1)FW,并受结瘤和生长发育的影响。摘除正在生长的器官可观察到同腋位叶片酞脲含量暂时升高现象。 叶片中酰脲主要是尿囊酸。尿囊素酶和脲酶活性分别为0.30 μmol尿囊酸·g~(-1)FW·h~(-1)和0.19 μmol NH_3·g~(-1)FW·h~(-1)。尿囊酸含量和尿囊素酶活性日变化相似,只是后者峰值比前者出现早。     

贵州大树茶的核型变异与进化

本文对贵州大树茶7种1变种11类型的核型进行了分析。结果表明,这些种类均为二倍体2n＝30。五室茶Camellia quinquelocularis 2n＝30＝24m+6sm;四球茶C．tetracocca 2n＝30=22m+8sm;大理茶C．taliensis 2n=30＝22m+8sm;秃房茶C．gymnogyna 2n＝30＝22m+6sm+2st与2n=30＝20m+8sm+2st;假秃房茶C. gymnogynoides 2n＝30=22m+6sm+2st与2n＝30=20m+8sm+2st;榕江茶C. jungkiangensis 2n＝30+20m+8sm+2st;茶C．sinensis 2n=30＝20m+8sm+2st以及变种淡红花茶C．sinensis var．ruolla 2n＝30=20m+8sm+2st;均属2A核型。染色体结构变异在茶组植物演化中起了重要作用。所划分的两大类核型,即m和sm类与m,sm,和st类是与其子房室数,即5室和3室相一致的。根据核型的不对称性程度、外部形态及生化分析,探讨了各种类的亲缘关系与系统演化途径,论证了茶组植物的原产地是位于滇、桂、黔毗邻交汇处的云贵高原,探讨了茶组植物的分类学问题。     

天花粉蛋白基因的克隆及在大肠杆菌中的表达

天花粉蛋白 (Trichosanthin ,TCS)全长基因通过PCR从 pCDNA3 1中获得 ,克隆至表达载体中。双向测序表明获得的天花粉蛋白全长基因序列正确。建立大肠杆菌原核表达系统 ,表达并纯化His TCS活性融合蛋白 ,鉴定出其具有RNAN 糖苷酶活性和与TCS特异性单克隆抗体TE1 (IgE)结合的抗原活性