固定化细胞技术发酵玉米醪生产酒精的研究

本文报导了固定化酵母(S.cerevisiae 9064)批次发酵玉米醪生产酒精的研究。采用自制“多层分隔式生物反应器”在最适发酵条件下,成熟醪的终酒精浓度达10％(V/V)左右,发酵时间可由传统发酵的72h缩短到22h左右,酒精生产力提高了3倍。在吨级反应器连续运转试验时,固定化增殖酵母细胞活性稳定性可持续半年以上,PVA—凝胶粒的机械强度和弹性等以及醪液中酒精含量基本保持不变。     

固定化生长酵母连续生产酒精的研究中间试验报告

造粒器与柱式生物反应器成—封闭系统,采用正交试验确定的最适固定化条件,以海藻酸钙凝胶法进行细胞固定化,连续造粒,在反应器中完成固定化。固定化酵母在反应器中通气培养20小时左右,凝胶球细胞数达2×10~9/me,其增长速度比传统工艺自然细胞快10倍。固定化生长细胞用于生物反应器连续发酵甜菜糖蜜酒精,酒精生产能力为22.1—23.67g/L凝胶球/小时,为传统工艺酒精生产能力的10倍。停留时间为3小时。反应器系统由两个0.7KL柱式反应器和1个0.8KL成熟醪接收器组成。发酵周期由传统工艺的20小时左右,缩短为4小时,酒精含量为8.5—9.0％(V/V),对1.2号反应器的动态变化及其在发酵中的作用进行了系统研究,糖蜜中可发酵糖75％的转化是在1号反应器中完成的。     

固定化酵母细胞流化床反应器的 操作与嫩啤酒双乙酰水平

利用海藻酸钠固定化酿酒酵母细胞和流化床生物反应器进行介质循环发酵。反应器中固定化胶体最适体积分数(φ)为O．40(v／v)。在给定固定化胶体体积分数(φ=O．40),给定发酵温度(10℃)和循环比(n=5)的条件下,研究了循环流速对主发酵周期和对嫩啤酒双乙酰水平的影响。结果表明,发酵周期随流速的增加而减少,而双乙酰浓度则随流速的增加而提高。当停留时间τt=2．8h,发酵周期T(=nτ r)为14h,嫩啤酒中双乙酰浓度为0．5ppm。     

固定化酵母细胞流化床反应器的 操作与嫩啤酒双乙酰水平

利用海藻酸钠固定化酿酒酵母细胞和流化床生物反应器进行介质循环发酵。反应器中固定化胶体最适体积分数(φ)为O．40(v／v)。在给定固定化胶体体积分数(φ=O．40),给定发酵温度(10℃)和循环比(n=5)的条件下,研究了循环流速对主发酵周期和对嫩啤酒双乙酰水平的影响。结果表明,发酵周期随流速的增加而减少,而双乙酰浓度则随流速的增加而提高。当停留时间τt=2．8h,发酵周期T(=nτ r)为14h,嫩啤酒中双乙酰浓度为0．5ppm。     

膜片状填料固定化酵母薯干酒精发酵生物反应器的研究

针对以薯干为原料固定化酵母带渣酒精发酵的特点,研制了一种新型的容积为1m~3的膜片状填充床生物反应器,并历时半年多考察了该反应器的操作稳定性,得出较佳的发酵周期和醪液循环量等.实验结果表明:膜片状填充床固定化酵母生物反应器的酒精发酵速率远大于传统式发酵罐;其淀粉利用率可达91～92%,乙醇生产能力可达9.5kg EtOH/m~3·h.     

共固定化作用——用于发酵工艺学上的新的生物催化剂

共固定化作用(co—immobilizates)就是将完整的活的或死的微生物细胞一起与外加酶加以固定,制得固定化少酶或多酶生物催化剂(immobilized oligo-or multienzyme biocatalysts)。作为共固定化作用的一个例子是:用于酒精发酵的酒精酵母,即酿酒醇母(Saccharomyces cereevisiae)具有很高的发酵率,但不具有乳糖酶(β-半乳糖苷酶)活性。因此,不能利用乳糖作为基质,若将从其它微生物,如米曲霉(Asp. oryzae)来源的乳糖酶与酵母一起加以固定,便能用于发酵乳糖。可将此种生物催化剂装成床式反应器,用于酒精连     

固定化酵母酒精生成动力学及其数学模型

本文采用解析法对海藻酸钙为载体,以葡萄糖为底物进行酒精连续发酵的管式反应器内所呈现的固定化K字酵母酒精发酵动力学进行了较为系统的研究,建立了由6个方程组成的酒精生成动力学数学模型,并对此模型进行了应用方面的研究。结果表明：此动力学呈现葡萄糖的反竞争性和酒精非竞争性联合抑制的不可逆特征,其数学模型在所涉及的参数拟合及分别在不同反应器和浓度扩展时的发酵过程所进行的实际校验中,最大的算术平均百分误差为13．8l％,在薯干糖化液的发酵动力学应用中,具有平均差为8．28％之良好预测精度,同时,通过模型中参数式计算得葡萄糖抑制的浓度范围为130—450g／L,而酒精抑制的浓度范围是3．07—16．45％(v／v)。     

固定化酵母发酵酱油的新工艺

用把酵母吸附固定在陶瓷载体上的生物反应器来生产酱油,所要求的全部时间被缩短至8天但不影响产品质量,使用酵母为接合酵母(Zygosaccharomyes.rouxii)和假丝酵母(Candida versatilis).前者经历乙醇发酵并且产生2—苯乙醇,后者产生4—乙基—愈创木酚.最近,除传统工艺外,固定化酶和固定化微生物的生物反应器在食品行业的使用已经普遍.已经研究了不同于传统而使用固定化细胞生物反应器发酵酱油的新工艺.     

膜反应器固定化米根霉发酵产富马酸的工艺研究

以膜反应器固定化米根霉发酵产富马酸为研究对象,以Na2CO3为中和剂,考察固定化米根霉在5L搅拌式发酵罐中的发酵特征,采用智能可视化软件(IVOS)优化发酵工艺条件。结果表明,在80g/L初始糖浓及最优工艺下,富马酸产量、生产速率及转化率分别为21.1g/L、0.25g/(L·h)和28%;采用40g/L初始糖浓及连续批次发酵工艺时,富马酸产量、生产速率及转化率最高分别为10.8 g/L、0.36g/(L·h)和27%。搅拌式反应器中,固定化米根霉的膜反应器比表面积有限,以及菌膜的空间阻隔效应对传质传氧的限制作用,显著影响了富马酸的生产强度和转化率。因此,亟需发掘新的固定化方法及反应器形式,达到既解决米根霉形态控制问题,又有助于生产性状提升的目标。     

霉菌固定化综述

分别对霉菌的固定化方法、固定化生物反应器及固定化霉菌发酵的应用等方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

Continuous ethanol production from Jerusalem artichoke tubers. II. Use of immobilized cells of Kluyveromyces marxianus

Kluyveromyces marxianus UCD (FST) 55-82 cells were immobilized in Na alginate beads and used in a packed-bed bioreactor system for the continuous production of ethanol from the extract of Jerusalem artichoke tubers. Volumetric ethanol productivities of 104 and 80 g ethanol/ L/h were obtained at 80 and 92% sugar utilization, respectively. The maximum volumetric ethanol productivity of the immobilized cell bioreactor system was found to be 15 times higher than that of an ordinary-stirred-tank (CST) bioreactor using cells of K. marxianus. The immobilized cell bioreactor system was operated continuously at a constant dilution rate of 0.66 h(-1) for 12 days resulting in only an 8% loss of the original immobilized cell activity, which corresponds to an estimated half-life of ca. 72 days. The maximum specific ethanol productivity and maximum specific sugar uptake rate of the immobilized cells were found to be 0.55 g ethanol/g/biomass/h and 1.21 g sugars/g biomass/h, respectively.     

Scale up of fuel ethanol production from sugar beet juice using loofa sponge immobilized bioreactor

Production of fuel ethanol from sugar beet juice, using cells immobilized on loofa sponge was investigated. Based on ethanol productivity and ease of cell immobilization, a flocculating yeast strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae IR2 was selected for ethanol production from sugar beet juice. It was found that raw sugar beet juice was an optimal substrate for ethanol production, requiring neither pH adjustment nor nitrogen source supplement. When compared with a 2 l bubble column bioreactor, mixing was not sufficient in an 8 l bioreactor containing a bed of sliced loofa sponges and consequently, the immobilized cells were not uniformly distributed within the bed. Most of the cells were immobilized in the lower part of the bed and this resulted in decreased ethanol productivity. By using an external loop bioreactor, constructing the fixed bed with cylindrical loofa sponges, dividing the bed into upper, middle and lower sections with approximately 1 cm spaces between them and circulating the broth through the loop during the immobilization, uniform cell distribution within the bed was achieved. Using this method, the system was scaled up to 50 l and when compared with the 2 l bubble column bioreactor, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in ethanol productivity and yield. By using external loop bioreactor to immobilize the cells uniformly on the loofa sponge beds, efficient large scale ethanol production systems can be constructed.     

Impacts of main factors on bioethanol fermentation from stalk juice of sweet sorghum by immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CICC 1308)

In order to attain a higher ethanol yield and faster ethanol fermentation rate, orthogonal experiments of ethanol fermentation with immobilized yeast from stalk juice of sweet sorghum were carried out in the shaking flasks to investigate the effect of main factors, namely, fermentation temperature, agitation rate, particles stuffing rate and pH on ethanol yield and CO(2) weight loss rate. The range analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied for the results of orthogonal experiments. Results showed that the optimal condition for bioethanol fermentation should be A(4)B(3)C(3)D(4), namely, fermentation temperature, agitation rate, particles stuffing rate and pH were 37 degrees C, 200rpm, 25% and 5.0, respectively. The verification experiments were carried out in shaking flasks and 5L bioreactor at the corresponding parameters. The results of verification experiments in the shaking flasks showed that ethanol yield and CO(2) weight loss rate were 98.07% and 1.020gh(-1), respectively. The results of ethanol fermentation in the 5L bioreactor showed that ethanol yield and fermentation time were 93.24% and 11h, respectively. As a result, it could be concluded that the determined optimal condition A(4)B(3)C(3)D(4) was suitable and reasonable for the ethanol fermentation by immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The conclusion in the research would be beneficial for application of ethanol fermentation by immobilized S. cerevisiae from stalk juice of sweet sorghum.     

海藻酸钙固定赤霉菌菌丝产素的研究

将赤霉菌丝固定在海藻酸钙微球中进行连续发酵,考察产赤霉素情况。对海藻酸钠和钙盐浓度固定赤霉菌菌丝的微球稳定性进行初步研究,讨论了固定不同菌龄的赤霉菌微球在不同葡萄糖浓度下的产素能力及菌丝生长能力。实验表明:菌丝微球较稳定的固定条件是菌丝8 g/L、海藻酸钠浓度3 g/L和钙离子浓度3 mol/L;摇瓶发酵72 h,90 h的菌丝微球中菌丝营养生长基本停止,当培养液葡萄糖浓度为2 g/L时,赤霉素终浓度为1 145.5 μg/ml,比生产速率为4.61×10^-3/h;在该条件下固定菌丝球的床层式连续发酵,赤霉素比生产速率为4.82×10^-3/h,是相应分批发酵过程中最大赤霉素生产速率的1.87倍。     

Vertical Rotating Immobilized Cell Reactor of the bacteriumZymomonas mobilis for stable long-term continuous ethanol production

Summary Vertical Rotating Immobilized Cell Reactor was designed and built for glucose conversion into ethanol. Immobilized biomass units withZ. mobilis cells attached into polyurethane foam discs were fixed along a rotating shaft inside the bioreactor. The effect of rotation speed on the concentration of immobilized biomass was studied. Stability of the bioreactor over long-term operation was dependent on the concentration of the immobilized biomass. With fermentation carried out at 6 rpm a constant active immobilized cell concentration of only 34.5 g/l was maintained and used to convert up to 140 g glucose/l into more than 70 g ethanol/l with a volumetric ethanol productivity of 63 g/l/h.     

Continuous ethanol production from molasses at 45 °C using alginate-immobilized Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3 in a continuous-flow bioreactor

The thermotolerant, ethanol-producing yeast strain Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3 was immobilized in calcium alginate and used in a continuous flow bioreactor to produce ethanol from molasses at 45?°C. The molasses was diluted to yield a number of final sugar concentrations and the effect of molasses sugar concentration on ethanol production by the continuous system was examined. Although maximum ethanol concentrations were obtained using sugar concentrations of 140?g/l, within 10?h of introducing the feed to the column bioreactors, those ethanol concentrations subsequently decreased to lower levels over a 48?h period. Examination of viable yeast cell number within the immobilization matrix indicated a dramatic reduction over this time period. At lower molasses concentrations, ethanol production by the continuous flow system remained relatively constant over this time period. In addition, the effect of residence time on ethanol production by the continuous flow bioreactor was examined at a fixed molasses sugar concentration (120?g/l) and a residence time of 0.66?h was found to be optimal on the basis of volumetric productivity. Efficiencies of the continuous flow bioreactor configuration used in these studies ranged from 31–76%.     

固定化增殖酵母10m^3生物反应器连续生产酒精的研究

将经过驯化的酒精酵母,用海藻酸钙凝胶包埋法固定化,再用硫酸钴处理。在形成的凝胶中含有微量的甾醇和不饱和脂肪酸,以提高细胞的存活率。反应器系统由三个１０ｍ３稍加改造的普通发酵罐组成。用经过酸化处理的甜菜糖蜜为原料,采用逐步提高糖浓度的方法连续生产高浓度酒精,酒精含量为１０％（Ｖ／Ｖ）以上。发酵过程中通入微量无菌空气。酒精生产能力为５１．７５ｋｇ／ｍ３凝胶·ｈ－１,停留时间为１．８ｈ。反应器内形成的大量ＣＯ２通畅排出。反应器具有良好的操作稳定性。反应器容积生产强度为８．３ｋｇ／ｍ３·ｈ     

High solids fermentation of hydrolysates of wheat starch B in a continuous dynamic immobilized biocatalyst bioreactor

Summary A simple and efficient method of conversion of wheat starch B to ethanol was investigated. Employing a two-stage enzymatic saccharification process, 95% of the wheat starch was converted to fermentable sugars in 40 h. From 140 g/l total sugars in the feed solution, 63.6 g/l ethanol was produced continuously with a residence time of 3.3 h in a continuous dynamic immobilized biocatalyst bioreactor by immobilized cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. The advantages and the application of this bioreactor to continuous alcoholic fermentation of industrial substrates are presented.     

Continuous ethanol fermentation using immobilized yeast cells

Growing cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized in calcium alginate gel beads were employed in fluidizedbed reactors for continuous ethanol fermentation from cane molasses and other sugar sources. Some improvements were made in order to avoid microbial contamination and keep cell viability for stable long run operations. Notably, entrapment of sterol and unsaturated fatty acid into immobilized gel beads enhanced ethanol productivity more than 50 g ethanol/L gel h and prolonged life stability for more than one-half year. Cell concentration in the carrier was estimated over 250 g dry cell/L gel. A pilot plant with a total column volume of 4 kL was constructed and has been operated since 1982. As a result, it was confirmed that 8-10%(v/v)ethanol-containing broth was continuously produced from nonsterilized diluted cane molasses for over one-half year. The productivity of ethanol was calculated as 0.6 kL ethanol/kL reactor volume day with a 95% conversion yield versus the maximum theoretical yield for the case of 8.5% (v/v) ethanol broth.     

Ribonuclease production by free and immobilizedAspergillus clavatus cells

Several fungal strains ofAspergillus andPenicillium were immobilized by cryopolymerization in polyvinyl alcohol cryogel beads.Aspergillus clavatus was the best producer of extracellular ribonuclease. Enzyme productivity and growth of free and immobilized cells in shake flasks and agitated bioreactor were studied. Ribonuclease production and growth behaviour depended on concentrations of glucose, peptone and soybean in the culture medium. Enzyme production was influenced by agitation and aeration intensity. In repeated batch, shake-flask cultures, the immobilized cells showed 2 to 3.5 times higher enzyme activity than free cells. The optimal conditions in a bioreactor were at 150 rev/min agitation speed and 0.5 vol/vol.min aeration. Enzyme productivity of immobilized cells (237 units/g dry mycelium.h) was 2.1 times higher than the productivity of free cells in a bioreactor, and 2.3 times higher than that of a shake-flask culture.R.J. Manolov is with the Institute of Microbiology, Department of Enzymes, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Georgy Bonchev Street 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.