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1.
Ellen A. Goldmuntz Elaine F. Remmers Hongbin Zha Peter Mathern Ying Du Leslie J. Crofford Ronald L. Wilder 《Mammalian genome》1993,4(11):670-675
Seven polymorphic markers comprising a single linkage group were assigned to rat Chromosome (Chr) 5 by linkage analysis of the progeny of an F2 intercross of Fischer (F344/N) and Lewis (LEW/N) inbred rats. Three genes, -L-fucosidase 1 (FUCA1), mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2), and glucose transporter (GLUT1), were mapped by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Two genes, glucose transporter (GTG3) and elastase II (ELAII), one pseudogene for tubulin (TUBAPS), and one sequence related to the 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase gene (PFKFBP1-related sequence) were mapped by simple sequence repeat (SSR) polymorphism analysis. The loci are in the following order: SOD2, GTG3/GLUT1, FUCA1, ELAII/PFKFBP1-related sequence, and TUBAPS. This linkage group covered 68.3 cM of rat Chr 5. The SSR markers were highly polymorphic in 13 inbred rat strains (SHR/N, WKY/N, MNR/N, MR/N, LOU/MN, BN/SsN, BUF/N, WBB1/N, WBB2/N, ACI/N, LER/N, F344/N, and LEW/N). These markers, located on rat Chr 5, will be useful in genetic studies of inbred rats. 相似文献
2.
Linkage map of seven polymorphic markers on rat Chromosome 18 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Elaine F. Remmers Ellen A. Goldmuntz Hongbin Zha Leslie J. Crofford Joseph M. Cash Peter Mathern Ying Du Ronald L. Wilder 《Mammalian genome》1993,4(5):265-270
A genetic linkage map of seven polymorphic markers was created with F2 intercross progeny of F344/N and LEW/N rats and assigned to rat Chromosome (Chr) 18. Five of the markers described were defined by simple sequence length polymorphisms (SSLPs) associated with five genes: transthyretin (TTR), trypsin inhibitor-like protein (TILP), 2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2), olfactory neuron-specific G protein (OLF), and gap junction protein (GJA1). One marker was defined by a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) detected with a probe for the human colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) gene. The D18N1R locus was defined by an anonymous DNA fragment amplified by the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique with a single short primer. These seven DNA loci formed a single genetic linkage group 30.4 cM in length with the following order: TTR-6.8 cM-D18N1R-9.1 cM-TILP-4.3 cM-CSF1R-0 cM-ADRB2-10.2 cM-OLF-0 cM-GJA1. The five SSLP markers were highly polymorphic. In a total of 13 inbred rat strains analyzed (F344/ N, LEW/N, LOU/MN, WBB1/N, WBB2/N, MR/N, MNR/N, ACI/N, SHR/N, WKY/N, BN/SsN, BUF/N, and LER/N), three to six alleles were detected for each marker. Remarkable linkage conservation was detected between the region of rat Chr 18 mapped and a region of mouse Chr 18. However, genes associated with these markers have been mapped to three different human chromosomes (Chrs 5, 6, and 18). The markers described here should be useful for genetic mapping studies and genetic monitoring of inbred rat strains. 相似文献
3.
Y. Du E. F. Remmers H. Zha E. A. Goldmuntz J. Szpirer C. Szpirer R. L. Wilder 《Mammalian genome》1995,6(4):295-298
Nine microsatellite loci were mapped to rat Chromosome (Chr) 7 by genetic linkage and somatic cell hybrid analysis. These loci include the gene encoding a member of the IID sub-family of cytochrome P450 (Cyp2d), a gene with repetitive sequences expressed during myotube formation (D7Arb1e), four anonymous loci, D7Arb81, D7Arb208, D7Arb569, D7Arb609a, and three DNA loci defined by MapPairTM markers R245, R513, and R1071. The nine loci were all identified by PCR-based microsatellite polymorphism analysis and were characterized in 40 F2 intercross progeny of Fischer (F344/N) and Lewis (LEW/N) rats for segregation analysis. These markers formed a single linkage group spanning 76.8 cM with the following order and distances: D7Arb569-11.4 cM-D7Arb81-9.7 cM-R513-2.6 cM-Cyp2d-0.0 cM-R245-1.3 cM-D7Arb1e-10.4 cM-R1071-15.9 cM-D7Arb609a-15.4 cM-D7Arb208. Physical mapping of Cyp2d by somatic cell hybrid analysis allowed us to assign this linkage group to rat Chr 7. For each marker, two to six alleles were detected in a panel of 16 inbred rat strains (ACI/N, BN/SsN, BUF/N, DA/Bkl, F344/N, LER/N, LEW/N, LOU/MN, MNR/N, MR/N, SHR/N, SR/Jr, SS/Jr, WBB1/N, WBB2/N, WKY/N). 相似文献
4.
E. A. Goldmuntz E. F. Remmers Y. Du H. Zha P. Mathern L. J. Crofford R. L. Wilder 《Mammalian genome》1995,6(7):459-463
Sixteen polymorphic markers, including markers for eight new loci, forming three linkage groups, were assigned to rat Chromosome (Chr) 4 by linkage analysis of the progeny of an F2 intercross of Fischer (F344/N) and Lewis (LEW/N) inbred rats. One gene, Igk, was mapped by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. One marker for Tcrb was identified by the polymorphic insertion of a repetitive LINE element. The remaining 14 markers contained polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Ten were identified in genes (Tgfa, Npy, Prss1, Prss2, Aldr1, Iapp, Prp, Eno2, Cacnlla1, and Il6), one was identified in a sequence related to a gene (Egr4l1), and three were identified in anonymous DNA segments. The SSR markers were highly polymorphic in 16 inbred rat strains. These markers expand the genetic map of the rat and should be useful in future genetic studies of inbred rats. 相似文献
5.
H. Zha E. F. Remmers Y. Du E. A. Goldmuntz P. Mathern H. Zhang J. M. Cash L. J. Crofford R. L. Wilder 《Mammalian genome》1994,5(9):538-541
Eleven polymorphic DNA markers were mapped to rat Chromosome (Chr) 3 by linkage analysis of F2 progeny of F344/N and LEW/N rat strains. The markers, including seven genes and four anonymous loci, formed a single linkage group covering approximately 112 cM with the following order: Ptgs1 (prostaglandin G/H synthase I)-D3Arb178-Scn2a (sodium channel, type II, -polypeptide)-D3Arb1-Cat (catalase)-Bdnf (brain-derived neurotrophic factor)-D3Arb219-D3Arb2-Sus2 (seminal vesicle secretion II protein)-Sdc4 (ryudocan/syndecan4)-Stnl (statin-like protein). Eight of these markers were analyzed for polymorphisms in 14 additional inbred rat strains. Three to five alleles were detected for each marker, suggesting that they are highly polymorphic and useful for genetic mapping studies with inbred rat strains. Chromosomal syntenic conservation among rats, mice and humans is also discussed. 相似文献
6.
Peter Mathern Ellen A. Goldmuntz Hongbin Zha Ying Du Leslie J. Crofford Ronald L. Wilder Elaine F. Remmers 《Biochemical genetics》1993,31(9-10):441-448
Four PCR-typable polymorphic markers were mapped to rat chromosome 12 by linkage analysis of F2 intercross progeny of Fischer (F344/N) and Lewis (LEW/N) rat strains. The markers formed a single linkage group, covering 27.7 cM, with the following order and distance between markers: plasminogen activator inhibitor (Planh)—0.0 cM—phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-related sequence 2 (Pepckr2)—15.4 cM—anonymous marker (D12N155)—12.3 cM—serine dehydratase (Sdh). All markers were identified and genotyped by PCR analysis of simple sequence repeats. The gene encoding Planh was previously assigned to rat chromosome 12, which allowed us to assign the entire linkage group to this chromosome. These markers were highly polymorphic in 13 additional inbred rat strains (BUF/N, BN/SsN, WKY/N, MNR/N, LER/N, WBB1/N, WBB2/N, MR/N, LOU/MN, SHR/N, ACI/N, SR/Jr, and SS/Jr). These markers should be useful tools for further genetic studies in rats. 相似文献
7.
E F Remmers E A Goldmuntz J M Cash L J Crofford B Misiewicz-Poltorak H Zha R L Wilder 《Genomics》1992,14(3):618-623
Seven genes and two anonymous markers were mapped to a single linkage group on rat chromosome 10 using progeny of an F2 intercross of Fischer (F344/N) and Lewis (LEW/N) inbred rats. Two genes, the neu oncogene or cellular homologue of the viral oncogene erbb2 (ERBB2) and growth hormone (GH) were mapped by Southern blot analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Five genes, embryonic skeletal myosin heavy chain (MYH3), androgen binding protein/sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), asialoglycoprotein receptor (hepatic lectin)-1 (ASGR1), ATP citrate lysase (CLATP), and pancreatic polypeptide (PPY), and two anonymous markers, F16F2 and F10F1, were mapped using PCR amplification techniques. The PCR-typable polymorphic markers for the five genes were also highly polymorphic in 10 other inbred rat strains (SHR/N, WKY/N, MNR/N, MR/N, LOU/MN, BN/SsN, BUF/N, WBB1/N, WBB2/N, and ACI/N). These markers should be useful in genetic analysis of traits described in inbred rat strains, as well as in genetic monitoring of such strains. The loci in this linkage group covered 50 cM of rat chromosome 10 with the following order: MYH3, SHBG/ASGR1 (no recombinants detected), F16F2, ERBB2, CLATP, PPY, GH, and F10F1. Comparative gene mapping analysis indicated that this region of rat chromosome 10 exhibits linkage conservation with regions of human chromosome 17 and mouse chromosome 11. 相似文献
8.
Oksana I. Dukhanina Vladimir E. Sverdlov Barbara Hoebee John P. Rapp 《Mammalian genome》1999,10(1):26-29
An improved linkage map for rat Chromosome (Chr) 10 with two F2 populations was constructed. Thirty new microsatellite markers were generated from a Chr 10-specific, small-insert genomic
library and mapped to rat Chr 10. Among them were the rat homologs for the mouse gene for light and heavy chains of myeloperoxidase
and human neurofibromatosis 1. Eight newly generated markers (D10Mco62, D10Mco63, D10Mco64, D10Mco65, D10Mco67, D10Mco68, D10Mco70, and D10Mco74) were mapped to the region of the rat Chr 10 blood pressure QTL. The availability of such markers may be instrumental in
the search for genes responsible for the hypertension.
Received: 13 July 1998 / Accepted: 9 September 1998 相似文献
9.
Seventy-six novel microsatellite markers with various simple sequence repeat (SSR) motifs are reported in this paper. They
were generated on the basis of non-radioactive library screening procedures from flow-sorted rat Chromosome (Chr) 5-specific
DNA, and were mapped in three rat backcross populations. Fifty-four of these markers mapped to Chr 5, while the other 22 mapped
to other chromosomes of the rat genome. The marker D3Uwm8 is a new microsatellite marker for the rat syndecan 4 (ryudocan) gene. A genotyping protocol based on agarose gel electrophoresis
is also provided in this paper.
Received: 17 December 1998 / Accepted: 17 February 1999 相似文献
10.
Linkages among three biochemical loci (Acol, Ahd2, and Mup1) and four microsatellite loci (A8, Glut1, Jun, and Pnd) were determined to construct a linkage map of rat Chromosome (Chr) 5. Consequently, an extensive linkage map on rat Chr 5 was constructed with the following gene order: A8-Aco1-Mup1-Jun-Glut1-Ahd2-Pnd. In this linkage map, the Jun and A8 loci are newly placed, and two previously reported linkage groups on rat Chr 5 are connected by the Jun locus. The linkage map indicates an extensive linkage conservation between the loci on rat Chr 5 and those on mouse Chr 4. 相似文献
11.
Kazuhiro Yoneda Yasuo Moritomo Marika Takami Siro Hirata Yoshio Kikukawa Tetsuo Kunieda 《Mammalian genome》1999,10(6):597-600
A hereditary chondrodysplastic dwarfism caused by an autosomal recessive gene has been reported in a population of Japanese
Brown cattle. Affected calves show an insufficiency of endochondral ossification at the long bones of the limbs. In the present
study, we mapped the locus responsible for the disease (bcd) by linkage analysis, using microsatellite markers and a single paternal half-sib pedigree obtained from commercial herds.
Linkage analysis revealed a significant linkage between the bcd locus and marker loci on the distal region of bovine Chromosome (Chr) 6. The bcd locus was mapped in the interval between microsatellite markers BM9257 and BP7 or BMS511 with a recombination fraction of 0.05 and 0.06, and a lod score of 8.6 and 10.1, respectively. A comparison of genetic maps
between bovine Chr 6 and human Chr 4 or mouse Chr 5 indicates possible candidate genes including FGFR3 and BMP3 genes, which
are responsible for human chondrodysplasias and associated with bone morphogenesis, respectively.
Received: 24 November 1998 / Accepted: 2 February 1999 相似文献
12.
A quantitative trait locus (QTL) for blood pressure has recently been mapped to a region of roughly 30 cM on rat Chromosome
(Chr) 2 by linkage and by the use of congenic strains. For further fine mapping of the QTL, however, closely linked chromosome
markers residing in this 30-cM region are required. In the current work, 36 new markers were generated by screening rat Chr
2-sorted DNA libraries and subsequently mapped using five F2 populations. Combining new and existing markers, the marker density for the 30-cM region approaches, on average, one marker
per 1.1 cM.
Received: 11 April 1997 / Accepted: 12 May 1997 相似文献
13.
Joseph M. Cash Elaine F. Remmers Ellen A. Goldmuntz Leslie J. Crofford Hongbin Zha Carl T. Hansen Ronald L. Wilder 《Mammalian genome》1993,4(1):37-42
The nude trait in the rat is transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner and is associated with thymic aplasia, T-cell deficiency, and hairlessness. Congenic rats homozygous for the RNU (Rowett nude) locus are important models in the study of inflammatory disease, tumor growth, and transplant rejection. The RNU locus has not been previously mapped, and the nature of the gene product is unknown. To determine the map location of this gene, a single F344.rnu/rnu (athymic nude congenic Fischer rat) male congenic rat was bred with 3 LEW/N (NIH stock Lewis rat) female rats to produce F1 progeny. Twelve F1 brother-sister breeding pairs were established. Forty-nine phenotypically nude F2 offspring (198 total) were obtained. Linkage analysis done on F2 DNA revealed highly significant cosegregation between the nude phenotype and eight polymorphic markers located on Chromosome (Chr) 10. The tightest linkages were with: MYH3 (embryonic, skeletal myosin heavy chain) and SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin), giving 2 point lod scores of 20.2, and 20.0, respectively. The map order and map distances, determined by multipoint linkage calculations, were: RR24-(16.1 cM)-MYH3-(3.5 cM)-SHBG-(4.7 cM)-RNU-(11.9 cM)-F16F2-(24.1 cM)-CLATP (citrate lyase ATPase)-(2.4 cM)-ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)/PPY (pancreatic polypeptide)-(14.1 cM)-RR1023. The position of the RNU locus in the rat corresponds closely with that of the recently reported nu locus in the mouse. This finding suggests that the nude phenotype in the rat and the mouse arise from defects in homologous genes. 相似文献
14.
Yasunori Ohba Hitoshi Kitagawa Katsuya Kitoh Sachiyo Asahina Kaori Nishimori Kazuhiro Yoneda Tetsuo Kunieda Yoshihide Sasaki 《Mammalian genome》2000,11(4):316-319
Renal tubular dysplasia is a hereditary disease of Japanese black cattle showing renal failure and growth retardation with
an autosomal recessive trait. In the present study, we mapped the locus responsible for the disease (RTD) by linkage analysis with an inbred paternal half-sib pedigree obtained from commercial herds. By analyzing segregation of
microsatellite markers in the half-sibs, significant linkage was observed between the RTD locus and markers on bovine Chromosome (Chr) 1 with the highest lod score of 11.4. Homozygosity mapping with the inbred pedigree
further defined the localization of the RTD locus in a 4-cM region between microsatellite markers BMS4003 and INRA119. Mapping of the RTD locus on bovine Chr 1 will facilitate cloning and characterization of the gene responsible for this disease.
Received: 24 September 1999 / Accepted: 14 December 1999 相似文献
15.
Heike Weiss Andre Bleich Hans-Jürgen Hedrich Bernd Kölsch Matthias Elsner Anne Jörns Sigurd Lenzen Markus Tiedge Dirk Wedekind 《Mammalian genome》2005,16(6):432-441
The LEW.1AR1-iddm/Ztm rat is a new animal model of type 1 diabetes mellitus, which shows an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance for the diabetes-inducing gene. The aim of this study was to define predisposing loci of the diabetic syndrome by linkage analysis using microsatellite markers. A backcross population of 218 rats (BN × LEW.1AR1-iddm) × LEW.1AR1-iddm was analyzed using 157 polymorphic microsatellite markers covering the entire genome. Three genomic regions showed a significant linkage to the diabetic syndrome. The first susceptibility locus on rat Chromosome (RNO) 1 (LOD score 4.13) mapped to the region 1q51–55, which codes for potential candidate genes like Ins1 and Nkx2-3. The second susceptibility locus was also localized on RNO1 in the centromeric region 1p11 (LOD score 2.7) encompassing the Sod2 gene. The third quantitative trait loci (LOD score 2.97) was located on RNO20 within the major histocompatibility complex region. Comparative mapping revealed that the homologous regions in the human genome contain the IDDM loci 1, 5, 8, and 17. The identification of diabetes susceptibility regions of the genetically uniform LEW.1AR1-iddm rat strain will pave the way toward a detailed characterization of the loci conferring diabetes development as well as their functional relevance for the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. 相似文献
16.
T. E. Broad D. J. Burkin L. M. Cambridge D. W. Maher P. E. Lewis H. A. Ansari P. D. Pearce C. Jones 《Mammalian genome》1994,5(7):429-433
Seven new loci, casein alpha-S1 (CSN1S1), casein alpha-S2 (CSN1S2), casein beta (CSN2), the Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral (v-kit) oncogene homolog (KIT), albumin (ALB), phosphodiesterase cyclic GMP (rod receptor) beta polypeptide (PDEB), and complement component 1 (IF), were assigned to sheep Chromosome (Chr) 6 by Southern hybridization to a panel of chromosomally characterized sheep x hamster cell hybrids. By isotopic in situ hybridization, CSN2 was regionally localized to sheep Chr (OOV) 6q22–q31, anchoring this syntenic group of markers on to OOV6 and confirming its homology at a molecular and cytological level with cattle Chr 6. The assignment of these loci, from PDEB (located on human Chr 4p16.3) to IF (on HSA4q24–q25), and the observation that interleukin 2 (IL2, on HSA 4q26–q27) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2, on HSA4q31) are not located on OOV6, is further evidence of the close evolutionary relationship of sheep and cattle and the conserved synteny in these species of this extensive region of human Chr 4. On the basis of this conserved synteny, and the similar G- and Q-banding patterns of this chromosome in cattle and sheep, we propose that this sheep chromosome be numbered as 6, not 4 as recommended by ISCNDA (1990). 相似文献
17.
Kamilla?Piotrowska Natalia?S. Pellegata Michael?Rosemann Andreas?Fritz Jochen?Graw Michael?J.?Atkinson
Multiple endocrine neoplasia-like syndrome (MENX) is a hereditary cancer syndrome in the rat characterized by inborn cataract and multiple tumors affecting the neuroendocrine system developed within the first year of life. The spectrum of affected organs is intermediate between MEN type 1 (MEN1) and MEN type 2 (MEN2) syndromes in human, but, in contrast to them, MENX is inherited in a recessive fashion. Here we report the mapping of the MENX locus to rat Chromosome (Chr) 4 by a genome-wide linkage analysis. This analysis was done in 41 animals obtained from a (Wistar/Nhg × SDwe) × SDwe interstrain backcross, where SDwe (Sprague-Dawley white eye) indicates the affected animals. The MENX disease locus was ultimately mapped to a ~22-cM interval on Chr 4 that includes the rat homolog of the human RET proto-oncogene. As activating point mutations of RET are known to be responsible for MEN2 in human, we analyzed several markers located in the proximity of Ret for linkage to the disease phenotype. Our data exclude Ret involvement in MENX and establish that a second gene, playing a role in endocrine tumor formation, lies within the distal part of rat Chr 4. Although heritable human endocrine tumors are quite rare, sporadic tumors of MEN-affected tissues occur at a much higher frequency, and their pathogenesis is poorly understood. The identification of the MENX gene should contribute to our understanding of the genetic mechanisms of neuroendocrine tissue tumorigenesis and may assist in developing new and more appropriate therapeutic strategies for these diseases. 相似文献
18.
A linkage map of mouse Chromosome 1 using an interspecific cross segregating for the gld autoimmunity mutation 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Mark L. Watson Peter D'Eustachio Beverly A. Mock Alfred D. Steinberg Herbert C. Morse III Rebecca J. Oakey Thad A. Howard Julie M. Rochelle Michael F. Seldin 《Mammalian genome》1992,2(3):158-171
An interspecific backross was used to define a high resolution linkage map of mouse Chromosome (Chr) 1 and to analyze the segregation of the generalized lymphoproliferative disease (gld) mutation. Mice homozygous for gld have multiple features of autoimmune disease. Analysis of up to 428 progeny from the backcross [(C3H/HeJ-gld x Mus spretus)F1 x C3H/HeJ-gld] established a map that spans 77.6 cM and includes 56 markers distributed over 34 ordered genetic loci. The gld mutation was mapped to a less than 1 cM segment on distal mouse Chr 1 using 357 gld phenotype-positive backcross mice. A second backcross, between the laboratory strains C57BL/6J and SWR/J, was examined to compare recombination frequency between selected markers on mouse Chr 1. Significant differences in crossover frequency were demonstrated between the interspecific backcross and the inbred laboratory cross for the entire interval studied. Sex difference in meiotic crossover frequency was also significant in the laboratory mouse cross. Two linkage groups known to be conserved between segments of mouse Chr 1 and the long arm of human Chrs 1 and 2 where further defined and a new conserved linkage group was identified that includes markers of distal mouse Chr 1 and human Chr 1, bands q32 to q42. 相似文献
19.
James Lund Bruce Roe Feng Chen Marcia Budarf Naomi Galili Roy Riblet Robert D. Miller Beverly S. Emanuel Roger H. Reeves 《Mammalian genome》1999,10(5):438-443
Proximal mouse Chromosome (Chr) 16 shows conserved synteny with human Chrs 16, 8, 22, and 3. The mouse Chr 16/human Chr 22
conserved synteny region includes the DiGeorge/Velocardiofacial syndrome region of human Chr 22q11.2. A physical map of the
entire mouse Chr 16/human Chr 22 region of conserved synteny has been constructed to provide a substrate for gene discovery,
genomic sequencing, and animal model development. A YAC contig was constructed that extends ca. 5.4 Mb from a region of conserved
synteny with human Chr 8 at Prkdc through the region conserved with human Chr 3 at DVL3. Sixty-one markers including 37 genes are mapped with average marker
spacing of 90 kb. Physical distance was determined across the 2.6-Mb region from D16Mit74 to Hira with YAC fragmentation. The central region from D16Jhu28 to Igl-C1 was converted into BAC and PAC clones, further refining the physical map and providing sequence-ready template. The gene
content and borders of three blocks of conserved linkage between human Chr 22q11.2 mouse Chr 16 are refined.
Received: 4 November 1998 / Accepted: 21 December 1998 相似文献
20.
Synteny conservation of the Huntington's disease gene and surrounding loci on mouse Chromosome 5 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
C. L. S. Grosson M. E. MacDonald M. P. Duyao C. M. Ambrose S. Roffler-Tarlov J. F. Gusella 《Mammalian genome》1994,5(7):424-428
The mouse homologs of the Huntington's disease (HD) gene and 17 other human Chromosome (Chr) 4 loci (including six previously unmapped) were localized by use of an interspecific cross. All loci mapped in a continuous linkage group on mouse Chr 5, distal to En2 and Il6, whose human counterparts are located on Chr y. The relative order of the loci on human Chr 4 and mouse Chr 5 was maintained, except for a break between D5H4S115E and Idua/rd, with relocation of the latter to the opposite end of the map. The mouse HD homolog (Hdh) mapped within a cluster of seven genes that were completely linked in our data set. In human these loci span a1.8 Mb stretch of human 4p 16.3 that has been entirely cloned. To date, there is no phenotypic correspondence between human and mouse mutations mapping to this region of synteny conservation. 相似文献