土壤微生物资源管理、应用技术与学科展望

土壤中蕴藏着高度的微生物多样性,在陆地生态系统中发挥着非常重要的功能,加强对土壤微生物资源的综合管理与开发应用是提升生态系统稳定性与生产力及农产品质量的重要途径。首先,土壤微生物多样性具有全球性的重大意义,有待完善对土壤微生物的检测与监测技术研究,进而实现土壤微生物多样性与土壤功能的耦合以及对土壤质量的评定;其次,土壤微生物作为一种宝贵的生产资料和可持续资源,要加强其在土壤肥力强化与保育、土壤障碍消减与调节、土壤污染控制与修复等3个领域的应用研究。最后,未来土壤微生物学发展将会形成土壤微生物系统学、土壤微生物过程学与土壤微生物功能学3个子学科,要建立土壤微生物种质资源库与遗传信息库,推进土壤微生物生理代谢过程、生物化学过程及生态行为过程的研究,联结土壤微生物与土壤功能的关系,并从土壤中的功能微生物出发对环境变化作出积极响应和主动调控。此外,原创性方法的建立与应用是限制土壤微生物学发展的技术瓶颈,联合生物地理学与生物信息学破译重要基因的特定生态功能,并将其应用到生态模型以及生态系统未知领域的研究中去,是土壤微生物学面临的挑战。     

Trajectories of change: riparian vegetation and soil conditions following livestock removal and replanting

Riparian zones provide critically important ecological functions, including the interception of nutrients and sediments before they enter waterways. Consequently, riparian zones, and the vegetation they support, are often considered as an important ‘final buffer’ between waterways and adjacent land. In agricultural ecosystems, riparian zones are therefore increasingly recognized as an important component of strategies aimed at minimizing the flow of nutrients and sediments into waterways. Accordingly, riparian zones are increasingly afforded protection and are targeted for restoration. Here we present results of a study in which we aimed to identify patterns of change in soil and vegetation properties in riparian zones, under different management regimes, adjacent to tributary streams in one of south‐eastern Australia's main agricultural regions. We compared riparia that were heavily impacted by agricultural activities, were in remnant condition or had undergone some restoration activities and were thus in a transitional state. There was an increase in plant cover and soil C concentration between impacted through to remnant sites, with transitional sites intermediate, suggesting that improvements in soil conditions were becoming evident following restoration activities. In our assessment of soil physicochemical properties we investigated the relationships between riparian condition and soil properties, taking into account the influence of adjacent land use on these relationships. Importantly, the concentrations of NO₃^‐ and plant available P in riparian surface soils were more or less influenced by concentrations in the adjacent land depending upon riparian condition. This will, in turn, have consequences for nutrient inputs into streams. This study emphasizes that riparian zones need to be managed within their wider landscape context. Furthermore, the results of this study will inform efforts seeking to minimize impacts of agricultural activities on waterways, through the conservation and/or restoration of riparian ecosystems.     

辣椒茎、叶对酸化土壤交换性能及土壤酶活性的影响

采用辣椒秸秆废弃物与酸化土壤共培养的方法, 设计了不同添加量的辣椒茎、叶与酸化土壤充分混合、共培养, 测定了土壤交换性离子及土壤酶活性的变化, 探讨辣椒茎、叶对酸化土壤交换性能及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明, 辣椒茎、叶可以改善酸化土壤pH, 降低酸化土壤交换性酸含量; 添加辣椒茎、叶可提高土壤NH4+-N含量, 影响土壤NO3--N转化; 添加辣椒茎、叶可提高土壤交换性盐基含量、CEC及盐基饱和度, 尤其以添加辣椒叶5%的效果最好; 辣椒茎、叶可以提高土壤脲酶活性, 但培养60 d后各处理土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶活性无显著性差异; 添加辣椒茎、叶能提高土壤酶的几何平均数, 改善酸化土壤质量, 其对酸化土壤质量的改变与辣椒茎、叶的添加量有关。研究结论可为开拓辣椒秸秆利用途径、改善土壤酸度, 提高土壤肥力等方面提供理论依据。     

Concept,Components, and Strategies of Soil Health in Agroecosystems

The terms ''''soil health'''' or ''''soil quality'''' as applied to agroecosystems refer to the ability of soil to support and sustain crop growth while maintaining environmental quality. High-quality soils have the following characteristics: (i) a sufficient, but not excess, supply of nutrients; (ii) good structure (tilth); (iii) sufficient depth for rooting and drainage; (iv) good internal drainage; (v) low populations of plant disease and parasitic organisms; (vi) high populations of organisms that promote plant growth; (vii) low weed pressure; (viii) no chemicals that might harm the plant; (ix) resistance to being degraded; and (x) resilience following an episode of degradation. Management intended to improve soil health involves creatively combining a number of practices that enhance the soil''s biological, chemical, and physical suitability for crop production. The most important general strategy is to add plentiful quantities of organic matter—including crop and cover crop residues, manures, and composts. Other important strategies include better crop rotations, reducing tillage and keeping the soil surface covered with living and dead residue, reducing compaction by decreasing heavy equipment traffic, and using best nutrient management practices. Practices that enhance soil quality frequently reduce plant pest pressures.     

不同地表覆盖方式对苹果园土壤性状及果树生长和产量的影响

以黄土高原9年生红富士果园生态系统为对象,研究不同地表覆盖模式（清耕、生草覆盖、地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和砂石覆盖）对果园土壤性状及果树生长和产量的影响.结果表明：生草覆盖土壤水分剖面分异最低,砂石覆盖土壤水分剖面分异最高;砂石覆盖提高了根层水分含量,有利于果树对水分的利用.不同地表覆盖模式土壤热量状况变化显著,处理间差异明显,极端最高温度下降,但地膜覆盖处理夏季地温超过果树根系生长的上限温度,对果树根系生长和生理功能发挥不利.除地膜覆盖外,其他地表覆盖模式均能提高土壤CO₂释放速率,其中生草覆盖的效果最为显著.不同地表覆盖模式对果树枝条类型比例及产量影响较大,砂石覆盖处理的中短枝比例和果实产量最高;生草覆盖处理的果实产量最低.因子分析结果表明,对于黄土高原沟壑区盛果期果园,砂石覆盖处理是较为适宜的地表覆盖模式.     

Soil and total ecosystem respiration in agricultural fields: effect of soil and crop type

A study was made of the effect of soil and crop type on the soil and total ecosystem respiration rates in agricultural soils in southern Finland. The main interest was to compare the soil respiration rates in peat and two different mineral soils growing barley, grass and potato. Respiration measurements were conducted during the growing season with (1) a closed-dynamic ecosystem respiration chamber, in which combined plant and soil respiration was measured and (2) a closed-dynamic soil respiration chamber which measured only the soil and root-derived respiration. A semi-empirical model including separate functions for the soil and plant respiration components was used for the total ecosystem respiration (TER), and the resulting soil respiration parameters for different soil and crop types were compared. Both methods showed that the soil respiration in the peat soil was 2–3 times as high as that in the mineral soils, varying from 0.11 to 0.36 mg (CO₂) m^–2 s^–1 in the peat soil and from 0.02 to 0.17 mg (CO₂) m^–2 s^–1 in the mineral soils. The difference between the soil types was mainly attributed to the soil organic C content, which in the uppermost 20 cm of the peat soil was 24 kg m^–2, being about 4 times as high as that in the mineral soils. Depending on the measurement method, the soil respiration in the sandy soil was slightly higher than or similar to that in the clay soil. In each soil type, the soil respiration was highest on the grass plots. Higher soil respiration parameter values (R_s0, describing the soil respiration at a soil temperature of 10°C, and obtained by modelling) were found on the barley than on the potato plots. The difference was explained by the different cultivation history of the plots, as the potato plots had lain fallow during the preceding summer. The total ecosystem respiration followed the seasonal evolution in the leaf area and measured photosynthetic flux rates. The 2–3-fold peat soil respiration term as compared to mineral soil indicates that the cultivated peat soil ecosystem is a strong net CO₂ source.     

落叶松林土壤溶液吸光度与土壤碳、氮含量的相关性

通过4个土壤深度100个样品14个波长(250、254、260、265、272、280、285、300、340、350、365、400、436和465 nm)土壤溶液吸光度值和土壤碳(可溶性碳DOC、全碳SOC)、土壤氮(可溶性氮DON、全氮SON)的测定,旨在探讨土壤溶液吸光度指示土壤碳氮指标的可行性及土壤深度对其可能影响。结论如下:(1)表层土壤和深层土壤吸光度值均随波长增加而指数下降,但表层土壤吸光度值较高,下降速度较快,较低波长更有利于区分表层和深层土壤溶液吸光度差异;和深层土壤相比,表层0～20 cm土壤SOC、DON和SON与不同波长吸光度有更好的相关性,但DOC与不同波长吸光度的相关性表层和深层差异较小;(2)250～300 nm的8个吸光度值具有高度相关性,它们在分析土壤溶液吸光度变化时具有等效性;基于所有数据的拟合分析发现,低波长(如254 nm)吸光度与土壤SOC、DON和SON相关性最高(R2=0.53～0.59),而更高波长(340 nm及以上)相关性明显降低。但DOC与254、340、365和400 nm吸光度相关性相差不大(R2=0.25～0.33)。这些发现说明,土壤溶液吸光度值,特别是低波长(250～300 nm)可以表征落叶松林土壤碳、氮相关指标的变化,但是需要考虑不同碳氮指标以及不同土层之间的差异。     

黄土和风沙土藓结皮土壤呼吸对模拟降雨的响应

生物结皮土壤呼吸是干旱和半干旱生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,但目前其对降雨的响应规律尚不明确。针对黄土高原黄土和风沙土上发育的藓结皮,分别进行2、4、6、10、20、30、40 mm的模拟降雨,并使用便携式土壤碳通量分析仪测定雨前和雨后藓结皮的呼吸速率,对比分析降雨量对藓结皮呼吸速率的影响;同时,在40 mm降雨后的0—24 h连续测定藓结皮的呼吸速率变化,分析藓结皮呼吸速率随雨后历时的变化规律。结果显示,7种降雨量后两种土壤上藓结皮的呼吸速率均显著升高,黄土上藓结皮呼吸速度的增幅为2.89—6.38倍,风沙土上藓结皮呼吸速率的增幅为0.73—4.38倍。0—6 mm降雨中,两种土壤上藓结皮的呼吸速率均随降雨量增加而迅速升高,二者成显著线性正相关关系;6—40 mm降雨中,黄土上藓结皮的呼吸速率随降雨量增加而缓慢升高,但风沙土上藓结皮的呼吸速率随降雨量增加而快速降低。两种土壤上藓结皮的呼吸速率随雨后历时表现出相似的变化规律,即雨后迅速升高、之后逐渐降低,并在24 h左右回归到雨前水平;但黄土上藓结皮的呼吸速率在雨后即刻达到峰值,而风沙土上藓结皮的呼吸速率在雨后30 min左右方达到峰值。黄土上藓结皮的呼吸速率一致高于风沙土上的藓结皮,前者在不同降雨量和雨后历时中平均比后者高150.0%和59.6%。此外,藓结皮呼吸速率与表层土壤含水量存有显著相关关系,在含水量较低(小于约4%)时二者显著正相关,在含水量较高(大于约4%)时二者对于黄土上藓结皮为正相关、对于风沙土上藓结皮为负相关。研究表明,黄土高原藓结皮土壤呼吸对降雨响应快速而直接,但其响应规律对于黄土和风沙土上的藓结皮是不同的,总体而言黄土上藓结皮对降雨的响应更为持久有效。     

晋西北不同土地管理方式对土壤碳氮、酶活性及微生物的影响

晋西北丘陵区受干旱大风气候以及人为活动的影响,土壤肥力较低,土壤质量退化严重,不同的土地利用和管理方式,因植被覆被、人为活动等不同,对土壤质量产生影响不同。为了更好地了解晋西北地区不同土地管理方式对土壤质量的影响,于山西省北部忻州市五寨县,研究不同管理方式对土壤肥力、土壤酶活性、微生物群落结构及多样性的影响,以及微生物与土壤环境因子的关系,为晋西北地区土地管理和生态建设提供参考。研究中设置4种土地管理方式:苜蓿样地(MX)、免耕样地(MG)、翻耕样地(FG)和荒地(HD),采用野外采集土壤样品、室内测定和分析的研究方法,其中土壤pH值利用电位法测定,土壤有机碳(OC)采用重铬酸钾氧化-分光光度法测定;土壤硝态氮、铵态氮利用全自动间断化学分析仪测定,其原理为紫外分光光度和靛酚蓝比色法。土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性分别采用KMnO_4滴定法、3,5-二硝基水杨酸法、苯酚钠-次氯酸钠比色法、磷酸苯二钠比色法测定,采用高通量测序测定土壤细菌和真菌的群落组成,利用统计分析软件SPSS和Canoco以及QIIME、USEARCH和Uclust生物信息软件分析不同土地管理方式对土壤质量的影响。结果表明,不同土地管理方式对土壤化学性质、土壤酶活性、细菌和真菌的群落结构及多样性均有影响。苜蓿和免耕2种土地管理方式可显著提高表层土壤养分并增加土壤酶活性;4种土地管理方式共有9个细菌门和11个真菌门,细菌相对丰度较大的为变形菌门、放线菌门和酸杆菌门,真菌的子囊菌门相对丰度最大;苜蓿和免耕样地土壤细菌和真菌群落丰富度和多样性都较高,荒地土壤细菌和真菌群落丰富度较低,但多样性较高;RDA分析结果表明,土壤pH、NH~+_4-N和NO~-_3-N含量和过氧化氢酶活性对细菌群落影响较大,pH、有机碳含量、蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性对真菌群落影响最大。苜蓿和免耕2种土地管理方式能够提高土壤质量,是晋西北地区较为适宜的管理措施。     

土壤增温和秸秆还田对土壤养分和胞外酶活性的影响

气候变暖和秸秆还田是影响农田生态系统碳氮循环和土壤养分周转的重要因子,然而两者的交互作用尚缺乏系统研究。通过大田模拟试验,设置土壤正常温度+秸秆不还田、土壤正常温度+秸秆还田、土壤增温+秸秆不还田和土壤增温+秸秆还田四个处理,探讨土壤增温与秸秆还田对土壤养分循环及胞外酶活性的影响。结果显示,土壤增温使硝态氮含量、土壤可溶性有机碳含量和氧化酶活性分别增加了40.4%,25.8%和6.0%,但也使土壤水分、铵态氮含量与土壤微生物量碳分别损失了10.6%,33.4%和29.9%。秸秆还田则使土壤含水量、全氮、铵态氮、有效磷与可溶性有机碳的含量分别增加了7.5%,7.2%,44.1%,32.3%和18.4%,同时也使土壤碳氮磷循环酶的活性分别增加了46.2%,22.9%和20.6%。因此研究表明,土壤增温提高了氧化酶的活性,加速了土壤碳的转化,也使土壤氮矿化与硝化反应速率提高。秸秆还田通过增加外源有机物质,丰富了土壤的碳、氮源,使土壤养分含量提高,一定程度上弥补了增温带来的养分损失。     

生物炭添加对土壤呼吸和有机碳含量的影响

以菜地和果园土壤为研究对象,通过室内培养实验,向土壤中分别添加不同材料制备的生物炭(马尼拉草、阔叶和竹叶),热解温度为350℃,研究不同材料制备生物炭添加对土壤呼吸和有机碳含量的影响.结果表明：不同生物炭施入土壤后,土壤 CO 2释放速率总的趋势是前期分解速率快,后期缓慢.在整个培养过程中(28 d),随着培养时间的延长,土壤 CO 2释放速率下降趋势逐渐降低.在不同土壤培养条件下,均是添加阔叶生物炭后土壤 CO 2-C 累计释放增多,果园和菜地土壤 CO 2-C 累计分别达到482．57和424．72 mg·kg-1.添加不同的生物炭均能提高土壤有机碳含量,但只有添加阔叶生物炭之后,差异才会达到显著(P ＜0．05).研究结果为正确利用生物炭和评价其在土壤碳库作用提供科学依据.     

云南松林的根系生物量及其分布规律的研究

利用平均标准木机械布点法测定了云南省永仁林业局云南松不同龄组林分的根系生物量及其沿土壤剖面深度的分布规律.结果表明,林分根系总生物量随林龄而增加,幼龄林(15～17年)的根系生物量为8.50 t·hm^-2,中龄林(30～32年)为11.70 t·hm^-2,成熟林为(＞62年)18.91 t·hm^-2.在不同龄组林分中,粗根(＞10mm)生物量差异最大(1.5～12.3 t·hm^-2),而中根(5～10 mm)(1.4～1.6 t·hm^-2)及小根(＜5 mm)(5.3～6.2 t·hm^-2)的生物量差异最小.根系生物量沿土壤深度迅速减少,约93%的根系生物量集中分布在0～30 cm土层中,深土层(30～115 cm)的根系生物量仅占7%左右.     

不同施肥处理对红壤性水稻土微团聚体有机碳汇的影响

在田间定位试验区 ,研究了不同施肥处理对表层红壤性水稻土微团聚体组成以及土壤有机碳在各级微团聚体中分布和赋存的影响。结果表明 ,红壤性水稻土中 0 .0 2～ 0 .0 5 mm微团聚体所占比例最大 ,达 4 0 % ;其次是 0 .0 0 2～ 0 .0 2 mm和 0 .0 5～0 .1mm的微团聚体 ;>0 .2 mm微团聚体占的比例最小。长期施用无机肥 (NPK)、有机肥 (猪粪 紫云英绿肥 ) (OM)、无机肥与有机肥配施 (NPKM) ,能显著增加 0 .0 0 2～ 0 .0 2 mm微团聚体的含量而降低 <0 .0 0 2 m m微团聚体的含量。土壤有机碳含量与0 .0 0 2～ 0 .0 2 mm微团聚体含量之间呈显著正相关关系 ;而与 <0 .0 0 2 mm微团聚体含量呈显著负相关关系。各级微团聚体有机碳含量从高到低顺序为 :>0 .2 mm,0 .1～ 0 .2 mm,<0 .0 0 2 m m,0 .0 5～ 0 .1m m,0 .0 0 2～ 0 .0 2 mm,0 .0 2～ 0 .0 5 m m。 OM、NPKM处理能显著增加 >0 .0 0 2 mm各级微团聚体有机碳的赋存量 ,新增加的有机碳主要向微团聚体 0 .1～ 0 .0 5 m m,0 .0 5～ 0 .0 2 mm和 0 .0 2～ 0 .0 0 2 mm富集 ,它们是土壤有机碳的主要载体。 3种施肥处理对提高土壤有机碳赋存效果高低顺序为 :NPKM>OM>NPK。     

渭北旱塬苹果园土壤紧实化现状及成因

本研究通过分析渭北旱塬苹果园土壤的紧实化现状及其诱导因素,找出影响当地苹果园健康发展的土壤退化隐性因素,为果园科学管理提供理论依据。分别选取种植年限＜10年(4～6年)、10～20年(14～16年)和＞20年(24～26年)的苹果园各4个,分析0～60 cm土层土壤容重和紧实度随土层深度的变化规律,探明果园土壤内部紧实化发生的部位和退化程度,同时,通过分析土壤团聚体数量及其稳定性、土壤黏粒和有机质含量,揭示引起渭北果园土壤内部紧实化的原因。结果表明: 渭北果园0～60 cm土层土壤容重和紧实度均随植果年限和土层深度的增加而显著增大。以20 cm土层为界,渭北各园龄段苹果园土壤具有明显的“上松下实”变异特征,20 cm以上土层上述各指标基本满足苹果树的正常生长需求,20 cm以下土层土壤则已超出了苹果树健康生长的阈值。造成渭北苹果园亚表层以下土壤紧实化的原因主要是土壤团聚作用差、有机质含量低,加之植果期间人为扰动少,土壤中分散的黏粒会向下层移动。此外,随着植果年限的增加,土壤紧实化过程更加明显。     

Effect of simulated forest fire on the availability of N and P in mediterranean soils

The effect of soil burning on N and P availability and on mineralization and nitrification rates of N in the burned mineral soil was studied by combustion of soils in the laboratory. At a fire temperature of 600°C, there was a complete volatilization of NH₄ and a significant increase of pH, from 7.6 in the unburned soil to 11.7 in the burned soil. Under such conditions ammonification and nitrification reactions were inhibited. Less available P was produced immediately after the fire at 600°C, as compared to P amount produced at 250°C. Burning the soils with plants caused a decrease in NH₄-N and (NO₂+NO₃)-N concentrations in the soil as well as a reduction in ammonification and nitrification rates. Combustion of soil with plants contributed additional available P to the burned soil. The existence of a non-burned soil under the burned one played an important role in triggering ammonification and nitrification reactions.     

广州南沙区4种典型城市林业土壤质量调查研究

为掌握广州南沙区城市林业土壤养分及肥力整体状况,提高广州南沙区城市林业土壤管养水平,以广州南沙区4种典型城市林业土壤(森林公园、湿地公园、生态景观林带、河涌防护林)为研究对象,测定土壤pH值、电导率、容重、渗透率、非毛管孔隙度、有机质、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾等9项理化指标,通过土壤理化性质分析、土壤综合肥力分析,对广州...     

Effect of alginite amendment on microbial activity and soil water content in forest soils

The effect of the amendment with alginite, an organic rock originating from the biomass of fossilized unicellular algae, on microbial activity of forest soils was tested using a pot experiment. Five variants of soil-alginite mixtures were tested in three replicates with two forest soils: a loose sandy soil and a sandy loam. Gravimetric moisture closely correlated with the dose of alginite in both soils. Basal respiration and catalase activity increased with the dose of alginite in the sandy soil, but not in the sandy loam, where the highest response was observed at intermediate doses of alginite. The correlations of microbial activity parameters with moisture in the sandy soil were also much closer than in the sandy loam. The amendment with alginite was thus effective in improving some of the selected microbial activity indicators, but the optimum dose of alginite strongly depends on soil texture.     

中国森林土壤碳储量与土壤碳过程研究进展

森林是陆地生态系统的主体,是陆地上最大的碳储库和碳吸收汇。国内外研究表明,土壤亚系统在调节森林生态系统碳循环和减缓全球气候变化中起着重要作用。但是,由于森林类型的多样性、结构的复杂性以及森林对干扰和变化环境响应的时空动态变化,至今对森林土壤碳储量和变率的科学估算,以及土壤关键碳过程及其稳定性维持机制的认识还十分有限。综述了近十几年来我国森林土壤碳储量和土壤碳过程的研究工作,主要包括不同森林类型土壤碳储量、土壤碳化学稳定性、土壤呼吸及其组分、土壤呼吸影响机制、气候变化与土地利用对土壤碳过程的影响等;评述了土壤碳过程相关科学问题的研究进展,讨论了尚未解决的主要问题,并分析了未来土壤碳研究的发展趋势,以期为促进我国森林土壤碳循环研究,科学评价森林土壤碳固持潜力及其稳定性维持机制和有效实施森林生态系统管理提供科学参考。