槭树科花粉形态及其系统学意义

报道了槭树科(Aceraceae)槭属21组33种和金钱槭属2种植物的花粉形态。本科花粉近球形至长球形,极面观为三裂圆形。从花粉萌发孔类型看,金钱槭属Dipteronia具三孔沟,槭属（Acer)除4组具三孔沟外,其余均为三沟。从花粉外壁纹饰看,金钱槭属2个种和槭属的大多数种为条纹状,罕为细条纹－拟网状和皱波状。通过花粉形态分析,并结合其它方向的证据,我们认为：（1）Sect.Palmata,Sect.Spicata和Sect.Microcarpa可能是槭属中与金钱槭属关系最密切的类群;（2）A.distalum和A.nipponicum代表了近缘的两个单种组;（3）A.pseudoplatanus不同于Sect.Acer的其它4个种而与A.saccharum可能存在更为密切的关系;（4）Sect.Carpinifolia(细条纹－拟网状外壁纹饰）和Sect.Negundo(皱波状外壁纹饰）则可能代表了槭属中最特化的类群;（5）按槭树科花粉三孔沟到三沟的演化规律,Dipteronia较Acer原始。     

峨眉山槭属植物的地理分布和区系特点

本文报道了分布于四川峨眉山槭属植物,计26种1变种。讨论了槭属植物在峨眉山的垂直分布与水平分布规律。峨眉山槭属植物的区系组成是亚热带和温带东亚区系成分。     

东北槭属的种子表皮雕纹及其在分类上的意义

借助于扫描电子显微镜,对我国东北地区槭属（Ａｃｅ）的１１种变种的种皮雕纹进行了扫描观察,并拍制了电镜照片。从种皮的雕纹类型看,槭树属的种皮可以概括为四种类型：（１）嵌合型;（２）穴状条纹型;（３）条纹型;（４）网格型;雕纹的形态也支持了色木槭和元宝械作为两个独立种的处理意见;以及小果紫花槭作为紫花槭（Ａｃｅｒｐｓｅｕｄｏ－ｓｉｅｂｏｌｉｄｉａｎｕｍ（Ｐａｘ．）Ｋｏｍ）的种下等级变种（ｖａｒ．ｋｏｒ     

Rooting and dating maples (Acer) with an uncorrelated-rates molecular clock: implications for north American/Asian disjunctions

Simulations suggest that molecular clock analyses can correctly identify the root of a tree even when the clock assumption is severely violated. Clock-based rooting of phylogenies may be particularly useful when outgroup rooting is problematic. Here, we explore relaxed-clock rooting in the Acer/Dipteronia clade of Sapindaceae, which comprises genera of highly uneven species richness and problematic mutual monophyly. Using an approach that does not presuppose rate autocorrelation between ancestral and descendant branches and hence does not require a rooted a priori topology, we analyzed data from up to seven chloroplast loci for some 50 ingroup species. For comparison, we used midpoint and outgroup rooting and dating methods that rely on rooted input trees, namely penalized likelihood, a Bayesian autocorrelated-rates model, and a strict clock. The chloroplast sequences used here reject a single global substitution rate, and the assumption of autocorrelated rates was also rejected. The root was placed between Acer and Dipteronia by all three rooting methods, albeit with low statistical support. Analyses of Acer diversification with a lineage-through-time plot and different survival models, although sensitive to missing data, suggest a gradual decrease in the average diversification rate. The nine North American species of Acer diverged from their nearest relatives at widely different times: eastern American Acer diverged in the Oligocene and Late Miocene; western American species in the Late Eocene and Mid Miocene; and the Acer core clade, including A. saccharum, dates to the Miocene. Recent diversification in North America is strikingly rare compared to diversification in eastern Asia.     

Selectivity mechanism of Anoplophora glabripennis on four different species of maples

Anoplophora glabripennis (Motsch.) is a wood-boring beetle that is native to China. For a long time, it caused great losses in the economy and ecology of northwest China. Attractants are often used to control insects. The volatiles emitted from the host plant play an important role for insects in finding their target. To explore the mechanism of selec-tivity to different host plants, the response of Anoplophora glabripennis to four different host plants was investigated, which included Acer negundo L., Acer mono Maxim., Acer truncatum Bunge. and Acer platanoides L., and the com-pounds in the profiles of volatiles were identified from these species. The olfactory responses ofAnoplophora glabripennis to the odors of different plants showed preference for certain host plants: Acer negundo, Acer mono and Acer truncatum. The attraction ofAcer negundo and Acer mono was signifi-cantly different (p<0.05). The attraction ofAcer negundo to the insects was stronger than to Acer mono. Acerplatanoides neither attracted nor repelled the insects. Compounds in the profiles of volatiles from the above four species were identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spec-trometry (GC-MS) equipped with a CP-4020 termodesorp-tion and cold trap (TCT) device. The constituents ofvolatiles and the relative concentrations were different in the four host species. The amount of ketones, alcohols and aldehydes in the four plants showed the same order: Acer negundo Acer mono Maxim.>Acer truncatum Bunge.>Acer platanoides L.. 1-penten-3-ol, ocimene and trans-Germanylacetone were repellent to Anoplophora glabripennis. 1-penten-3-ol and trans-gerranylacetone were identified in Acer platanoides, and Ocimene was the most attractive to Anoplophora glabripennis among these species. The extent of feeding damage caused by Anoplophora glabripennis differed among four species. The sequences was Acer negundo > Acer mono > Acer truncatum > Acer platanoides. The epidermal hairs of the four host plants revealed that the extent of damage was related to the physical characteristics of the host plants.     

Shade adaptation and shade tolerance in saplings of three Acer species from eastern North America

Summary Saplings of three, co-occurring maple species in a mature maple-beech forest differed in a suite of structural and physiological characters that separated the canopy species, Acer, saccharum, from the two subcanopy species, A. pensylvanicum and A. spicatum. Acer saccharum had both more dense wood and tougher and heavier but thinner leaves than the subcanopy species. Acer pensylvanicum had the largest, lightest leaves with high stomatal density and its canopy architecture was the most effective in terms of leaf display for light interception. Acer spicatum had weaker wood similar to that of A. pensylvanicum but also small, soft and relatively poorly displayed leaves. Both subcanopy species maintained marginally higher average rates of photosynthesis over the growing season in the understory environment. We consider juvenile A. saccharum only shade-tolerant, capable of persisting through long periods in the closed canopy until a gap occurs but not specifically adapted to the understory environment. Juvenile A. sacchrum appears to be constrained functionally by the requirements set by the canopy environment that adults will occupy. Characters such as high wood density are already expressed in the understory sapling; this investment in denser wood slows the growth of saplings, but is necessary for structural reasons in the adult. Juvenile A. saccaharum have morphological and photosynthetic characters better suited to gas exchange and extension growth under the increased photon flux densities in large forest gaps, characteristics that will also be advantageous in the sunlit canopy environment of adults.Both subcanopy maples appear to be more truly shade-adapted, although in somewhat different ways. Acer pensylvanicum has characteristics that enhance the potential for capture and utilization of sunflecks and is able to sustain higher growth rates than A. saccharum in the shaded subcanopy environment. Acer spicatum shares some shade-adapted features with A. pensylvanicum, and its habit of lateral spread through stem layering may confer an additional advantage in foraging for small light gaps.     

槭属的系统演化与地理分布

槭属（ＡｃｅｒＬ）属槭树科（Ａｃｅｒａｃｅａｅ）,２００种,分布于亚、欧、北美和非洲北缘。本文研究了槭属的系统演化、地理分布、起源与扩散。认为：（１）槭树科与无患子科关系密切,槭属是槭树科２属中较进化的类群。（２）在原始而典型的槭属植物的基础上,槭属沿花的各部减少,有的器官甚至向完全退化的方向演化,但也有少数向增加数目的方向特化。（３）讨论了槭属４亚属２３组的演化趋势,并绘制出其系统演化图。（４）槭属起源于侏罗纪的中国四川东部、湖北、湖南及其邻近地区,并向西、东北和南方扩散而进入西亚、欧洲、非洲北缘、北美洲和马来半岛至印尼。     

Selectivity mechanism of Anoplophora glabripennis on four different species of maples

Anoplophora glabripennis (Motsch.) is a woodboring beetle that is native to China. For a long time, it caused great losses in the economy and ecology of northwest China. Attractants are often used to control insects. The volatiles emitted from the host plant play an important role for insects in finding their target. To explore the mechanism of selectivity to different host plants, the response of Anoplophora glabripennis to four different host plants was investigated, which included Acer negundo L., Acer mono Maxim., Acer truncatum Bunge. and Acer platanoides L., and the compounds in the profiles of volatiles were identified from these species. The olfactory responses of Anoplophora glabripennis to the odors of different plants showed preference for certain host plants: Acer negundo, Acer mono and Acer truncatum. The attraction of Acer negundo and Acer mono was significantly different (p<0.05). The attraction of Acer negundo to the insects was stronger than to Acer mono. Acer platanoides neither attracted nor repelled the insects. Compounds in the profiles of volatiles from the above four species were identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) equipped with a CP-4020 termodesorption and cold trap (TCT) device. The constituents of volatiles and the relative concentrations were different in the four host species. The amount of ketones, alcohols and aldehydes in the four plants showed the same order: Acer negundo<Acer mono<Acer truncatum<Acer platanoides, while that of alkanes and esters was quiet different: Acer negundo L.>Acer mono Maxim.>Acer truncatum Bunge.>Acer platanoides L.. 1-penten-3-ol, ocimene and trans-Germanylacetone were repellent to Anoplophora glabripennis. 1-penten-3-ol and trans-gerranylacetone were identified in Acer platanoides, and Ocimene was the most attractive to Anoplophora glabripennis among these species. The extent of feeding damage caused by Anoplophora glabripennis differed among four species. The sequences was Acer negundo>Acer mono>Acer truncatum>Acer platanoides. The epidermal hairs of the four host plants revealed that the extent of damage was related to the physical characteristics of the host plants. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(3): 870–877 [译自:生态学报]     

神农架天然针阔混交林乔木更新的空间格局

为深入了解神农架天然针阔混交林群落乔木树种的更新特征,于神农架国家公园设置1 hm²森林动态监测样地对树种更新进行调查,利用Ripley的L函数分析优势更新树种的空间分布格局、种间空间关联性以及与大树的空间分布关系。结果显示：（1）更新个体共有35 752株,隶属于19科29属45种。更新优势种基本是乔木层优势树种,物种更新数量表现为：巴山冷杉（Abies fargesii Franch.） > 华山松（Pinus armandii Franch.） > 四蕊槭（Acer stachyophyllum subsp.tetramerum（Pax）A.E.） > 华中山楂（Crataegus wilsonii Sarg.）,混交林群落更新良好。（2）随着尺度增加,巴山冷杉、华山松更新空间格局由聚集分布向随机分布和均匀分布发展;华中山楂、四蕊槭更新的空间格局在整个尺度上均为聚集分布,表明针叶、阔叶树种更新在空间生态利用策略上出现分化。（3）巴山冷杉与其余3个优势更新树种、华山松与华中山楂更新呈显著正相关,表现出对微生境的共同喜好;四蕊槭分别与华山松、华中山楂更新的空间关系表现为显著负相关,种间竞争激烈。（4）巴山冷杉、华中山楂、四蕊槭的更新个体与大树的空间分布总体为显著正相关,这可能与种子传播限制相关;华山松幼苗、幼树与大树的空间分布在小尺度上呈负相关,存在资源不对称竞争。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acer binzayedii</Emphasis> (Sapindaceae), a new maple species from Mexico

Acer binzayedii, a new species of Sapindaceae from cloud and high elevation forests in Jalisco State, Mexico, is described and illustrated. Acer binzayedii is characterized by deeply sagittate anther bases bearing scattered trichomes, the wing sulcus covering more than half of the nutlet, sparsely distributed coalescent and anastomose veins of the wings with reticulate veinlets sometimes present, trichomes on the abaxial leaf surfaces with short nodulations of reduced prominence, conical buds, and grey bark with long vertical ridges. The new species is compared to putative relatives A. skutchii, A. floridanum, A. saccharum, A. grandidentatum, and A. nigrum.     

Differentiation in DNA fingerprinting among species of the genus Acer L. in Campania (Italy)

Abstract

Natural populations of species in the Acer genus occurring in Campania (southern Italy) were surveyed by screening seven microsatellite loci. Primer pairs for Acer pseudoplatanus L. microsatellite loci were analysed in six different species: Acer lobelii Ten., Acer campestre L., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Acer obtusatum W. et K., Acer neapolitanum Ten. and Acer monspessulanum L. The aim of the present study was to survey the genetic variability and genetic structure of natural populations of the Acer genus in Campania. The high degree of polymorphism observed in six different species of Acer makes these markers useful for investigating genetic variation at various spatial scales, and for the analysis of gene flow and of the mating system.     

Biogeographical contrasts to assess local and regional patterns of invasion: a case study with two reciprocally introduced exotic maple trees

Quantitative comparisons of distribution and abundance of exotic species in their native and non‐native ranges represent a first step when studying invaders. However, this approach is rarely applied 2 particularly to tree species. Using biogeographical contrasts coupled with regional dispersal surveys, we assessed whether two exotic maple tree species, Acer negundo and Acer platanoides, can be classified as invasive in the non‐native regions surveyed. We also examined the importance of biogeography in determining the degree of invasion by exotic species using this reciprocal approach. Local‐scale surveys were conducted in a total of 34 forests to compare density, relative abundance, age structure of native and introduced populations, and whether the two introduced maple species negatively affected native tree species density. Regional‐scale surveys of a total of 136 forests were then conducted to assess distribution in the introduced regions. Introduced populations of A. negundo were denser than populations measured in their native range and negatively related to native tree species density. Age structure did not differ between regions for this species. At the regional scale, this species has invaded most of the riparian corridors sampled in France. Conversely, the density of A. platanoides introduced populations was similar to that of native populations and was not related to native tree species density. Although seedling recruitment was higher away than at home, this species has invaded only 9% of the forests sampled in southern Ontario, Canada. Although reported invasive, these two exotic maple species differed in their relative demographic parameters and regional spread. Acer negundo is currently invasive in southern France while A. platanoides is not aggressively invasive in southern Ontario. Importantly, this study effectively demonstrates that biogeography through structured contrasts provide a direct means to infer invasion of exotic species.     

Interspecific variation in sapling mortality in relation to growth and soil moisture

To examine the causes of landscape variation in forest community composition, we have quantified sapling mortality as a function of growth and soil moisture for seven dominant species in transition oak-northern hardwood forests of the northeastern USA. We located saplings in sites that encompassed a wide range of variation in soil moisture and light availability. In mesic conditions, the probability of mortality decays rapidly with increasing growth among shade tolerant species and more gradually among shade intolerant species: the rank order of survivorship at low growth rates is Tsuga canadensis > Fagus grandifolia > Acer saccharum > Fraxinus americana > Acer rubrum > Quercus rubra > Pinus strobus . The relationship between probability of mortality and growth does not vary with soil moisture among species insensitive to drought: Tsuga canadensis , Quercus rubra, and Pinus strobus . However, probability of mortality increases substantially with decreasing soil water availability for the other four species. Acer saccharum and Fagus grandifolia have high mortality rates under xeric conditions even when their growth is not suppressed. Acer rubrum and Fraxinus americana exhibited a steady but more gradual increase in the probability of mortality with decreasing soil moisture. Among the five deciduous hardwood species we examined there is a weak inverse relationship between the ability to survive growth suppression, a measure of shade tolerance, and the ability to survive in xeric conditions, a measure of drought tolerance. Tsuga canadensis , however, is tolerant of growth suppression and exhibits high survivorship in xeric conditions, while Pinus strobus is intolerant of growth suppression but insensitive to soil moisture. Species differences in water-dependent mortality are consistent with the species distributions across landscape gradients of soil water availability.     

A New Species of the Genus Amblyseius from Korea (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

A new species, Amblyseius choii sp. nov. is described from Korea. The new species was collected on the deciduous plants, Acer pseudo‐sieboldianum (Paxton) Kom. at Mahyeon‐ri, Geunnam‐myeon, Cheorwon‐gun, Gangwon‐do Province.     

Characterization of microsatellite markers in sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.)

Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) is a tetraploid European hardwood tree species. The reproduction system of the insect‐pollinated trees and patterns of genetic variation are largely unknown. We isolated and characterized eight polymorphic microsatellite markers for Acer pseudoplatanus L. The high degree of polymorphism observed at these markers makes them useful to observe genetic variation patterns at various spatial scales and to analyse gene flow and the mating system. Primers developed for the amplification of microsatellites in A. pseudoplatanus were tested for 21 different species of genus Acer. Amplification products of the expected size were obtained in most cases.     

槭树科植物广义形态学性状分支分析

通过45个广义的形态学性状对槭树科(Aceraceae)尤其是槭属(Acer L.)的主要类群做了分支分析,结果显示：1)槭属内由于各类群分布着较多的同塑性状状态,而难以为属下组间关系的解决提供更多有价值的信息;通过对具体的性状状态分布分析显示,对于象槭属这样在形态上分化较大的类群,由于多数分类性状在不同类群间经历了平行和逆转演化,因而在较低分类阶元水平很难选择合适的性状来通过分支分析构建其系统发育;2)鸡爪槭组(section Palmata)作为整个槭属的基部类群,虽然支持率较低,但与其它类群相比在槭属内维持了较多的原始性状;3)金钱槭属(Dipteronia Oliv.)的两个种作为单系得到了100％的靴带支持,且和槭属作为姐妹群也得到了较好的支持。     

Die Buche. Eine Kultur‐ und Wirtschaftsgeschichte

The Beech forests: A cultural and socio‐economic history The German strategy of maintaining biodiversity aims at an establishment of wilderness areas. Mainly beech forests shall serve as UNESCO world heritage. Here we ask, if there are any “natural” beech forests. This tree species is closely linked to human development, and at present this species is less endangered than the accompanying species of Acer, Fraxinus, Quercus and other broad leaved species.     

Differences between tree species in hydraulic press calibration of leaf water potential are correlated with specific leaf area

Abstract To determine the usefulness of the J-14 Hydraulic Press (Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan, Utah, U.S.A.) in estimating leaf water potential, we calibrated the J-14 Press against a Scholander-type pressure chamber for leaves of various tree species. The species tested were: Acer saccharum, Acer negundo, Acer rubrum. Populus tremuloides, Populus grandidentata, Quercus rubra, and Brassaia actinophylla (Schefflera). The regression calibrations were linear with standard errors about the regression less than 0.1 MPa. The regression equations for the four genera were significantly different, with the y- intercept increasing and the slope decreasing in order of decreasing specific leaf area (SLA). There were no significant differences between species of the calibration lines within the genera Acer and Populus. These data may indicate that leaves with lower SLA resist mechanical compression by the hydraulic press, causing the J-14 Press to be less sensitive to differences of leaf water potential. Therefore the J-14 Press is only a relative measure of leaf water status and does not measure leaf water potential.     

The Occurrence of Peroxiredoxins and Changes in Redox State in Acer platanoides and Acer pseudoplatanus During Seed Development

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) and sycamore (A. pseudoplatanus L.) are genetically closely related species that produce desiccation-tolerant (orthodox) and...     

安徽宿州大方寺林区植物种类及其资源的初步调查

大方寺位于淮北平原萄丘陵地带,天然次生林属于暖温带叶阔叶林。由于自然条件复杂,植物种类丰富,木本植物130余种,草本植物100余种;植被类型多种多样,主要群落为：青檀（Pterooeltis tatarinowii）、牡荆（Witex negundo）、华隐子草（Cleistogenes chinensis）群落,栓皮栎（Quercus wvriabilis）、五角枫（Acer mono）、牡荆（Vitex negundo）裂稃草（Schizachyrium brevifolium）群落和黄连木（Pistacia chinensis）、五角枫（Acer mono）、扁担杆（Creuia biloba）、沿阶草（Ophiopogon bodinievi）群落等三种。大方寺植物资源丰富,具有用材经济植物的约60余种,药用植物200余种,香料及密源植物10余种,纤维植物30余种,庭园观赏植物40余种。