基于无人机影像探讨格氏栲天然林林窗数量分布及其影响因素

探讨格氏栲( Castanopsis kawakamii)天然林林窗数量特征及其空间分布对预测森林种群动态变化及演替具有重要意义。该文采用无人机航拍获取格氏栲天然林正射影像图并结合野外调查,通过提取林窗特征参数和计算植被覆盖率来探讨林窗空间分布及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)保护区内格氏栲天然林植被覆盖率为75.53%,部分地区出现一定面积裸露土地。(2)研究区林窗空隙率为2.40%,密度为6.50 ind.·hm^-2,平均林窗面积为36.86 m²。(3)研究区林窗数量随林窗面积增加呈负指数分布,以微、小和中型林窗为主,面积100 m²以上的林窗数量较少。(4)低海拔林冠层覆盖度好,中海拔地区林窗个体数和平均林窗面积较大,高海拔地区林窗密度和空隙率相对较大。林窗主要分布在缓坡和斜坡上,其平均面积、密度和林窗空隙率也明显较高。西和南方位林窗数量较多,北、西北和东南方向林窗密度和空隙率相对较大。格氏栲天然林植被覆盖率较高,以微、小和中型林窗为主,地形因子通过改变林窗面积、林窗密度和林窗空隙率特征驱动了格氏栲天然林林窗数量与空间分布格局。     

格氏栲天然林林窗和林下种子散布及幼苗更新研究

以格氏栲(Castanopsis kawakamii)天然林为研究对象,探讨了林窗和林下格氏栲种子雨、种子库的分布特征及幼苗更新状况。结果表明:林窗种子雨总量和完好种子密度高于林下,未成熟种子比例低于林下;林窗和林下种子雨高峰期掉落数量分别占种子雨总量的77.13%和74.5%;林窗种子库储量低于林下,种子库中以全食或捡拾种子比例最高,其中种子库储量垂直分布表现为枯落物层(约占2/3)>腐殖质层(0～5 cm)(约占1/3)>心土层(5～10 cm)(小于1%),以格氏栲种子占绝对优势;格氏栲从种子到幼苗的转化率低,林窗中格氏栲完好种子密度与幼苗密度均高于林下。林窗微生境提高了种子散布过程中格氏栲成熟种子的密度和比例,有利于促进格氏栲的幼苗更新,表明林窗在格氏栲种群恢复过程中扮演着重要角色。     

Effects of forest conversion on soil labile organic carbon fractions and aggregate stability in subtropical China

Soil labile fractions play an important role in improving soil quality due to its ability of maintaining soil fertility and minimizing negative environmental impacts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of forest transition (conversion of natural broadleaf forests into monoculture tree plantations) on soil labile fractions (light fraction organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, and microbial biomass carbon). Soil samples were collected from a natural forest of Castanopsis kawakamii Hayata (NF) and two adjacent 36-year-old monoculture plantations of C. kawakamii (CK) and Cunninghamia lanceolata Lamb. (Chinese fir) (CF) at Xinkou Experimental Forestry Centre, southeastern China. In the 0–100 cm depth, the light fraction organic carbon (LFOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) were significantly lower in the CK and CF than in the NF (P?<?0.05). Generally, LFOC, POC and MBC contents declined consistently with profile depth. Significant differences in LFOC, POC and MBC concentrations between the native forest and two plantations were detected at 0–40 cm depth, especially the top 10 cm, whereas there was less change below 40 cm, indicating that labile fraction losses due to forest transition mainly occurred in the surface soils. The three indices of labile organic carbon were closely correlated, suggesting they are interrelated properties. Labile fractions (LFOC, POC and MBC) were more sensitive indicators of SOC change resulting from the forest transition. We also found that forest types significantly affected the water stable aggregate >0.25 mm content (WSA) at the 0–10 cm depth. It suggested that converting old-growth native forest to intensively-managed plantations would reduce labile organic C, which may be attributed to a combination of factors including quantity of litter materials, microbial activity and management disturbances, which would change greatly with the forest conversion. How long these changes would persist needs the further study.     

甘肃兴隆山森林演替过程中的土壤理化性质

在森林群落恢复演替过程中,由于森林类型及其所处立地环境不同,森林与土壤相互作用过程具有复杂性。以甘肃兴隆山6种森林类型(青杄林、青杄-白桦林、山杨-白桦林、灌丛林、落叶松林和油松林)0—60 cm土壤层为研究对象,探讨森林恢复演替过程中土壤理化性质的变化规律,旨在为该区域退化森林生态系统恢复与重建提供依据。结果表明:1)在土壤剖面上,兴隆山森林土壤容重随深度的增加而逐渐增大,总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、自然含水量、最大持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量均随深度的增加而减小;pH值差异不显著,无明显变化规律;土壤有机质、全N、水解N、有效P、速效K均随深度的增加而变小,表聚效应明显;全P差异不显著,呈"圆柱体"分布模式;2)在森林恢复演替过程中,天然林容重、孔隙度、持水能力、渗透性明显好于人工林,随森林正向演替的进行,天然林容重不断减少,孔隙度明显改善,通透性能不断增强,而人工林土壤物理性质出现明显退化现象;天然林pH值在演替方向上并未表现出酸化现象;天然林土壤有机质、全N、水解N、有效P和速效K变化规律不明显,但总的变化趋势为先增加后减小;3)有机质与全N、水解N、最大持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量呈显著正相关,而与容重呈显著负相关;全N与水解N呈显著正相关;土壤有机质在改善土壤理化性质和促进养分循环方面具有重要作用,已成为植被恢复过程中土壤变化的一个重要标志。     

Changes in Forest Soil Properties in Different Successional Stages in Lower Tropical China

Background

Natural forest succession often affects soil physical and chemical properties. Selected physical and chemical soil properties were studied in an old-growth forest across a forest successional series in Dinghushan Nature Reserve, Southern China.

Methodology/Principal Findings

The aim was to assess the effects of forest succession change on soil properties. Soil samples (0–20 cm depth) were collected from three forest types at different succession stages, namely pine (Pinus massoniana) forest (PMF), mixed pine and broadleaf forest (PBMF) and monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest (MEBF), representing early, middle and advanced successional stages respectively. The soil samples were analyzed for soil water storage (SWS), soil organic matter (SOM), soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), pH, NH₄ ⁺-N, available potassium (K), available phosphorus (P) and microelements (available copper (Cu), available zinc (Zn), available iron (Fe) and available boron (B)) between 1999 and 2009. The results showed that SWS, SOM, SMBC, Cu, Zn, Fe and B concentrations were higher in the advanced successional stage (MEBF stage). Conversely, P and pH were lower in the MEBF but higher in the PMF (early successional stage). pH, NH₄ ⁺-N, P and K declined while SOM, Zn, Cu, Fe and B increased with increasing forest age. Soil pH was lower than 4.5 in the three forest types, indicating that the surface soil was acidic, a stable trend in Dinghushan.

Conclusion/Significance

These findings demonstrated significant impacts of natural succession in an old-growth forest on the surface soil nutrient properties and organic matter. Changes in soil properties along the forest succession gradient may be a useful index for evaluating the successional stages of the subtropical forests. We caution that our inferences are drawn from a pseudo-replicated chronosequence, as true replicates were difficult to find. Further studies are needed to draw rigorous conclusions regarding on nutrient dynamics in different successional stages of forest.     

A study of soil nitrogen organic fractions and correlation with yield response of Sudan-sorghum hybrid grass on Quebec soils

Summary Acid-hydrolysable organic nitrogen fractions were determined before and after two crops of Sudan-sorghum hybrid grass grown in a growth chamber on twenty Quebec soils. The relationship between the organic nitrogen fractions and yield response to N fertilizer and N uptake was examined by correlation methods and compared with corresponding relations obtained using incubation and boiling water extraction methods as indices of soil N availability. Mean contributions to total N lost during growth of the two crops were: hydrolysable NH ₄ ⁺ -N−19%, amino acid N−16% and hexosamine N−2%. The amino acid N, hydrolysable NH ₄ ⁺ -N and total hydrolysable N were significantly correlated with percent yield, log percent yield decrement and N uptake. Better correlations were obtained with the incubation and boiling water extraction methods than with the organic-N fractions. Contribution from Department of Soil Science, Macdonald College of McGill University.     

鼎湖山3种演替阶段森林土壤C、N、P现状及动态

为探讨森林演替过程中土壤C、N、P的变化,通过测定鼎湖山3种演替阶段的森林土壤有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)含量,对他们的化学计量进行分析。结果表明,鼎湖山3种森林土壤SOC和TN随演替阶段而增加,演替中后期表层土壤(0~20 cm)与演替初期的差异达到显著水平(P0.05),在土壤剖面上的分布都呈现显著的表层富集现象,且表层土壤与其他土层均有显著差异(P0.05)。土壤TP含量随演替阶段没有呈现出有规律的变化,不同演替阶段间也没有显著差异,但不同演替阶段土壤TP在土壤剖面上的分布表现不同,演替前期土壤TP含量随着土层深度增加而增加,演替后期土壤TP随土层深度的增加而降低,而演替中期土壤TP含量在各土层间没有显著差异。土壤C∶N不受土层深度和演替进程的影响,而土壤C∶P和N∶P均表现为随演替阶段而增加,随土层加深而降低。这些揭示了森林土壤SOC、TN和TP含量随演替进展及其在土壤剖面上的分布取决于土壤C、N、P的来源方式。     

Mechanisms for carbon and nutrient release and retention in beech forest gaps

Nutrient cycling and water balance in forest gaps has received little attention until now, although gap regeneration is important to natural dynamics of temperate forests. Gaps of 30 m diameter, cut in a mature beech forest, exhibited a distinct change in microclimatic conditions in comparison with the surrounding stand. Soil moisture in gaps remained very high throughout the observation period. Disruption of the N cycle in gaps led to substantial nitrate losses; seepage water nitrate concentrations were 10–18 mg NO₃-N L^-1. Excess nitrification was a significant cause of soil acidification and aluminium release. The pH in subsoil seepage water decreased by 0.25. Liming in gaps promoted the establishment of a herbaceous vegetation, which functioned as an important nutrient sink, and thus is recommended for tree regeneration in highly acidified forest ecosystems as it increases the resilience of the ecosystem to nutrient losses.     

Soluble Organic Nitrogen Pools in Forest soils of Subtropical Australia

Soil soluble organic N (SON) plays an important role in N biogeochemical cycling. In this study, 22 surface forest soils (0–10 cm) were collected from southeast Queensland, Australia, to investigate the size of SON pools extracted by water and salt solutions. Approximately 5–45 mg SON kg⁻¹, 2–42 mg SON kg⁻¹ and 1–24 SON mg kg⁻¹ were extracted by 2 M KCl, 0.5 M K₂SO₄ and water, on average, corresponding to about 21.1, 13.5 and 7.0 kg SON ha⁻¹ at the 0–10 cm forest soils, respectively. These SON pools, on average, accounted for 39% (KCl extracts), 42% (K₂SO₄ extracts) and 43% (water extracts) of total soluble N (TSN), and 2.3% (KCl extracts), 1.3% (K₂SO₄ extracts) and 0.7% (water extracts) of soil total N, respectively. Large variation in SON pools observed across the sites in the present study may be attributed to a combination of factors including soil types, tree species, management practices and environmental conditions. Significant relationships were observed among the SON pools extracted by water, KCl and K₂SO₄ and microbial biomass N (MBN). In general, KCl and K₂SO₄ extracted more SON than water from the forest soils, while KCl extracted more SON than K₂SO₄. The SON and soluble organic C (SOC) in KCl, K₂SO₄ and water extracts were all positively related to soil organic C, total N and clay contents. This indicates that clay and soil organic matter play a key role in the retention of SON in soil.     

Impacts of forest gaps on soil properties and processes in old growth northern hardwood-hemlock forests

We examined the influence of treefall gaps on soil properties and processes in old growth northern hardwood-hemlock forests in the upper Great Lakes region, USA. We found significantly greater solar radiation, soil moisture contents and soil temperatures in gaps compared to adjacent closed canopy plots. Gaps had significantly less exchangeable base cations (K, Ca, and Mg) compared to forest plots in the upper mineral soil (0–25 cm). Gaps also had significantly more dissolved organic N and extractable nitrate at depth (25–50 cm), indicating increased nutrient leaching in gaps. In-situ N mineralization was significantly greater in gaps and edge plots compared to forest plots. We found significantly greater potential N mineralization (measured in the laboratory at 25°C and 40% water holding capacity) in forest compared to gap plots. Microbial biomass N was significantly greater (ca. two-fold) in the gap edge compared to both gaps and closed forest. Using principal component analyses we found that edge plots were positively correlated with all principal components, indicating increased in-situ and potential N mineralization, microbial biomass N, soil NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺, and soil organic matter. The gap edge may be a region of optimal microclimate and substrate to enhance microbial biomass and activity within these forest ecosystems. Responsible Editor: Bernard Nicolardet     

Impact of Ecosystem Management on Microbial Community Level Physiological Profiles of Postmining Forest Rehabilitation

We investigated the impacts of forest thinning, prescribed fire, and contour ripping on community level physiological profiles (CLPP) of the soil microbial population in postmining forest rehabilitation. We hypothesized that these management practices would affect CLPP via an influence on the quality and quantity of soil organic matter. The study site was an area of Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm.) forest rehabilitation that had been mined for bauxite 12 years previously. Three replicate plots (20 × 20 m) were established in nontreated forest and in forest thinned from 3,000–8,000 stems ha⁻¹ to 600–800 stems ha⁻¹ in April (autumn) of 2003, followed either by a prescribed fire in September (spring) of 2003 or left nonburned. Soil samples were collected in August 2004 from two soil depths (0–5 cm and 5–10 cm) and from within mounds and furrows caused by postmining contour ripping. CLPP were not affected by prescribed fire, although the soil pH and organic carbon (C), total C and total nitrogen (N) contents were greater in burned compared with nonburned plots, and the coarse and fine litter mass lower. However, CLPP were affected by forest thinning, as were fine litter mass, soil C/N ratio, and soil pH, which were all higher in thinned than nonthinned plots. Furrow soil had greater coarse and fine litter mass, and inorganic phosphorous (P), organic P, organic C, total C, total N, ammonium, microbial biomass C contents, but lower soil pH and soil C/N ratio than mound soil. Soil pH, inorganic P, organic P, organic C, total C and N, ammonium, and microbial biomass C contents also decreased with depth, whereas soil C/N ratio increased. Differences in CLPP were largely (94%) associated with the relative utilization of gluconic, malic (greater in nonthinned than thinned soil and mound than furrow soil), l-tartaric, succinic, and uric acids (greater in thinned than nonthinned, mound than furrow, and 5–10 cm than 0–5 cm soil). The relative utilization of amino acids also tended to increase with increasing soil total C and organic C contents but decreased with increasing nitrate content, whereas the opposite was true for carboxylic acids. Only 45% of the variance in CLPP was explained using a multivariate multiple regression model, but soil C and N pools and litter mass were significant predictors of CLPP. Differences in soil textural components between treatments were also correlated with CLPP; likely causes of these differences are discussed. Our results suggest that 1 year after treatment, CLPP from this mined forest ecosystem are resilient to a spring prescribed fire but not forest thinning. We conclude that differences in CLPP are likely to result from complex interactions among soil properties that mediate substrate availability, microbial nutrient demand, and microbial community composition.     

不同强度火干扰下盘古林场天然落叶松林的空间结构

基于2011年7月大兴安岭外业调查数据以林隙为主要研究对象,选取景观生态学中斑块类型指数分析样地内林隙状况,并结合林木分布状态,分析不同强度林火干扰对天然落叶松林空间结构的影响。结果表明:在受中度林火干扰的林分内,只保留了少量的落叶松中径木、大径木,先锋树种在林分内呈现聚集分布;在未受林火干扰的林分和受林火轻微干扰的林分内,天然落叶松均呈现显著聚集分布;由于受到不同强度的林火干扰,林下区域与林隙区域出现不同程度的相互转化,林分空间结构发生了改变。林分按照所受林火干扰强度的递减,在同一时间不同空间上表现出了森林循环过程中所经历的林隙阶段状态、建立阶段状态、成熟阶段状态。     

模拟氮沉降对典型阔叶红松林土壤有机碳和养分的影响简

为探讨氮沉降对典型阔叶红松（Pinus koraiensis）林的影响,从2008年6月~2010年8月进行了人工模拟氮沉降实验,实验分为对照、低N、中N、高N4个处理,每个处理3个重复。所施氮肥为CO(NH₂)₂,以溶液的形式喷施,4个处理浓度分别为0、30、60、120 kg·hm^-2·a^-1。在氮沉降进行1年后,采集各处理0～20、20～40和40～60 cm的土壤样品,测定其土壤有机C、全N、碱解N和速效P、速效K。结果表明：相同处理下,有机C和全N含量随土层的加深均逐渐减少。总体上低、中N处理显著增加了土壤有机C、碱解N和速效K含量,中、高N处理显著降低了土壤速效P含量（P<0.05）,而对全N含量影响不显著（P>0.05）。土壤有机C与土壤全N、碱解N、速效P、速效K之间存在极显著正相关关系（P<0.001）。有机C和土壤养分对氮沉降的响应说明氮沉降在短期内可能影响阔叶红松林土壤碳库积累和土壤肥力水平。     

亚热带次级森林演替过程中模拟氮磷沉降对土壤微生物生物量及土壤养分的影响

氮（N）沉降深刻影响着森林生态系统的生物多样性、生产力和稳定性。亚热带地区森林土壤磷（P）的有效性较低,N沉降将更突显P的限制作用。N、P输入对亚热带次级森林土壤的影响是否依赖于森林演替阶段知之甚少。选取两种不同演替年龄阶段（年轻林：<40 a;老年林：>85 a）的亚热带常绿阔叶林,设置模拟N和/或P沉降（10 g m^-2 a^-1）4个处理（Ctrl、N、P、NP）,连续处理4.5年后采集表层、次表层和下底层（0-15、15-30、30-60 cm）土壤样品,综合分析了土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）氮（MBN）和多种土壤养分含量。结果表明,MBC、MBN及土壤养分含量均随土壤深度增加而降低。N添加对两种演替阶段森林土壤中MBC和MBN均无显著影响。施P相关处理（P和NP）对年轻林表层土壤MBC和MBN无显著影响,但显著增加了老年林表层土壤MBC和MBN（P<0.05）,表明老年林可能比年轻林更易受P限制。N添加显著增加了两种演替森林表层土壤可溶性有机氮（DON）、氨态氮（NH₄⁺-N）和硝态氮（NO₃^--N）的含量（P<0.05）;P相关处理（P和NP）显著增加两种演替阶段表层和次表层土壤速效磷（AP）以及表层土壤全磷（TP）的含量（P<0.05）。土壤MBC和MBN与土壤中各养分指标（可溶性有机碳DOC、DON、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、AP、全碳TC、全氮TN和TP）呈显著正相关关系,土壤TC、TN和DOC是影响土壤微生物生物量的主要因子。研究可为评估和揭示未来全球环境变化背景下不同演替林龄亚热带森林的土肥潜力及土壤质量的演变提供一定的科学理论依据。     

鼎湖山3种不同林型下的土壤酸度和养分含量差异及其季节动态变化特性

主要研究了鼎湖山自然保护区内３种主要林型（季风常绿阔叶林、马尾松针阔叶混交林、马尾松林）下０－６０ｃｍ土层的酸度,有机质、水解氮、速效磷、钾、交换怀钙、镁等几各营养元素的含量状态以及它们的季节动态变化。结果表明,土壤ＰＨ值都胡着季节变化而逐渐升高,不同林型间的差异是松林〉混交林〉阔叶林,而且它们都是表层低于中下层,产生上述现象的原因可能是由于植被类型不同导致土壤微生物数量不同的结果,土壤养分含量明     

黄土高原天然次生林植被演替过程中土壤团聚体有机碳动态变化

土壤团聚体物理保护是促进有机碳积累主要机制之一。以黄土高原子午岭林区天然次生林植被演替群落为对象,研究从农田、草地（白羊草,Bothriochloa ischaemum）、灌木林（沙棘,Hippophae rhamnoides）、先锋林（山杨,Populus davidiana）到顶级林（辽东栎,Quercus liaotungensis）5个植被演替阶段0-20 cm土壤团聚体稳定性和团聚体有机碳的动态变化,并分析团聚体有机碳的影响因素。结果表明：土壤团聚体稳定性随着植被演替显著提高（P<0.05）,顶级林的团聚体稳定性最高;土壤有机碳含量和各粒径土壤团聚体（> 2 mm、2-0.25 mm、0.25-0.053 mm、<0.053 mm）有机碳含量均随着植被演替而增加。除草地0.25-0.053 mm团聚体有机碳含量最高外,其他演替阶段均为0.25-2 mm粒径最高。根系生物量、凋落物生物量、微生物生物量碳、团聚体稳定性均与团聚体有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）。总体而言,长期植被演替有助于团聚体稳定性和团聚体有机碳累积。     

Neutron radiography as a tool for revealing root development in soil: capabilities and limitations

Chronic atmospheric nitrogen deposition affects the cycling of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in forest ecosystems, and thereby alters the stable C isotopic abundance of plant and soil. Three successional stages, disturbed, rehabilitated and mature forests were studied for their responses to different nitrogen input levels. N-addition manipulative experiments were conducted at low, medium and high N levels. To study the responses of C cycling to N addition, the C concentration and ¹³C natural abundances for leaf, litter and soil were measured. Labile organic carbon fractions in mineral soils were measured to quantify the dynamics of soil organic C (SOC). Results showed that three-year continuous N addition did not significantly increase foliar C and N concentration, but decreased C/N ratio and enriched ¹³C in N-rich forests. In addition, N addition significantly decreased microbial biomass C, and increased water soluble organic C in surface soils of N-rich forests. This study suggests that N addition enhances the water consumption per unit C assimilation of dominant plant species, restricts SOC turnover in N-poor forests at early and medium successional stages (thus favored SOC sequestration), and vice versa for N-rich mature forests.     

米槠次生林和天然林细根养分及化学计量特征

探讨人为干扰对森林养分利用和生物地球化学循环特征的影响,对亚热带米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)次生林和天然林细根化学计量特征及其随土壤深度(0～80cm)的变化趋势进行了研究。结果表明,混合线性模型表明林分和土层深度对细根化学计量特征影响的主效应显著,但是交互作用不显著;米槠次生林细根N和P含量均显著低于天然林,而细根C浓度、C:N、C:P显著高于天然林,天然林1～2mm细根C浓度显著低于次生林;天然林和次生林细根N、P含量均随土层深度增加而呈显著下降趋势,C:N、C:P、N:P均随土层深度增加而呈显著上升趋势,且两林分下降趋势无显著差异;天然林和次生林细根N、P含量及N:P分别与土壤全N、全P含量和N:P存在线性关系,而细根N、P含量和N:P随土层深度变化均与直径显著相关,与细根比根长(SRL)无关。天然林经过人为干扰后,细根化学计量特征随土层深度变化规律虽未发生改变,但细根N和P浓度显著降低。     

小兴安岭原始阔叶红松林和枫桦次生林土壤有机碳库比较研究

土壤有机碳含量是全球生态系统碳储量变化的重要指标之一,本研究以空间替代时间序列的方法,分别选取了小兴安岭地区原始阔叶红松林和枫桦次生林并测定土壤有机碳库、土壤全氮含量、土壤微生物量碳及土壤相关理化性质,结果表明,土壤有机碳含量(SOC)、土壤全氮含量(TN)、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、土壤含水率等指标随着土壤层的深度增加而逐渐减少最后趋于稳定,而土壤容重随着土壤层的加深而增大。在原始林中0~10和10~20cm层的SOC、TN含量差异不显著,而次生林则差异显著。原始阔叶红松林和枫桦次生林的土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)分别为21.46和21.3 kg·m^-2,差异不显著。原始林和次生林的平均有机碳含量分别为35.79,28.6 g·kg^-1,土壤全氮含量分别为2.86,1.83 g·kg^-1,枫桦次生林MBC与SOC的线性相关性高于原始林。结果表明原始林土壤肥力高于次生林,在今后次生林的管理中应适当混栽针叶树种,原始林中应适当间伐使地下碳储量增加。     

模拟氮沉降对太岳山油松林土壤酶活性的影响

为研究土壤酶活性对氮沉降增加的响应,以山西太岳山油松人工林和天然林为研究对象,于2009年8月开始实施模拟氮沉实验,试验设置对照(CK,0 kg N hm-2a-1);低氮(LN,50 kg N hm-2a-1);中氮(MN,100 kg N hm-2a-1);高氮(HN,150 kg N hm-2a-1)4种氮处理,自2012年起每年5、7、9月在各处理样方采集表层0—20 cm土壤,测定土壤酶活性(过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、纤维素酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、中性磷酸酶)。研究结果表明:施氮处理下的脲酶与中性磷酸酶活性均有所提高,而低氮处理下天然林中的多酚氧化酶与人工林中的蔗糖酶显著低于对照,中氮、高氮处理下过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、天然林中的纤维素酶以及人工林中的蔗糖酶显著降低。总的来说,人工模拟氮沉降促进了土壤中脲酶和中性磷酸酶的活性,抑制了过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶的活性,并降低了天然林土壤中的纤维素酶活性和人工林中的蔗糖酶活性,但对天然林中蔗糖酶和人工林中的纤维素酶无影响。主导木质素降解的多酚氧化酶活性与纤维素酶、蔗糖酶活性显著相关,纤维素酶与蔗糖酶活性的下降可能是由木质素降解受到抑制,土壤微生物可利用碳源减少所引起。另外,受到天然林土壤含氮量较高的影响,与人工林相比,天然林的多酚氧化酶活性对模拟氮沉降更敏感。由于被抑制的酶均与土壤有机质降解密切相关,氮沉降增加将减缓山西油松林土壤有机质的降解,有利于有机质在土壤中的积累。