小红珠绢蝶线粒体基因组特征及基于线粒体基因组的蝶类高级阶元系统发育关系分析

【目的】了解小红珠绢蝶Parnassius nomion线粒体基因组的特征,并从线粒体基因组水平探究蝶类高级阶元的系统发育关系。【方法】采用PCR扩增技术及Sequencher 4.8拼接软件获得小红珠绢蝶线粒体基因组全序列。参考鳞翅目昆虫已知线粒体基因组全序列并使用MEGA6.0软件对小红珠绢蝶线粒体基因组中各基因进行定位和注释。采用tRNA Scan-SE 1.21在线预测小红珠绢蝶线粒体基因组tRNA基因的二级结构。基于线粒体基因组13个蛋白质编码基因的核苷酸序列重建了包含凤蝶总科中凤蝶科(Papilionidae)、绢蝶科(Parnassiidae)、粉蝶科(Pieridae)、眼蝶科(Satyridae)、蛱蝶科(Nymphalidae)、灰蝶科(Lycaenidae)、斑蝶科(Danaidae)、珍蝶科(Acraeidae)、喙蝶科(Libyheidae)和蚬蝶科(Riodinidae)10个科28种蝴蝶的系统发育关系。【结果】结果表明,小红珠绢蝶线粒体基因组全序列总长度为15 362 bp(Gen Bank登录号:MF496134),包含13个蛋白质编码基因、22个tRNA基因、2个rRNA基因和1个A+T富含区。小红珠绢蝶线粒体基因组中存在较高的A+T含量(79.6%)。小红珠绢蝶线粒体基因组13个蛋白质编码基因中UUA的相对同义密码子使用频率(RSCU)最高(5.08),而AGG和CCG相对同义密码子使用频率(RSCU)均较低(0),这与大紫蛱蝶Sasakia charonda coreana的分析结果一致。在所测得的22个tRNA基因中,除tRNASer(AGN)缺少DHU臂外,其余tRNA基因均能形成典型的三叶草结构,这与鳞翅目中目前已得到的其他昆虫线粒体基因组中tRNA基因的二级结构一致。系统发育分析结果显示,凤蝶总科内蚬蝶科与灰蝶科的亲缘关系最近;粉蝶科与蛱蝶科、珍蝶科、眼蝶科、斑蝶科、喙蝶科、蚬蝶科和灰蝶科的系统发育关系更近;绢蝶科与凤蝶科锯凤蝶亚科亲缘关系最近,随后二者与凤蝶亚科物种聚为一支。在绢蝶科中,小红珠绢蝶与依帕绢蝶Parnassius epaphus的亲缘关系最近。【结论】本研究支持绢蝶科物种归为绢蝶亚科,绢蝶亚科、锯凤蝶亚科和凤蝶亚科归入凤蝶科,且绢蝶亚科与锯凤蝶亚科为姐妹群。     

以绢蝶为代表的甘肃南部蝶类多样性

在甘肃南部地区的蝶类调查中,共记录到蝴蝶339种,分属于12科,157属,区系组成以广布种为主,占总种数的56.6%;古北种次之,占26.9%;东洋种最少,占16.5%;共采集到绢蝶15种,占分布于中国绢蝶总种数41种的36.6%。样线调查结果显示绢蝶在甘肃南部地区有比较明显的垂直性分布,高山亚冰雪稀疏植被带、亚高山灌丛草甸带、山地森林草原带及山地草原带均有绢蝶分布。各生境中绢蝶多样性与蝶类群落多样性进行比对得出变化趋势不一致,随着海拔升高,绢蝶物种丰富度S及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数呈逐渐上升趋势,而蝶类群落物种丰富度S及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数总体呈下降趋势。绢蝶是高原地区的特有珍稀物种,君主绢蝶(P.imperator)、依帕绢蝶(P.epaphus)、小红珠绢蝶(P.nomion)等3种绢蝶为甘肃南部地区常见种,元首绢蝶(P.cephalus)等8种绢蝶为甘肃南部地区偶见种,数量极少,其种群及生存状态需予以关注。     

三种绢蝶翅脉数字化特征的提取及初步分析

利用化学方法去除3种绢蝶翅面的鳞片和斑纹,通过扫描获取翅脉标本图片,并利用DrawWing、TPSDig和BugShape3种软件对其前翅左侧翅脉的数字特征进行了提取,并包括DrawWing提取的小红珠绢蝶右翅翅脉特征值。分析了小红珠绢蝶左右翅脉的对称性以及个体间的差异,对比了3种软件在3种绢蝶分类判别中的优劣。不仅对改进这些工具提出了建议,而且讨论了昆虫鉴定领域中数字化技术和形态测量学的应用前景。     

小菜蛾颗粒体病毒对小菜蛾防治作用的评价

用以作用因子组配的生命表,种群趋势指数和控制指数评价小菜蛾颗粒体病毒对小菜蛾种群动态的作用。结果表明,施用该病毒对小菜蛾种群动态有明显的控制作用,种群趋势指数为０．９７,干扰作用控制指数为０．１９,即施用病毒后,其种群趋势指数相当于对照的０．１９,施用化学杀虫剂的种群趋势指数为７．２０,干扰作用控制指数为１．４３,即种群趋势指数将增长为对照的１．４３倍。     

甘南地区小红珠绢蝶生物学特性研究初报

小红珠绢蝶Parnassius nomion Fischer von Waldheim在甘肃甘南1年发生1代。翌年5月上旬幼虫孵化,6月下旬开始化蛹,7月下旬至8月上旬,成虫开始羽化,8月中旬至9月上旬成虫开始产卵,该虫以卵越冬。     

阿波罗绢蝶种群数量和垂直分布变化及其对气候变暖的响应

局部气候变暖可能改变适应低温环境物种的分布格局,迫使该物种向高海拔或高纬度地区迁移,导致喜寒的山区物种适生区变小、种群数量减少甚至灭绝。阿波罗绢蝶(Parnassius apollo L.1758)属喜寒物种,在国内仅分布于新疆,且天山西部是其主要分布区。根据近40 a阿波罗绢蝶种群数量及垂直分布调查,结合研究区域——天山西部的果子沟山区的气象资料,采用相关函数分析近40 a来阿波罗绢蝶数量与分布对研究区域温度变化的响应。结果表明:1)研究区域的阿波罗绢蝶种群数量明显下降,2010年种群数量不及1981年的50%,且具有明显的垂直分布特征,80.4%的阿波罗绢蝶集中分布于1600—2100 m的山区,并有向高海拔迁移趋势;2)近40 a研究区域增温趋势显著,冬季增温最为明显,每10 a增温速率为0.350℃;3)阿波罗绢蝶数量与冬季和春季平均温度的相关系数最大,分别为-0.79、-0.77,表明越冬期和孵化期温度对阿波罗绢蝶数量有显著影响;4)滑动序列相关分析表明,阿波罗绢蝶数量对冬季和2月份平均温度变化的响应较明显,随着冬季温度及早春2月份温度升高,负相关系数有增加趋势,说明阿波罗绢蝶在长期进化过程中已适应低温山区环境,冬季温度偏高和早春温度迅速回升都将不有利于阿波罗绢蝶越冬和胚胎发育。     

鄂西南不同区域亮叶桦种群结构与动态特征

对鄂西南木林子、七姊妹山、金子山3个区域亮叶桦种群进行调查,划分种群龄级和高度级,绘制种群结构图。采用空间代替时间的方法,编制各区域亮叶桦种群的静态生命表,绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线和消失率曲线,应用4个生存分析函数分析不同区域亮叶桦种群动态。结果表明:3个区域的亮叶桦种群均属增长型,高度级结构较为完整,七姊妹山和金子山种群龄级结构有不同程度的缺失;数量变化动态指数V_pi>0,但对外界干扰比较敏感。静态生命表表明,亮叶桦种群不同龄级的存活量差别较大,随龄级增加而逐渐减少;存活曲线趋近于Deevey-Ⅱ型;死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,但存在不同程度的波动。不同区域亮叶桦种群均具有前期锐减、中后期动态稳定的特征。     

择伐对阔叶红松林主要组成树种种内、种间竞争的影响

以择伐37 年后的阔叶红松林为对象,研究择伐对林内主要树种种内、种间竞争的影响.结果表明：择伐对阔叶红松林主要树种的种群结构、分布格局和竞争指数均产生了极显著影响.各树种的竞争指数变化值与其耐荫性指数存在极显著负相关关系(r=-0.8821).种内竞争强度与聚集强度、个体数呈极显著线性关系,择伐区内枫桦、紫椴等阳性树种的聚集强度最大,种内竞争强度远大于种间竞争,有利于树种之间的共存.择伐降低了红松对其伴生树种的竞争,而阳性树种对其他树种的竞争压力有所上升.择伐37 年后,红松所受的竞争压力变化较小,有利于红松的稳定生长;由于自疏作用,枫桦、紫椴的优势度将有所下降;冷杉所受的竞争压力有所减弱,有利于其种群数量的恢复.     

西双版纳热带季节雨林林冠种群种内、种间竞争的初步研究

利用Hegyi的竞争指数模型,分析了西双版纳热带季节雨林的主要类型绒毛番龙眼群落中林冠种群种内和种间的竞争强度及种群和个体在群落中的竞争干扰状态.结果表明,季节雨林中林冠种群的种间竞争大于种内竞争,每个林冠种群一般与多个其它林冠种群发生竞争.多数种群既被竞争种干扰,又干扰竞争种.个体在群落中所处的层次越高,受到的竞争干扰越小,下层中的个体多数处于受压迫状态.群落中没有完全的竞争优胜者.只有成年个体处于竞争优势地位,幼苗、幼树又能在受压迫中生存的种群,才能在群落中保持长期存在.     

君主绢蝶的生物学及生境需求

在甘肃省永靖县境内通过野外设点观察、样线调查及室内饲养等方法研究了君主绢蝶的生物学特性及其生境需求,分析了其种群趋势及波动的原因,提出了保护措施。(1)君主绢蝶是中国特有种,在甘肃永靖县1年1代,以卵越冬,卵多产于寄主植物灰绿黄堇Corydalis adunca(也是中国特有种)附近的岩石壁上,翌年3月中旬卵孵化。幼虫4龄,平均历期为52d,3下旬至6月下旬都可见到幼虫。蛹期平均为47d。5月初始见其成虫,成虫飞翔迅速,7月中旬至8月中旬为成虫高峰期,至9月下旬仍可见成虫活动。卵期一般为8个月。(2)君主绢蝶在永靖县牙沟生境内是一个优势种群,成虫喜欢飞翔于有裸露岩石的沟谷,其幼虫则生存于阳光充足、气候干燥、有大量寄主植物的阳坡及半阳坡。君主绢蝶与其寄主植物灰绿黄堇的分布范围在中国相一致,二者之间有紧密的协同进化关系。(3)在永靖县和甘南合作市分布的君主绢蝶是两个亚种,在永靖县牙沟地区发生的是君主绢蝶兰州亚种Parnassiusimperator gigas Kotsch,在合作市发生的是君主绢蝶祁连亚种P.imperator regulus(Bryk et Eisner)。(4)极端的异常气候(强降温、霜冻、降雪)是影响君主绢蝶种群数量下降的主要因子,人类活动的干扰是另一个影响君主绢蝶生存的主要威胁。(5)保护措施建议:保护生境和减少人为干扰是两个最主要的促进绢蝶种群恢复的方法;强调对绢蝶种群进行长期监测,并开展生境丧失、气候变化等对绢蝶的影响研究。     

Simple traps for invertebrates

Four simple traps for dendrobiontic invertebrates and two light traps that attract nonflying (wingless and larval) forms of invertebrates are described. Along with data on phenology, population dynamics, and other aspects of invertebrate biology and ecology, the new traps provide the possibility of revealing migrations of entomophages and economically dangerous species in a timely manner, thereby improving the efficiency of pest population monitoring.     

Changes in the population structure of the red-tailed Libyan jird as affected by toxicants

The kind of the regulating agent for the quantitative control of the epidemically dangerous species depends on the concrete tasks. The poison of the critical action causes a strong, but short-time effect. The pesticide inhibiting the reproductive system of the rodents exerts long and profound influence on the population structure.     

高寒植物长鞭红景天种群结构及数量特征

种群结构及数量特征的研究对揭示种群的形成机制和影响因素有着重要意义。在西藏林芝高山森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站所在的西藏色季拉山区,采用样地-样方法对研究站旁阳坡、大阴坡、观景台和山口公路上方的长鞭红景天种群进行了调查,共设76块样地、304个样方,进而对长鞭红景天种群结构及数量特征进行了分析研究。结果表明：长鞭红景天在色季拉山主要分布于6个群落类型：急尖长苞冷杉林（P1）、方枝柏林（P2）、薄毛海绵杜鹃灌丛（P3）、毛小叶垫柳灌丛（P4）、鳞腺杜鹃灌丛（P5）及硬叶柳灌丛（P6）。各群落中长鞭红景天平均密度大小顺序为：P3＞P1＞P2＞P4＞P6＞P5、平均基径为：P6＞P2＞P5＞P4＞P1＞P3、平均高度为：P6＞P2＞P5＞P1＞P3＞P4、平均花茎数为：P6＞P2＞P1＞P3＞P5＞P4、平均花茎环数为：P6＞P5＞P2＞P1＞P3＞P4、平均分枝数为：P6＞P1＞P3＞P2＞P4＞P5、重要值为：P5＞P4＞P3＞P2＞P1＞P6。不同群落类型中,长鞭红景天种群的基径、高度及花茎环数等结构系列均表现出不同程度的残缺现象,总体上也出现幼体数目少、成体和老体数目相对较多,但由于其种子繁殖存在一定周期性,并且在自然状态下也进行着无性繁殖,故其仍是增长型种群。对花茎环数的分析发现,长鞭红景天种群大量繁殖的周期是8~10年。长鞭红景天分枝数在5~8枝的植株数比例超过了50 %,分枝数最多的高达45枝,但这些分枝由于相互争夺从根吸收上来的有限营养的原因而生长相对较细。各枝花茎数情况方面,花茎数为1~2枝的所占比例为32.21%,这些主要是侧枝上的花茎;花茎数在7以上的植株占25.82 %,这主要是主轴上的花茎;总体上主轴上着生花茎多于侧枝上的花茎。基径与生长参数关系方面：长鞭红景天的生长参数都是随基径级增大而总体呈现出增大的趋势。研究结果可为进一步探讨长鞭红景天种群生存机制提供基础。     

Animal Preferences and Acceptability of Wildlife Management Actions around Serengeti National Park, Tanzania

Wildlife management policies are often based on expert perceptions of the ecological importance of certain species and poorly informed perceptions of how public attitudes toward management are formed. Little is known about why preferences vary greatly and how this affects support for management actions. This paper explores preferences for a range of wildlife species among a sample of the rural population adjacent to Serengeti National Park in Tanzania. We also examine the degree of acceptance for alternative management interventions when potentially dangerous animals pose different levels of problems to human beings, and the extent to which these attitudes are related to species preferences. Gender has a significant effect on species preferences. Men like most species better than women. Age has no significant effect, but level of education affects preference level for some species. Species preferences have a positive effect on support for management intervention when dangerous animals cause small or moderate problems to humans, i.e. there is a higher degree of acceptance of problems caused by animals that are well liked. In situations where human life is threatened, species preferences have no effect on preferred management actions. Appreciation of animals is a combination of functional, consumptive and cultural dimensions, and there is no simple link between species preferences and attitudes toward management actions. The local context and concrete experience with wildlife encounters is more important for shaping normative beliefs like attitudes towards management actions than global wildlife attitudes.     

Effects of temperature and photoperiod on development and oviposition of the legume flower thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti

Chrysomya albiceps, the larvae of which are facultative predators of larvae of other dipteran species, has been introduced to the Americas over recent years along with other Old World species of blowflies, including Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya putoria and Chrysomya rufifacies. An apparent correlate of this biological invasion has been a sudden decline in the population numbers of Cochliomyia macellaria, a native species of the Americas. In this study, we investigated predation rates on third instar larvae of C. macellaria, C. putoria and C. megacephala by third instar larvae of C. albiceps in no-choice, two-choice and three-choice situations. Most attacks by C. albiceps larvae occurred within the first hour of observation and the highest predation rate occurred on C. macellaria larvae, suggesting that C. albiceps was more dangerous to C. macellaria than to C. megacephala and C. putoria under these experimental conditions. The rates of larvae killed as a result of the predation, as well as its implications to population dynamics of introduced and native species are discussed.     

Cleaning by the wrasse Thalassoma noronhanum, with two records of predation by its grouper client Cephalopholis fulva

The Noronha wrasse Thalassoma noronhanum was recorded cleaning 19 client fish species at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, o. north–eastern Brazil. The preferred clients were non–dangerous, mostly planktivorous species, whereas the potentially dangerous, predatory species were rarely cleaned. T. noronhanum acts as a cleaner in two distinct ecological situations, at and outside the cleaning stations, and attends different client species in each of them. Potentially dangerous clients were mostly attended outside the cleaning stations. Many attacks and two instances of predation on the cleaner wrasse by the grouper client Cephalopholis fulva were recorded. The attacks occurred on individual wrasses foraging near the bottom outside the cleaning stations.     

Species life-history strategies affect population responses to temperature and land-cover changes

Human-induced environmental changes have a direct impact on species populations, with some species experiencing declines while others display population growth. Understanding why and how species populations respond differently to environmental changes is fundamental to mitigate and predict future biodiversity changes. Theoretically, species life-history strategies are key determinants shaping the response of populations to environmental impacts. Despite this, the association between species life histories and the response of populations to environmental changes has not been tested. In this study, we analysed the effects of recent land-cover and temperature changes on rates of population change of 1,072 populations recorded in the Living Planet Database. We selected populations with at least 5 yearly consecutive records (after imputation of missing population estimates) between 1992 and 2016, and for which we achieved high population imputation accuracy (in the cases where missing values had to be imputed). These populations were distributed across 553 different locations and included 461 terrestrial amniote vertebrate species (273 birds, 137 mammals, and 51 reptiles) with different life-history strategies. We showed that populations of fast-lived species inhabiting areas that have experienced recent expansion of cropland or bare soil present positive populations trends on average, whereas slow-lived species display negative population trends. Although these findings support previous hypotheses that fast-lived species are better adapted to recover their populations after an environmental perturbation, the sensitivity analysis revealed that model outcomes are strongly influenced by the addition or exclusion of populations with extreme rates of change. Therefore, the results should be interpreted with caution. With climate and land-use changes likely to increase in the future, establishing clear links between species characteristics and responses to these threats is fundamental for designing and conducting conservation actions. The results of this study can aid in evaluating population sensitivity, assessing the likely conservation status of species with poor data coverage, and predicting future scenarios of biodiversity change.     

“973”项目“农林危险生物入侵机理与控制基础研究”简介

2002年12月,国家重点基础研究发展计划("973"项目)"农林危险生物入侵机理与控制基础研究"经科技部批准正式立项,2003年启动。文章主要介绍该项目的立项背景、主要研究内容、研究方案和技术路线、总体研究目标及研究进展。     

Detection of specific antibodies to morbilliviruses, Toxoplasma, and Brucella species in eared seals in North-West of Pacific Ocean

Presence of antibodies to morbilliviruses, Toxoplasma, and Brucella species in eared seals in North-West of Pacific Ocean was studied. Sera from 189 cubs of eared seals from different rookeries and regions. It has been shown that 10-22% of cubs living on Russian coast have antibodies to such dangerous diseases as morbillivirus infection, brucellosis, and toxoplasmosis. Antibodies to the two pathogens were detected in several animals, and brucellosis was more frequently detected associated infection. These results confirm hypothesis that all 3 pathogens are enzootic in eared seals population.     

The beet webworm <Emphasis Type="Italic">Loxostege sticticalis</Emphasis> L. (Lepidoptera,Crambidae) in the focus of agricultural entomology objectives: I. The periodicity of pest outbreaks

Analysis of the published data on the population dynamics of the beet webworm Loxostege sticticalis L., including its relation to solar activity, was made. The official statistical data from Russia and China testify to asynchronous outbreaks of the webworm in these countries, which suggests the existence of at least two population systems within the species range, the Euro-Siberian (Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan) and Central Asian (China and Mongolia) ones, geographically isolated by mountain systems (Tien Shan, Pamir, Altai, and the Sayan mountains) and deserts and bridged by the narrow East Siberian corridor. The theoretical and applied aspects of this conclusion are discussed, including the necessity for further studying of the population dynamics of this dangerous pest.