新疆猪毛菜属4种植物核型分析及进化研究

采用常规压片法,对钠猪毛菜、准噶尔猪毛菜、小药猪毛菜和薄翅猪毛菜等4种新疆猪毛菜属植物的染色体核型进行了分析,并对已报道的12种新疆猪毛菜属植物核型进行了比较.结果表明:(1)钠猪毛菜体细胞染色体数2n=2x=18=12m+6sm,准噶尔猪毛菜、小药猪毛菜体细胞染色体数为2n=2x=18=18m,该3种均属于1A型;薄翅猪毛菜体细胞染色体数为2n=2x=54=50m+2sm+2st,属2A型;(2)12种新疆猪毛菜属植物核型比较结果证明,猪毛菜属植物的染色体基数为9,钠猪毛菜、准噶尔猪毛菜和小药猪毛菜均为二倍体,薄翅猪毛菜为六倍体,钠猪毛菜和准噶尔猪毛菜具有随体.准噶尔猪毛菜、小药猪毛菜、薄翅猪毛菜属植物的核型均属于首次报道.     

新疆猪毛菜属植物染色体数及核型分析

以5种新疆猪毛菜属植物为材料,常规压片法制片后观察记录染色体数,并进行核型分析。实验结果表明:钠猪毛菜体细胞染色体数2n=18;浆果猪毛菜2n=2x=18=12m 6sm,属2A核型;木本猪毛菜2n=2x=18=16m 2sm,属2A核型;东方猪毛菜2n=4x=36=26m 10sm,属2B核型;长刺猪毛菜2n=4x=36=24m 4sm 8st,属2B核型。猪毛菜属植物的染色体基数为9,东方猪毛菜、长刺猪毛菜为四倍体,其它3种均为二倍体。与Бочанцев基于形态学特征建立的分组系统及各组的演化地位相比,东方猪毛菜属于原始的硬叶猪毛菜组,而本研究表明该种在核型上相对较为进化;其余3种核型地位与所属组的演化地位相符。     

秦巴山区悬钩子属植物的地理分布及花粉形态观察

秦巴山区有悬钩子属植物40种15变种,隶属于3组15亚组,是我国悬钩子属的一个集中分布区,在该属植物起源和演化中占重要地位。部分类群的花粉形态观察结果表明孢粉学分析是该属植物系统分类研究的一个有效手段。     

秦巴山区悬钩子属植物的地理分布及花粉形态观察

秦巴山区悬钩子属植物４０种１５变种,隶属于３组１５亚组,是我国悬钩子属的一个集中分布区,在该属植物起源和演化中占重要地位。部分类群的花粉形态观察结果表明孢粉学分析是该属植物系统分类研究的一个有效手段。     

旧大陆的蒿属植物

本文报导了亚、欧、非三洲的蒿属(Artemisia Linn.)植物的系统分类、分布及区系地理等。在系统分类与分布项中,作者介绍了各学者研究该属的观点;分亚属、组的特点,亲缘关系及经订正与考证的该属298种、63变种及补遗5种、2变种的正名、异名及其分布地区。在区系地理项中,作者结合古植物孢粉证据,论述了该属的起源中心、冰期前后该属植物在地球上的迁移路线、现代分布中心、分布区密集中心及次生的起源、分化与分布中心等,同时对亚、欧、非三洲蒿属区系分10亚区、28地区成分加以论述。     

云南秋海棠属植物有性杂交特性

通过云南秋海棠属植物属下5个系统分类组的种类及外来园艺品种共109个组合的有性杂交试验,以系统分类组合、园艺分类组合(不同茎的形态类型组合)分别进行方差分析。结果表明:云南秋海棠属植物属下等级的系统分类组内、组间的有性杂交,以及不同茎的形态类型的有性杂交均无显著差异,亲和力较强而可育性高,可在云南秋海棠属植物属内进行广泛地远缘杂交; 云南产秋海棠属植物原种与外来园艺品种间的有性杂交亲和性弱而可育性低,需选择花粉粒和胚囊正常发育的外来园艺品种大量杂交,并采用切实可行的技术措施克服远缘杂交不育,以期培育新颖奇特的秋海棠属植物新品种。     

费尔干猪毛菜病程相关蛋白基因（SfPR-1）的克隆及在盐胁迫下的表达分析

利用抑制消减杂交法从藜科猪毛菜属盐生植物费尔干猪毛菜（Salsola ferganica）中分离得到了一个盐胁迫响应的cDNA片段,结合SMARTTMRACE技术获得了费尔干猪毛菜病程相关蛋白基因的cDNA,命名该基因为SfPR-1（GenBank登录号：JQ670917）。序列分析表明,SfPR-1长817 bp,含有501 bp的阅读框、65 bp的5＇-UTR和251 bp的3＇-UTR,编码166个氨基酸,分子质量为18.01 kD,理论等电点为9.37。通过BLAST同源序列比对分析,结果显示该基因编码的蛋白与已知甜菜、拟南芥、烟草及玉米的病程相关蛋白PR-1同源性分别为73.6%、57.8%、55.5%和53.9%,且具有PR-1家族特有的6个半胱氨酸保守结构域。半定量RT-PCR和实时荧光定量RT-qPCR分析表明,该基因在盐胁迫后表达呈明显上调,初步推测病程相关蛋白基因SfPR-1可能与费尔干猪毛菜的耐盐性相关。     

马蹄香的形态组织学研究

报道了马蹄香的药材性状和形态学,组织学特征,为准确鉴定该药材及研究本属植物的系统分类提供了依据。     

旧大陆的绢蒿属植物

本文报导了亚、欧、非三洲的绢蒿属[Seriphidium(Bess.)Poljak.]植物的系统分类、分布及区系地理等。在系统分类与分布项中,作者结合现代孢粉的研究,比较了该属与邻近属,如蒿属[Artemisia Linn.)、紊蒿属(Elacanthemum Y.Ling & Y.R.Ling)及百花蒿属(Stilpnole-pis Krasch.)的异同,该属分组特点及经订正与考证过的该属107种、27变种及补遗10种的正名、异名及其分布地区等;在区系地理项中作者讨论了该属起源中心、现代分布中心,同时将亚、欧、非三洲绢蒿属区系分5亚区、8地区成分加以论述。     

杜茎山属植物的三萜皂苷及其生物活性

综述了紫金牛科杜茎山属植物的三萜皂苷类化学成分及其生物活性;为植物的系统分类提供化学依据,并为全面评价该属植物的药用价值提供参考.     

中国梅花草属校订

本文研究了中国梅花草属的外部形态,结合地理分布和生境条件,对国产梅花草属植物的分类、演化和地理分布均进行了研究。作者以退化雄蕊的特征为分组的依据;以雄蕊花药药隔的变异为划分亚组的依据;以花瓣边缘不同和基生叶数目为分系依据。据此归纳为9组2亚组和9系。同时作者认为我国西南部山区是梅花草属植物现代分布和分化中心,也可能是起源中心。     

菊科裸苑属的分类研究

裸菀属Miyamayomena Kitam.是北村四郎¹⁾(1937)从马兰属Kali-meris Cass.(Asteromaea B1.)分出的一个小属,隶属于菊科紫菀族Trib.Astereae Cass.紫菀亚族Asterinae O.Hoffm,本属发表时,曾取名为Gymnatser Kitam。主要以瘦果顶端具狭环状边缘而无冠毛,与具糙毛状或膜片状短冠毛的马兰属相区别。     

Paeonia anomala的核型研究

报道了Paeonia anomala L．的核型,澄清了新疆阿尔泰地区分布的该物种的染色体数目。分布于该地区的Paeonia anomala L．的核型组成：2n=2x=10=6m＋2sm＋2st。该类群核型与该属其它类群一致——2A型。在综合比较分析该属染色体参数以及核型不均一性参数,包括最长,最短染色体比（L1/Ln）和染色体不对称系数（CKOA）的基础上,我们发现该属三个组在核型上没有明显分化,仅在木本类群（Sect．Mouton DC．）和草本类群（Sect．Onaepia Lindley和Sect．Paeonia）之间存在微小差异。此外,作为二倍体类群,新疆阿尔泰地区分布的Paeonia anomala L．很可能是二倍体杂种,这将为研究被子植物的父母本同倍化杂交式物种起源提供一个很好的研究材料。     

中国龙胆属植物研究(四)

龙胆属Gentiana (Tourn) L.是Tourneferot (1700)为纪念传说中的Illyria国王Gentius而建立的,对它作了描述,绘有墨线图。林奈在"植物属志"(1737),"植物种志"(1753)承认了该属,并重新进行了描述,记载23种。     

论世界蒿属植物区系

本文从多学科, 包括形态、地理分布、孢粉、古植物、谱系分支分析及化学成分等学科的研究, 论述了世界蒿属植物的系统分类及其种属地理、历史地理和区系地理.     

Molecular phylogeny, recent radiation and evolution of gross morphology of the rhubarb genus Rheum (Polygonaceae) inferred from chloroplast DNA trnL-F sequences

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Rheum, a highly diversified genus with about 60 species, is mainly confined to the mountainous and desert regions of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau and adjacent areas. This genus represents a good example of the extensive diversification of the temperate genera in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, in which the forces to drive diversification remain unknown. To date, the infrageneric classification of Rheum has been mainly based on morphological characters. However, it may have been subject to convergent evolution under habitat pressure, and the systematic position of some sections are unclear, especially Sect. Globulosa, which has globular inflorescences, and Sect. Nobilia, which has semi-translucent bracts. Recent palynological research has found substantial contradictions between exine patterns and the current classification of Rheum. Two specific objectives of this research were (1) to evaluate possible relationships of some ambiguous sections with a unique morphology, and (2) to examine possible occurrence of the radiative speciation with low genetic divergence across the total genus and the correlation between the extensive diversification time of Rheum and past geographical events, especially the recent large-scale uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. METHODS: The chloroplast DNA trnL-F region of 29 individuals representing 26 species of Rheum, belonging to seven out of eight sections, was sequenced and compared. The phylogenetic relationships were further constructed based on the sequences obtained. KEY RESULTS: Despite the highly diversified morphology, the genetic variation in this DNA fragment is relatively low. The molecular phylogeny is highly inconsistent with gross morphology, pollen exine patterns and traditional classifications, except for identifying all samples of Sect. Palmata, three species of Sect. Spiciformia and a few species of Sect. Rheum as corresponding monophyletic groups. The monotypic Sect. Globulosa showed a tentative position within the clade comprising five species of Sect. Rheum. All of the analyses revealed the paraphyly of R. nobile and R. alexandrae, the only two species of Sect. Nobilia circumscribed by the possession of large bracts. The crude calibration of lineages based on trnL-F sequence differentiation implied an extensive diversification of Rheum within approx. 7 million years. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, it is suggested that the rich geological and ecological diversity caused by the recent large-scale uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau since the late Tertiary, coupled with the oscillating climate of the Quaternary stage, might have promoted rapid speciation in small and isolated populations, as well as allowing the fixation of unique or rare morphological characters in Rheum. Such a rapid radiation, combined with introgressive hybridization and reticulate evolution, may have caused the transfer of cpDNA haplotypes between morphologically dissimilar species, and might account for the inconsistency between morphological classification and molecular phylogeny reported here.     

中国桂樱属植物的分类研究

桂樱属(Laurocerasus Tourn.ex Duh.)是蔷薇科李亚科的一个属。它是De Tournefort(Institutiones rei Herbariae 627.t.403.1700)以Prunus laurocerasus L.和P.lusitanica L.两种奠定基础,而至1755年由Duhmal代为正式发表而建立。自该属建立以后的二百多年来,各国植物学家对其分类位置各持不同观点。     

Endo-allopolyploidy of autopolyploids and recurrent hybridization—A possible mechanism to explain the unresolved Y-genome donor in polyploid Elymus species (Triticeae: Poaceae)

The genus Elymus L. in the tribe Triticeae (Poaceae) includes economically and ecologically important forage grasses. The genus contains the pivotal St genome from Pseudoroegneria in combination with other genomes in the tribe. Many Elymus species are tetraploids containing the StY genomes. It is thought that polyploidization characterizes the speciation of the genus in which the Y is considered as another key genome. Based on data from cytological, genome in situ hybridization, and molecular studies, we hypothesized an endo-allopolyploidy origin of the StY-genome species from the autotetraploid Pseudoroegneria species. To test this hypothesis, we amplified, cloned, and sequenced five single-copy nuclear genes (i.e., alcohol dehydrogenase 1–3, Adh1–Adh3, RNA polymerase II, Rpb2; and Waxy) from Elymus, Pseudoroegneria, and Hordeum species. The phylogenetic trees constructed based on the sequencing analyses of all genes indicated that diploid and autotetraploid Pseudoroegneria species were closely related, although with considerable genetic variation in tetraploids. In addition, the StY-genome Elymus species tended to have a close relationship with the diploid and autotetraploid Pseudoroegneria species, although different phylogenetic relationships among the gene trees were detected. These results indicated that the StY-genome species may have an autotetraploid origin and experienced recurrent hybridization. The complex St genomes in Pseudoroegneria in the polyploid state may gain more opportunities for within-species differentiation and recurrent hybridization. As a result, series modified versions of St genomes evolved into the StY genomes in some Elymus species.     

New Discoveries of the Genus Hippophae L. (Elaeagnaceae)

This paper represents new discoveries of the genus Hippophae L, including two new sections: i. e. Sect. I. Hippophae and Sect. II. Gyantsenses Lian, a new rank species H. gyantsensis (Rousi) Lian, as well as a new record of H. rhamnoides L. subsp. turkestanica Rousi in Gansu. Besides, a key to the sections and species is provided and an account of the new classification scheme on the genus is given.     

青海鹅观草属的叶片表皮微形态特征及其分类意义的探讨

通过青海鹅观草属叶片表皮的解剖观察,结合外部形态,表明了该属植物在小麦族中共族分属的合理性,同时对青海地区属下类群重新进行了确认,共划分2组16种,即拟技碱草组,包括6种;弯穗草组,包括10种．过去处理的种短柄鹅观草和多秆鹅观革分别作为短颖鹅观草和缘毛鹅观草的变种。此外,类群间的演化水平和属的地理起源也作了初步探讨。