化妆品中腐败微生物的抗药性研究

对导致化妆品腐败变质的微生物进行分离鉴定,并分析腐败微生物对常用防腐剂的抗药性。根据API鉴定系统和分子生物学技术对腐败微生物进行鉴定,并采用最低抑菌浓度(MIC)的方法评估腐败菌对常用防腐剂尼泊金甲酯、卡松、碘丙炔醇丁基氨甲酸酯(IPBC)、DMDM乙内酰脲(DMDMH)、布罗波尔的抗药性水平。经鉴定发现2个污染样品中的腐败微生物均为同一种革兰染色阴性杆菌即洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌,抗药性分析显示腐败菌HZP1537A对DMDMH、卡松和布罗波尔的MIC(2 000μg/m L、25μg/m L和62.5μg/m L)均高于标准菌株(500μg/m L、3.13μg/m L和31.25μg/m L);腐败菌HZP1537B对DMDMH、卡松的MIC(2 000μg/m L、25μg/m L)均高于标准菌株(500μg/m L、3.13μg/m L);第一代腐败菌的抗药性强于第二代。洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌容易引起化妆品腐败变质,且对多种防腐剂具有抗药性,在化妆品微生物控制时应给予高度关注。     

常见变质水性工业产品中的微生物种类和耐药性分析

为了科学治理常见变质水性工业产品中的腐败微生物,对其进行分离、鉴定和分类,同时以卡松、布罗波尔、甲基异噻唑啉酮和苯并异噻唑啉酮四种杀菌防腐剂对6种标准细菌菌株的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)作为耐药性标准,对腐败细菌进行耐药性评估分析.结果显示,日化用品变质样中革兰氏阴性细菌约占80.00％(克雷伯氏菌属、假单胞菌属、伯克霍尔...     

利用酶清除室内甲醛气体的新方法

甲醛脱氢酶是一种可以将甲醛进行转换的氧化还原酶,利用改质甲醛脱氢酶对于甲醛的专一反应性可达到去除甲醛气体的效果.根据密闭空间测试甲醛去除效率,在10min 内可去除空间中85% 的甲醛气体.经过现场测试后发现,将甲醛去除器置放在含有福尔马林的储藏室中可在一周内降低70% 的甲醛浓度,两周后可将甲醛浓度降至安全标准以下.结果显示甲醛去除器不仅能够去除实验室中密闭空间内的甲醛气体,在一般布满甲醛气体的空间中依然可以在短时间内去除空间中的甲醛气体,避免人体受到甲醛的危害.     

山羊乳中上皮粘蛋白MUC1的遗传多态性

采用SDS PAGE方法研究了波尔山羊、成都麻羊、安哥拉山羊×藏山羊F1、建昌黑山羊、安哥拉山羊×建昌黑山羊F1乳MUC1的生化遗传特性。结果表明 :山羊乳MUC1呈现出多态性 ,表现为 1条或 2条迁移率不同的区带。SDS PAGE分析发现 4种分子量的MUC1区带 ,即A、B、C和D ,分子量分别为 2 6 4、 2 41、 2 31和 2 2 0kDa ,大于牦牛和荷斯坦牛乳中的MUC1。基因型与山羊品种有关 ,在波尔山羊中最丰富 ,有 10种基因型 ,基因杂合度为 0 72 72 ;建昌黑山羊有 3种基因型 ,基因杂合度为 0 495 0 ;而在成都麻羊中仅发现CC基因型。经适合性检验 ,波尔山羊、成都麻羊、建昌黑山羊乳MUC1基因座基因型分布符合哈代 -温伯格定律     

红色花保鲜液研究

目的:研究红色花标本的保鲜液,使红色花标本能够长期保存。方法:采用正交设计,对红色花标本采用了3因素(乙酸、甲醛和亚硫酸)3水平的试验,并用分光光度法测量不同试验号保存的红色标本中红色花色素的含量,确定最佳的红色花保鲜液的配方。结果:经过使用分光光度法检测不同保鲜液保存花标本中红色花色素的含量,测得使用5号配方(0.5%乙酸、0.5%甲醛和0.2%亚硫酸)保鲜液保存的红色花标本,花色素的含量最高,可达0.983mg,时间超过1y。结论:使用0.5%乙酸、0.5%甲醛和0.2%亚硫酸配制的保鲜液可以较长时间的保存红色花标本。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定生活饮用水中甲醛、乙醛、丙烯醛三种醛类化合物

为预防饮用水流行病的发生,饮用水消毒成为20世纪最有效的公共健康措施之一。饮用水消毒有氯、氯氨、二氧化氮、和臭氧等消毒方法。其中饮用水中加臭氧消毒产生的副产物有甲醛、乙醛、丙烯醛等醛类物质。甲醛、乙醛、丙烯醛对人体皮肤和粘膜具有刺激作用,进入人体后易对人的中枢神经系统及视网膜造成损害,且具有致癌危险性。在GB/T5750.10-2006生活饮用水标准检验方法消毒副产物指标中,甲醛采用的是4—氨基-3-联氨-5-巯基—1,2,4—三氮杂茂(AHMT)分光光度法,乙醛、丙烯醛采用的是气相色谱法,检出险为:0.02—0.3ug/m L。为建立一种高灵敏度,可同时测定这3种醛类的方法,我们开展了高效液相色谱法测定生活饮用水中甲醛、乙醛和丙烯醛的研究。     

被污染的工业产品中常见微生物种类及耐药性分析

为了工业产品中微生物污染治理及其防腐体系的构建提供科学依据,收集了被微生物污染的工业产品,并对其进行分离、鉴定和分类,再通过测定杀菌剂的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)来评估微生物的抗药水平。污染微生物中革兰氏阴性菌约占47.59%,革兰氏阳性菌约占32.62%,主要为芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属和伯克霍尔德氏菌;污染真菌约占19.8%,主要为链格孢霉属、曲霉属、青霉属。MIC结果表明,分离的洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌对卡松、布罗波尔、DMDMH抗性均高于标准菌株,分离的铜绿假单胞菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌和黑曲霉对DMDMH的抗性均高于标准菌株。导致工业产品污染的微生物种类较多,应根据其种类、理化性状、防腐剂杀菌机理不同进行治理。     

2012年食用菌“平菇甲醛”事件浅析

对2012年4月媒体报道的青岛平菇中检测发现甲醛所引发的争论进行了剖析。综合分析国内外对食用菌和其他天然食品中甲醛含量的研究结果,以及甲醛自身的理化特性,作者认为食用菌中含有微量甲醛是食用菌自身新陈代谢的产物,从食品安全的角度考虑是安全的。文中介绍了国内外对部分食用菌中甲醛含量的测定、代谢机理和风险评估情况,其中食用菌甲醛的代谢机理值得进一步关注和探讨。     

福尔马林固定白鱀豚标本DNA提取及其遗传多样性的初步研究

福尔马林固定标本是宝贵的遗传资源,但是如何有效利用其中的遗传信息一直存在问题。本文尝试从标本预处理、消化、PCR扩增各方面综合考虑和优化改进,成功提取并扩增21头福尔马林固定白豚标本线粒体DNA控制区410bp片段。采用了3种预处理方法尽量去除固定标本中残存的甲醛,从试验结果来看,从酒精梯度 临界点干燥处理的标本中提取的DNA在扩增时具有明显优势。通过蛋白酶K消化过程中对于酶的浓度、温浴时间的比较试验,发现随着采用大幅提高酶浓度、延长消化时间等高强度的蛋白酶消化操作后,DNA的质量和产量均得到显著提高。针对标本DNA降解严重的特点,设计特异性好且长度合适的引物以及使用巢式引物扩增,均提高了标本DNA扩增的特异性和灵敏度。通过对所测得的21头白鱀豚线粒体DNA控制区部分序列的对比,发现全部个体在该片段上的序列完全一致,说明白豚遗传多样性极低。     

甲醛致大鼠鼻腔癌与K-ras癌基因活化相关

为探讨甲醛致大鼠鼻腔癌的分子机制,对甲醛诱发的大鼠鼻腔癌细胞系FAT7中的转化序列进行检测.采用的实验方法,包括肿瘤细胞DNA与选择标志基因(neo)共转染、裸鼠成瘤性分析、Southern杂交、聚合酶链反应(PCR)和序列分析等.结果发现:在第二轮裸鼠肿瘤DNA中含有大鼠源性的K-ras基因序列,而无大鼠源性的H-ras、N-ras和p53基因序列.这表明甲醛诱发的大鼠鼻腔癌细胞系FAT7中所含的转化序列与H-ras、N-ras及p53基因无关,K-ras癌基因的活化可能参与甲醛致大鼠鼻腔癌.     

Pseudomonas tolaasii on mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) crops: bactericidal effects of six disinfectants and their toxicity to mushrooms

N -Cetylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, Cetrimide, bronopol (2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol), Panacide and Chloramine T were tested as possible disinfectants for use in growing mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) where Pseudomonas tolaasii blotch is prevalent. The most effective materials in vitro against Ps. tolaasii where the quaternary ammonium compounds and bronopol in terms of the MIC and MCC tests. In 8 min 'clean' and 'dirty' tests incorporating yeast cells bronopol did not kill the pathogen, whereas the other five disinfectants did so. If mushroom casing (peat plus limestone) was added to these short duration tests the pathogen survived all six disinfectants. When tests with added casing were extended to 20 h, bronopol was very effective (cidal value 100 µg/ml) and the pathogen was not killed by the other five disinfectants. In experiments on agar plates, bronopol and chloramine T were stimulating to the growth of A. bisporus. Growing mushroom caps treated with bronopol remained white, whereas caps treated with the other five disinfectants turned brown within 30 min. It is thus likely that bronopol could be used to control the source of bacterial blotch epidemics in mushroom growing, which previous work has shown to be in the casing.     

Pseudomonas tolaasii in mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) crops: activity of formulations of 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (bronopol) against the bacterium and the use of this compound to control blotch disease

The bactericidal activity of 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (bronopol) against Pseudomonas tolaasii , the causative organism of mushroom bacterial blotch, is enhanced by the addition of Tween 80, EDTA and phenylethanol. Results of tests with this pseudomonad confirm that bronopol is more active in alkaline solutions and enhancement of the bactericidal activity of this compound can be obtained by adding calcium carbonate, or mushroom casing (limestone and peat). Quantitative observations show that sterility can be achieved with bronopol at 100 µg/ml in 24 h following artificial inoculation of casing with Ps. tolaasii in glass flasks. On miniature mushroom beds in controlled environments a single application of bronopol, in tap water during routine watering, controls bacterial blotch disease. Bronopol is a slow-acting bactericide, destroying Ps. tolaasii in mushroom casing and effecting control of bacterial blotch disease.     

Formaldehyde prepared from paraformaldehyde is stable

For critical histological investigations, tissue fixation is sometimes carried out in formaldehyde freshly prepared from paraformaldehyde by heating. The purity of formaldehyde produced in this way is superior to that of commercial stock solutions. We studied the stability of freshly prepared formaldehyde solutions by determination of pH and titration of acid, which reflect the formation of formic acid. It was found that very small amounts of acid are produced during the heating of paraformaldehyde. Prolonged heating or storage of freshly prepared formaldehyde for up to 8 days did not significantly increase the amount of acid. It was also found that heating of the paraformaldehyde is not necessary, since depolymerization may take place at room temperature.

We conclude that formaldehyde prepared from paraformaldehyde remains stable for considerable periods of time, and it is therefore unnecessary to prepare it immediately prior to fixation. Also, in many cases, buffering of the fixative may be omitted, since only minor changes in the pH occur during fixation.     

Formaldehyde prepared from paraformaldehyde is stable

For critical histological investigations, tissue fixation is sometimes carried out in formaldehyde freshly prepared from paraformaldehyde by heating. The purity of formaldehyde produced in this way is superior to that of commercial stock solutions. We studied the stability of freshly prepared formaldehyde solutions by determination of pH and titration of acid, which reflect the formation of formic acid. It was found that very small amounts of acid are produced during the heating of paraformaldehyde. Prolonged heating or storage of freshly prepared formaldehyde for up to 8 days did not significantly increase the amount of acid. It was also found that heating of the paraformaldehyde is not necessary, since depolymerization may take place at room temperature.

We conclude that formaldehyde prepared from paraformaldehyde remains stable for considerable periods of time, and it is therefore unnecessary to prepare it immediately prior to fixation. Also, in many cases, buffering of the fixative may be omitted, since only minor changes in the pH occur during fixation.     

Amines of the mucosal mast cell of the gut in normal and nematode infected rats

Infection with the nematode N. brasiliensis is accompanied by a marked increase of the number of mucosal mast cells (MMC) and the mucosal content of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). We compared amine levels, determined by ion exchange and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with numbers of MMC and enterochromaffin cells (ECC). Furthermore, we measured 5-HT cytofluorometrically in individual MMC and ECC. The cellular distribution of 5-HT was studied immunohistochemically. Our results corroborate previous findings that histamine is stored in MMC. Quotients between histamine content and numbers of MMC decreased throughout the period of worm expulsion, followed by a recovery, suggesting a histamine release during this defense reaction. The HPLC analysis gave no evidence for a storage of dopamine in MMC. ECC and MMC of normal and infected rats showed a formaldehyde induced fluorescence and 5-HT immunoreactivity. The formaldehyde induced fluorescence of MMC from normal rats was about 10% that of ECC, but MMC exceeded ECC three times by numbers. These findings suggest that a considerable proportion of the intestinal 5-HT in the normal rat is stored in MMC. ECC numbers did not change during the infection and their content of 5-HT was unchanged, as judged by cytofluorometry. The cytofluorometric measurements showed that the intensity of the monoamine fluorescence from the MMC of infected animals was about three times as high as that of controls. It was concluded that the increased tissue levels of 5-HT was due to both an increase in MMC numbers and an increase in the 5-HT content of individual MMC. The results suggest a different role for histamine and 5-HT in the defense reaction towards the nematode infection.     

The Effect of pH, Temperature and Certain Media Constituents on the Stability and Activity of the Preservative, Bronopol

Various workers have obtained seemingly contradictory results for the activity of the preservative, bronopol. The effect of pH, temperature and certain media constituents on the stability and activity of bronopol has been investigated.
Bronopol has been found to be more active at higher pH values but also breaks down at a faster rate. If the activity of bronopol is measured by a system that takes a few minutes, then the true effect of pH on activity is assessed. If, however, the method takes several hours, especially in the presence of certain media constituents, then the compound may decompose significantly and the response to the compound thereby be influenced.     

Potassium Fluxes on Hyperosmotic Shock and the Effect of Phenol and Bronopol (2-bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol) on Deplasmolysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Potassium fluxes and the effect of phenol and bronopol on deplasmolysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were followed in sucrose and glycerol plasmolysing systems.
In sucrose, K⁺ uptake related to the solute concentration. Proline increased the rate and overall K⁺ uptake, the latter by a factor of three. It was concluded that there was no rigid maximum in the accumulation of intracellular K⁺ as long as intracellular neutrality in electrical charges was maintained.
In glycerol, K⁺ uptake was parallel with glycerol penetration. The process was reversed, however, on equilibration of glycerol. This suggested that glycerol inhibited K⁺ retention against a concentration gradient rather than that K⁺ was excluded as a consequence of the osmotic established steady state. This view was enforced by the fact that the reversal of K⁺ uptake occurred in 20 and 30% glycerol but not in 10%.
Phenol and bronopol did not affect deplasmolysis in glycerol significantly, although some effect on K⁺ uptake and glycerol permeability could be seen. In the sucrose system, phenol acted according to its mode of action generally accepted, i.e. inhibiting deplasmolysis at low and allowing solute penetration at higher concentrations, whereas very high concentrations caused coagulation of the cytoplasm. Bronopol inhibited deplasmolysis, except at very low concentrations. Proline did not prevent the inhibition of deplasmolysis in either of the solute systems, except at the very low bronopol concentrations where the deplasmolysis rate only was affected.     

Sodium ions and an energized membrane required by Methanosarcina barkeri for the oxidation of methanol to the level of formaldehyde.

Methanogenesis from methanol by cell suspensions of Methanosarcina barkeri was inhibited by the uncoupler tetrachlorosalicylanilide. This inhibition was reversed by the addition of formaldehyde. 14C labeling experiments revealed that methanol served exclusively as the electron acceptor, whereas formaldehyde was mainly oxidized to CO2 under these conditions. These data support the hypothesis (M. Blaut and G. Gottschalk, Eur. J. Biochem. 141: 217-222, 1984) that the first step in methanol oxidation depends on the proton motive force or a product thereof. Cell extracts of M. barkeri converted methanol and formaldehyde to methane under an H2 atmosphere. Under an N2 atmosphere, however, formaldehyde was disproportionated to CH4 and CO2, whereas methanol was metabolized to a very small extent only, irrespective of the presence of ATP. It was concluded that cell extracts of M. barkeri are not able to oxidize methanol. In further experiments, the sodium dependence of methanogenesis and ATP formation by whole cells was investigated. Methane formation from methanol alone and the corresponding increase in the intracellular ATP content were strictly dependent on Na+. If, in contrast, methanol was utilized together with H2, methane and ATP were synthesized in the absence of Na+. The same is true for the disproportionation of formaldehyde to methane and carbon dioxide. From these experiments, it is concluded that in M. barkeri, Na+ is involved not in the process of ATP synthesis but in the first step of methanol oxidation.     

An assessment of the use of drug and non-drug interventions in the treatment of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876, a protozoan parasite of freshwater fish

Infection by the ciliate protozoan Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876 causes significant economic losses in freshwater aquaculture worldwide. Following the ban on the use of malachite green for treating food fish, there has been extensive research aimed at identifying suitable replacements. In this paper we critically assess drug and non-drug interventions, which have been tested for use or have been employed against this parasite and evaluate possibilities for their application in farm systems. Current treatments include the administration of formaldehyde, sodium chloride (salt), copper sulphate and potassium permanganate. However, purportedly more environmentally friendly drugs such as humic acid, potassium ferrate (VI), bronopol and the peracetic acid-based products have recently been tested and represent promising alternatives. Further investigation, is required to optimize the treatments and to establish precise protocols in order to minimize the quantity of drug employed whilst ensuring the most efficacious performance. At the same time, there needs to be a greater emphasis placed on the non-drug aspects of management strategies, including the use of non-chemical interventions focusing on the removal of free-swimming stages and tomocysts of I. multifiliis from farm culture systems. Use of such strategies provides the hope of more environmentally friendly alternatives for the control of I. multifiliis infections.