A review of the bloodsucking midges of Trinidad and Tobago,West Indies (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae)*

Data are presented recording the presence of 49 species of bloodsucking cerato-pogonids in Trinidad, West Indies. Of these, 45 are Culicoides, one is a Leptoconops, and three belong to Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea). Five species are reported from Tobago: three Culicoides, one Leptoconops, and one Lasiohelea. The males of Culicoides benarrochi and C. fluviatilis are described for the first time, and the female of C. debilipalpis is redescribed. Culicoides filariferus and C. pseudodiabolicus are resurrected from synonymy, and characters are presented distinguishing them from C. diabolicus and C. guttatus. Biological data and keys to genera and species are included.     

New and known species of Dactylogyrus Diesing, 1850 (Monogenea,Dactylogyridae) from cyprinid fishes of the River Tigris,Iraq

Four new Dactylogyrus species are described and two redescribed from cyprinids of the River Tigris, Iraq. These are as follows: Dactylogyrus barbioides n. sp. from Barbus grypus; D. orbus n. sp. from Barbus lacerta; D. barbuli n. sp. from Barbus barbulus; D. macrostomi n. sp. from Cyprinion macrostomi; D. pavlovskyi Bychowsky, 1949 from Barbus grypus and Barbus sharpeyi; and D. inutilis Bychowsky, 1949 from Barbus xanthopterus. A phylogenetic and zoogeographical analysis is presented.     

A review of the Tandanicolinae (=Monodhelminthinae) (Digenea: Fellodistomidae), with a description of Prosogonarium angelae n. sp.

The Tandanicolinae is reviewed, redefined and considered a subfamily of the Fellodistomidae. The Monodhelminthinae Dollfus, 1937, Mehratrematinae Srivastava, 1939, Prosogonariinae Mehra, 1963 and Buckleytrematinae Yamaguti, 1971 are synonyms of the Tandanicolinae. Genera included in the Tandanicolinae are Tandanicola, Monodhelmis, Buckleytrema and Prosogonarium. Burnellus and Mehratrema are made new synonyms of Monodhelmis. The composition of each genus is reviewed. Monodhelmis arii Yamaguti, 1952, Mehratrema arii Gu & Shen, 1979, Mehratrema dollfusi Srivastava, 1939, Monodhelmis philippinensis Velasquez, 1961, Mehratrema polynemusinis Chauhan, 1943 and Mehratrema skrjabini Karyakarte, 1969 are considered synonyms of Monodhelmis torpedinis. Monodhelmis elongatus Bilqees, 1970 is considered a species inquirenda. Prosogonarium angelae n. sp. is described from Euristhmus lepturus from Moreton Bay, Queensland. It is distinguished by the number and distribution of the vitelline follicles and the extent of the caeca. New records are given for Monodhelmis torpedinis from Arius graeffei and E. lepturus, M. trichofurcata from Tandanus tandanus, and Buckleytrema indica from A. graeffei, all from southern Queensland. Buckleytrema indica is redescribed and B. postacetabulorchis is synonymised with that species. Relationships within the Tandanicolinae were considered by cladistic analysis.     

The species of Pareromene Osthelder (Pyralidae: Crambinae: Diptychophorini) from Malaysia,Indonesia and New Guinea

Eleven new species of Pareromene Osthelder are described. One species from Malaya, D.xanthogramma Meyrick, and one from Indonesia, D.fuscobasella Snellen, are redescribed and transferred from Diptychophora Zeller to Pareromene Osthelder. Four species, the widely distributed P.clytia Bleszynski, and P.lathonia Blesz., and P.ajaxella Blesz., and P.morobella Blesz., both of New Guinea are discussed and redescribed. Notes on the interrelationships of the species are included and the two evolutionary lines, recognised in this region are discussed.     

Prosorhynchine trematodes (Digenea: Bucephalidae) from epinephelines (Perciformes: Serranidae) on the Great Barrier Reef,Australia

Six new species of bucephalid trematodes from the prosorhynchine bucephalid genera Prosorhynchus Odhner, 1905 and Neidhartia Nagaty, 1937 are reported from the epinepheline genera Cephalopholis, Cromileptes, Epinephelus and Variola on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Two species of Prosorhynchus and one of Neidhartia are reported from Epinephelus spp., P. jexi n. sp. from E. quoyanus, P. lafii n. sp. from E. fuscoguttatus and N. epinepheli n. sp. from E. maculatus. The other three new species are P. robertsthomsoni n. sp. from Cephalopholis argus, C. cyanostigma and C. miniata, P. conorjonesi n. sp. from Cromileptes altivelis, and P. milleri n. sp. from Variola louti. Extensive examinations of other piscivorous fish species from the Great Barrier Reef have not revealed these six bucephalid species, which appear to be restricted at least to the host genera from which they are reported here.     

STUDIES IN SOME FOLIOSE RED ALGAE OF THE PACIFIC COAST. III. DUMONTIACEAE,WEEKSIACEAE, KALLYMENIACEAE1

The female reproductive structures and their development, and the vegetative structure are studied in 17 species of red algae in the Cryptonemiales (Rhodophyceae). Three genera, Weeksia, Constantinea, and the type species of Leptocladia, are removed from the Dumontiaceae to a newly created family, the Weeksiaceae, because of differing postfertilization events leading to the development of the gonimoblast from a cell of the carpogonial branch. Three genera of Dumontiaceae are studied: Pikea, including P. californica, the type species, and Pikea robusta a newly described species; Dilsea californica, and a newly described species of Neodilsea, a genus heretofore known only from the northwestern Pacific. Two transfers are made from the genus Leptocladia, 1 to Farlowia, as F. conferta, and 1 to Rhodophyllis (Gigartinales) as R. peruviana. Three species in the Kallymeniaceae are redescribed: Kallymenia pacifica, a rare and nearly unknown species from southern California and adjacent Pacific Mexico; K. norrisii from central California; and K. oblongifructa from Washington, Oregon, and northern California.     

Eimeria and Klossia spp. (Protozoa: Sporozoa) from Wild Mammals in Borneo*

SYNOPSIS. During a survey of parasites of Sabah mammals, coccidia oocysts were found in 9 of 22 host species examined. Sporulated oocysts of Klossia sp. from Rattus whiteheadi are described. New geographic records are reported for Eimeria callosciuri, Eimeria sabani, and Eimeria tupaiae. New host and geographic records are reported for Eimeria separata from Rattus cremoriventer, for E. tupaiae and Eimeria ferruginea from Tupaia tana, for Eimeria nieschulzi from Rattus muelleri, and for E. sabani and Klossia sp. from R. whiteheadi.     

New species of alderfly genus Sialis (Megaloptera: Sialidae) from China and Vietnam,with a key to species of Sialis from Asia

The alderfly genus Sialis is the most species‐rich group of the family Sialidae. However, discovery of new Sialis species is becoming difficult because of previous good faunal exploration. In this paper, we describe two new Sialis species from the southern part of East Asia, S. australis and S. jiyuni, based on materials from historical and recent collections. These two species are closely related to the insular species S. kumejimae and are among the early diverged species within Sialis. Presently, 32 species of Sialis are recorded from Asia. A key to all the Sialis species from Asia is provided.     

New species and records of the genera Milichia Meigen and Milichiella Giglio‐Tos (Diptera,Milichiidae) from the Oriental region and Seram Island

The species of the genera Milichia and Milichiella in the Oriental region and Seram Is. are taxonomically investigated. Three new species, Milichia linealis sp. nov. from the Philippines, Milichiella sulawesiensis sp. nov. and Milichiella nigella sp. nov. from Indonesia, are described. New distributional data of Milichiella bakeri Aldrich from Indonesia and M. spinthera Hendel from Indonesia, Nepal and Thailand are given. Keys to the species of Milichia and Milichiella in the Oriental region and Seram Is. are provided.     

Ribosome Specificity of Transfer Factors from Unicellular Algae

Abstract

Ribosome specificity of polymerizing enzymes prepared from Nostoc muscorum and from photosynthesizing and non-photosynthesizing strains of Euglena gracilis and Chlorella vulgaris was determined by assaying protein synthesis in vitro with Escherichia coli (70 S type) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (80 S type) ribosomes. Polymerizing enzymes prepared from the prokaryote N. muscorum are active only on E. coli ribosomes, while the enzymes prepared from the photosynthesizing strains of E. gracilis and C. vulgaris are active on both 70 S and 80 S type ribosomes. Polymerizing enzymes from dark-grown cells of E. gracilis and of an achloric strain are active only on 80 S type ribosomes, and the activity on E. coli ribosomes may be restored by adding E. coli transfer factor T. In addition, activity on 70 S ribosomes becomes evident a few hours after exposure to light of dark-grown cells of E. gracilis. On the contrary, polymerizing enzymes prepared from a non-photosynthetic strain of C. vulgaris, and from the naturally occuring achloric alga Prototheca zopfii are active on both types of ribosomes. C. vulgaris and its achloric strain contain both 70 S and 80 S type ribosomes, while in P. zopfii only 80 S type ribosomes are evident.     

Taxonomic review of Hemistola Warren, 1893 from China,with descriptions of seven new species (Lepidoptera: Geometridae,Geometrinae)

The genus Hemistola Warren from China is reviewed, and seven new species are described: H. viridimargo, sp. nov., H. glauca sp. nov., H. asymmetra sp. nov., H. arcilinea sp. nov., H. flavifimbria sp. nov., H. orbiculosoides sp. nov. and H. stueningi sp. nov. Two species, acyra and christinaria, are transferred from Hemistola to Maxates and Comostola, respectively: Maxates acyra comb. nov. and Comostola christinaria comb. nov. Including the 25 species previously known from China, a total of 32 species is now recorded. All Chinese species are redescribed. Generic characters based on all species are summarized. Illustrations of adults and genitalia are presented.     

Didymozoid trematodes (including new genera and species) from marine fishes of the Waltair coast,Bay of Bengal

Summary Fifteen species of didymozoid trematodes are recorded form marine fishes off the Waltair coast, Bay of Bengal, India. These include three new genera, namely, Platocystoides, Indodidymozoon and Renodidymocystis and six new species, namely, Didymozoon lobatum from Euthynnus affinis, Allodidymozoon cylindricum from Sphyraena obtusata and S. picuda, A. operculare from Sphyraena obtusata and S. picuda, Indodidymozzon platycephali from Platycephalus scaber, Renodidymocystis yamagutii from Rastrelliger kanagurta and Metanematobothrioides branchialis from Pristipomoides typus. Other species reported are: Didymocystis wedli Ariola, 1902, Coeliodidymocystis kamegaii Yamaguti, 1970, Platocystoides polyaster (Job, 1962), Neometadidymozoon polymorphis (Oshmarin & Mamaev, 1963), Lobatocystis yaito Yamaguti, 1965, Metadidymozoon branchiale Yamaguti, 1970; Allonematobothrium epinepheli Yamaguti, 1965; Gonapodasmius spilonotopteri Yamaguti, 1970 and Pseudocolocyntotrema yaito Yamaguti, 1970. Two new combinations made are: Allodidymozoon apharyngi (Job, 1961) for Didymozoon apharyngi Job, 1961 and Platocystoides polyaster (Job, 1962) for Platocystis polyaster Job, 1962.     

Observations on the fine structure of Chlamydobotrys stellata,with particular reference to its unusual chloroplast structure

Summary Eight species of Olpidium are reported from freshwater algae and from soils in Iceland. Similarities between Olpidium endogenum and O. entophytum are discussed. On the basis of the specimens at hand and the substrates in which they occur, O. zygnemicola and O. spirogyrae are reduced to synonymy with O. entophytum and O. endogenum respectively. Olpidioid fungi in Oedogonium and sterilized pine pollen are tentatively assigned to the doubtfully distinct species O. saccatum and O. utriculiforme. Olpidium pendulum, O. luxurians, and O. longicollum occur in pine pollen bait in gross water cultures of soil. These three species are only doubtfully distinct entities. Olpidium rhizophlyctidis is reported for the first time from Iceland.     

中国腐霉属的水生种类

腐霉属是一个世界广布分类群,迄今为止已报道约100种.它们主要分布于土坡中,条件适合时侵染植物引起病害,造成多种经济植物的重大损失.腐霉也见水中,它们既可寄生于藻类及一些小动物上,也可腐生于动植物残骸上.在研究微生物与水质关系时,腐霉的作用是不可忽视的.在发酵工业上,腐霉可望用于生产多种酶类及转化街族化合物,所以它是一个经济意义较重要的类群.     

The freshwater medusae of the world – a taxonomic and systematic literature study with some remarks on other inland water jellyfish

Several medusa species have been described from inland waters in Australia, Eurasia, Africa and America. The chief objective of this study is to summarize all species described from freshwater and from saline lakes, because the knowledge about this group is sparse and scattered in the literature. I summarize all accessible literature to deduct how many species of freshwater medusae exist and to show their distribution, relation and their phylogenetic origin.All medusae described from freshwater except Halmomises are Olindiidae (Limnomedusae). More than 20 Olindiidae species (in 6 genera) have been recorded from freshwater. However, about half of them may not be valid species or have been described insufficiently or improperly. Within the genera Craspedacusta only 3 (or 5) species are certain (C. sowerbii, C. iseanum, C. sinensis (and maybe C. sichuanensis and C. ziguiensis)). The genera Limnocnida may consist of 6 species, three from Africa (L. tanganjicae, L. victoriae, L. congoensis) and 3 from India (L. indica, L. biharensis, L. nepalensis). The status of Astrohydra (from Japan), Mansariella and Keralika (both from India) is uncertain. Additionally, the present study suggests that Craspedacusta and at least one type of Calpasoma hydrants are identical and Astrohydra may be closely related to Craspedacusta and/or Calpasoma.A comparison of the freshwater medusae with species described from saline lakes and brackish sites (Australomedusae from Australia and Moerisia from Egypt, Black Sea, Caspian Sea and Ganges Estuary) shows that these two groups are not closely related.     

First record of the tribe Trigonoderini (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) from South Korea with descriptions of two new species

The tribe Trigonoderini (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) contains six genera (Gastracanthus Westwood, Janssoniella Kerrich, Miscogasteriella Girault, Platygerrhus Thomson, Plutothrix Förster and Trigonoderus Westwood). This tribe is recorded from South Korea for the first time. Two new species, Janssoniella albiclava Tselikh & Lee sp. nov. from South Korea and J. magna Tselikh & Lee sp. nov. from South Korea and the South Far East of Russia, are described. Eight species (Gastracanthus acutus (Kamijo), G. nigrescens Kamijo, Janssoniella intermedia Hedqvist, Miscogasteriella sulcate (Kamijo), Plutothrix scrobicula Kamijo, P. trifasciata (Thomson), Trigonoderus fraxini Yang and T. nigrocephalus Kamijo) are recorded from South Korea for the first time. The keys for identification of the Eastern–Palearctic species of Janssoniella and Gastracanthus are given and photos of diagnostic characters of the new species are provided.     

Revision of the species of the Tychus rufus group (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)

The species belonging to Tychus rufus group are revised. Eleven species are recognized, described and illustrated and a key to their identification is provided. Nine taxa are new to science: Tychus carpathius n. sp. from Karpathos island (Greece); T. torticornis n. sp. from Lesbos Island (Greece); T. pisidicus n. sp. and T. inermis n. sp. from southwestern Turkey; T. antiocheus n. sp. and T. effeminatus n. sp. from southeastern Turkey; T. artvinensis n. sp. from northeastern Turkey, and T. sidonicus n. sp. and T. libanus n. sp. from Lebanon.     

Some Silurian Brachiopods from Lithuania and Their Palaeobiogeographical Significance

Silurian brachiopods are described from 21 boreholes in Lithuania. Nine genera are recognized and represented by one or two species, including the atrypids Atrypoidea, Cromatrypa, Lissatrypa and Septatrypa, athyridids Collarothyris, Nucleospira, Meristina and Pseudoprotathyris, and rhynchonellids Ancillotoechia and Plagiorhyncha. Two new species, Cromatrypa? pubes and Lissatrypa lithuanica, are described. The same taxa are reported from England, Gotland, Belarus and Podolia in Wenlock and Ludlow strata, and from Podolia, Urals, the Canadian Arctic archipelago and Russian Arctic islands in Prídolí strata.     

A revision of the grass-living genus Podothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae)

The genus Podothrips Hood is redefined, and three new species are described: orion and australis from Australia and moundi from New Guinea. Two new synonymies are recorded in Podothrips and fuscus Moulton and monsterae Moulton are excluded. A key to the nineteen species and an annotated catalogue are provided. The distribution and biology of the genus are briefly discussed.