共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
2.
样方数据是揭示植物群落物种组成和结构等群落特征的重要凭证,也是深入研究植物群落动态变化规律和植被志等植被专著编研的重要基础数据.前人对北京山地植物群落的研究工作多停留在文字描述阶段,缺乏附配翔实样方数据的凭证描述(任宪威等,1991;崔国发等,2000).仅有文字描述的文献限制了植物群落学研究成果在植被专著编研和群落动态研究中的应用.北京市喇叭沟门自然保护区和松山自然保护区是北京市自然植被保护最完好和生物多样性最丰富的两个地区,具有重要的生态屏障作用.量化描述这两个保护区内主要植物群落的组成和结构特征,对揭示北京乃至华北地区的植被特征、服务于生物多样性保育与管理等具有重要意义.我们在这两个自然保护区内设置了两条垂直样带,调查了样带中的主要植被类型,以样方数据为凭证,描述了主要植被类型的群落特征,为该地区植被研究提供基础数据. 相似文献
3.
为研究近自然森林经营下的樟子松人工林不同林分类型对昆虫群落多样性的影响,本文以塞罕坝自然保护区内的樟子松纯林与混交林作为研究对象,对5种林分类型(樟子松、樟子松-落叶松、樟子松-白桦、樟子松-山荆子、樟子松-落叶松-白桦-山荆子-山刺玫)中的昆虫多样性进行分析.共获得昆虫标本9617头,隶属于7目70科195种,以双翅目、半翅目和鞘翅目为优势类群.5种不同林分类型中的昆虫物种均比较丰富,且各林分类型之间的昆虫群落结构均处于中等不相似水平,樟子松混交林内的昆虫物种数和个体数均高于纯林,但昆虫群落特征指数在不同林分类型之间无显著差异.主成分分析显示,植食性类群、捕食性类群和寄生性类群是构成昆虫群落结构的主要成分,且捕食性和寄生性等天敌类群对植食性类群的制约作用较强,各林分内昆虫群落结构均具有较高的稳定性. 相似文献
4.
采用完全随机区组设计,研究马尾松林下套种闽楠,不同经营模式与林冠层郁闭度调控对闽楠树高、胸径和单株材积影响。结果表明,三种林下套种的复层林经营模式较采伐迹地上造林均可显 著促进闽楠生长。闽楠人工林在1～12龄阶段树高、胸径和单株材积连年生长量及平均生长量均呈逐年上升的趋势,处在生长速生期。采用林下套种闽楠复层林经营模式,并进行林冠层郁闭度调控,长期保持林冠层郁闭度在0.4～0.5左右,可显著促进闽楠生长,是进行闽楠复层林经营的主要关键技术。 相似文献
5.
袁超峰;王文志;吴喆虹;苏勇;罗玲卓 《应用生态学报》2025,36(2):411-417
随着全球气候变暖和降水格局改变,我国三北防护林近年来出现了不同程度的衰退,成为当前防护林建设面临的首要问题。然而目前对于森林衰退生理机制的了解仍然有限。本文通过树木年轮学方法,测定了健康与衰退樟子松和杨树的断面积增量(BAI)和年轮宽度,并建立了相应的标准年表(STD),分析对气候要素的响应及其在干旱期间的生态弹性,揭示樟子松和杨树衰退的气候变化作用机制及其对干旱的适应能力差异。结果表明: 1978以来,健康樟子松径向生长显著增加,而且健康樟子松平均BAI显著高于衰退樟子松。两者均与全年的帕尔默干旱指数(PDSI)呈显著正相关,健康樟子松对降水的敏感性较低并在干旱期间表现出更强的抵抗力和弹性。1983年以来,健康与衰退杨树径向生长均无显著变化趋势,且健康杨树平均BAI显著高于衰退杨树。健康杨树与降水、PDSI及水汽压差(VPD)之间的相关性较低,并在干旱期间表现出较强的抵抗力。樟子松出现衰退的时间早于杨树,其对PDSI的敏感性较高,但抵抗力和弹性均高于杨树。综上,干旱和降水是导致樟子松和杨树衰退的主要气候因素,衰退树木响应气候变化更为敏感,樟子松相比杨树对累积干旱的适应能力更强,在未来气候变暖引起的干旱加剧情景下可能更适合生存。本研究为三北防护林工程的树种选育提供了数据支持和科学参考。 相似文献
6.
泉州的针叶林以马尾松林最为普遍,广泛分布于海拔1300 m以下的山地,有天然林和人工林。杉木林主要为人工林,也分布子海拔1300 m以下。黄山松林均为天然林,分布于海拔1100~1300 m的山地,与马尾松林交叉生长,在海拔1300 m以上成为纯林,直至近戴云山山顶(海拔1856 m)。福建柏林仅在一些林场有人工栽种。对以上群落类型的区系成份、生活型、叶特征以及群落结构的分析,表明它们具有亚热带常绿针叶林的群落特征。 相似文献
7.
Question: What is the effect of leaf litter on growth and mortality of feather mosses. Three experiments were conducted to isolate the shading effect from the effect of leaching of soluble compounds from the leaf litter effect on feather moss mortality and growth. Location: Edmonton, Alberta and the northern boreal coniferous forest, west‐central Alberta, Canada. Methods: In a field experiment Populus tremuloides (aspen) leaf litter was applied to beds of feather mosses dominated by Hylocomium splendens. Treatments were one layer of leaves held in place with netting; one layer of leaves coarsely ground, sprinkled over the moss layer; a shade cloth equivalent to one layer of leaves; and a control. In two growth chamber experiments, the application of aqueous extracts of P. tremuloides and Pinus contorta leaf litter and the effect of shade and soluble carbohydrates were tested on the growth and mortality of Ptilium crista‐castrensis. Results: Mortality of Hylocomium was greatest under the intact leaves, followed by the treatments using shade cloth and ground leaves and finally the control. The application of aqueous extracts of aspen leaf litter resulted in senescence or death of nearly all Ptilium shoots compared to no effects for the control or for similar extracts of pine needle litter. Extracts from aspen litter had greater concentrations of phenolic compounds and soluble sugars than pine extracts. Addition of sugars to Ptilium allowed it to grow and accumulate carbohydrates, even in low light conditions. Conclusions: Results suggest that broad‐leaved deciduous overstory species can limit the growth of feather mosses through their leaf litter and by implication affect the humus form, nutrient cycling, and understory composition of these forests. 相似文献
8.
皖东松树纯林与复层混交林比较研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过对皖东地区松树纯林和零星分布的复层林的调查,比较了单纯林和复层林的材积生长以及林地土壤理化性质的改善情况,研究了林内的光环境和庇荫下的林木的生理生态特性,认为建立充分发挥森林多种效益的人工复层林施业体系是该地区林业经营的方向． 相似文献
9.
Sharon M. Hood Daniel R. Cluck Bobette E. Jones Sean Pinnell 《Restoration Ecology》2018,26(5):813-819
Restoration efforts to improve vigor of large, old trees and decrease risk to high‐intensity wildland fire and drought‐mediated insect mortality often include reductions in stand density. We examined 15‐year growth response of old ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) trees in northeastern California, U.S.A. to two levels of thinning treatments compared to an untreated (control) area. Density reductions involved radial thinning (thinning 9.1 m around individual trees) and stand thinning. Annual tree growth in the stand thinning increased immediately following treatment and was sustained over the 15 years. In contrast, radial thinning did not increase growth, but slowed decline compared to control trees. Available soil moisture was higher in the stand thinning than the control for 5 years post‐treatment and likely extended seasonal tree growth. Our results show that large, old trees can respond to restoration thinning treatments, but that the level of thinning impacts this response. Stand thinning must be sufficiently intensive to improve old tree growth and health, in part due to increasing available soil moisture. Importantly, focusing stand density reductions around the immediate neighborhood of legacy trees was insufficient to elicit a growth response, calling into question treatments attempting to increase vigor of legacy trees while still maintaining closed canopies in dry, coniferous forest types. Although radial thinning did not affect tree growth rates, this treatment may still achieve other resource objectives not studied here, such as protecting wildlife habitat, reducing the risk of severe fire injury, and decreasing susceptibility to bark beetle attacks. 相似文献
10.
Mikala F. Jarner Peter Diggle Amanda G. Chetwynd 《Biometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift》2002,44(8):936-945
A common problem in environmental epidemiology is to estimate spatial variation in disease risk after accounting for known risk factors. In this paper we consider this problem in the context of matched case‐control studies. We extend the generalised additive model approach of Kelsall and Diggle (1998) to studies in which each case has been individually matched to a set of controls. We discuss a method for fitting this model to data, apply the method to a matched study on perinatal death in the North West Thames region of England and explain why, if spatial variation is of particular scientific interest, matching is undesirable. 相似文献
11.
This paper presents a practitioner's perspective of the Keren Kayemeth Leisrael's (KKL – Israel's Forest Service) forest management policy, including actions encouraging biological diversity attributes to Israel's planted conifer forests. These changes are reviewed in light of institutional changes within the KKL, recent global initiatives and scientific trends concerning biodiversity, ecologically oriented forestry and sustainable forest management.
The management of Israel's planted conifer forests for biological diversity values is a relatively new phenomenon. Most of Israel's high forests were planted and consist primarily of a small core group of native and exotic Mediterranean conifers. Over time, these simplified afforestations evolved into a complex set of forest stands – a “near-native” type of forest ecosystem embodying a sum total of natural and artificial processes. They can thus serve as models to help visualise and understand how plantation-type forests can be converted into complex afforestations systems possessing a higher degree of structural, functional, compositional and genetic diversity. 相似文献
12.
《Feddes Repertorium》2018,129(1):25-37
Old growth forests are increasingly considered and studied all around the world. However, the knowledge of such important forest systems is still limited in some bioclimatic regions, such as in the Mediterranean Basin. Starting from the knowledge acquired elsewhere, our research was carried out with the aim to select the most effective criteria to identify potential old‐growth forests in Mediterranean ecosystems (Sicily, Italy). Four key proxy indicators were considered: deadwood amount, tree size, structural traits, and tree species richness. A preliminary classification of the local forest stands level in three classes of old‐growthness (high, medium and low) has also been proposed. The main threats to woods conservation, as well as their biological value were considered. Twenty‐one forest stands have been detected and characterized; among them, seven forest stands were close to old growth conditions. Although the selected forest stands are located in protected areas, browsing due to farming and feral ungulates represent a widespread threat. The information provided for each forest stand may represent a starting point for further and in‐depth investigations in similar Mediterranean forest ecosystems. 相似文献
13.
We created small‐scale artificial canopy gaps to accelerate the growth of mature indigenous forest canopy species for restoration of an 18‐year‐old exotic Pinus radiata plantation forest, in the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. Small and large circular gaps were formed by felling. Seedlings of two indigenous forest canopy species, Podocarpus totara (Podocarpaceae) and Beilschmiedia tawa (Lauraceae), were planted within artificial gaps and undisturbed plantation canopy. Seedling height growth, mortality, and occurrence of animal browse were monitored at approximately 6‐month intervals over 17 months. Both P. totara and B. tawa differed significantly in height growth and in animal browse occurrence among artificial gap treatments. Growth of the light‐demanding P. totara was better under large canopy gaps, whereas growth of the shade‐tolerant B. tawa increased under gaps of any size but was most consistent under small gaps. For P. totara, any significant restoration benefit of gap formation on height growth was lost when browsed seedlings were taken into account. Animal browse significantly limited B. tawa height growth in large but not in small gaps. Small‐scale canopy gap creation is an effective method of modifying light transmission to the plantation understorey and accelerating seedling growth rates. Canopy gap size can be used to optimize understorey illumination according to species‐specific light requirements. The increased occurrence of animal browse in gaps requires consideration. Artificial canopy gaps within planted monocultures create structural heterogeneity that would otherwise take an extended period of time to develop. These results further support the role of plantations as indigenous forest restoration sites. 相似文献
14.
Erica A. Howard Stith T. Gower Jonathan A. Foley Christopher J. Kucharik 《Global Change Biology》2004,10(8):1267-1284
We calculated carbon budgets for a chronosequence of harvested jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) stands (0‐, 5‐, 10‐, and～29‐year‐old) and a～79‐year‐old stand that originated after wildfire. We measured total ecosystem C content (TEC), above‐, and belowground net primary productivity (NPP) for each stand. All values are reported in order for the 0‐, 5‐, 10‐, 29‐, and 79‐year‐old stands, respectively, for May 1999 through April 2000. Total annual NPP (NPPT) for the stands (Mg C ha?1 yr?1±1 SD) was 0.9±0.3, 1.3±0.1, 2.7±0.6, 3.5±0.3, and 1.7±0.4. We correlated periodic soil surface CO2 fluxes (RS) with soil temperature to model annual RS for the stands (Mg C ha?1 yr?1±1 SD) as 4.4±0.1, 2.4±0.0, 3.3±0.1, 5.7±0.3, and 3.2±0.2. We estimated net ecosystem productivity (NEP) as NPPT minus RH (where RH was calculated using a Monte Carlo approach as coarse woody debris respiration plus 30–70% of total annual RS). Excluding C losses during wood processing, NEP (Mg C ha?1 yr?1±1 SD) for the stands was estimated to be ?1.9±0.7, ?0.4±0.6, 0.4±0.9, 0.4±1.0, and ?0.2±0.7 (negative values indicate net sources to the atmosphere.) We also calculated NEP values from the changes in TEC among stands. Only the 0‐year‐old stand showed significantly different NEP between the two methods, suggesting a possible mismatch for the chronosequence. The spatial and methodological uncertainties allow us to say little for certain except that the stand becomes a source of C to the atmosphere following logging. 相似文献
15.
With drainage from the Waterton‐Glacier International Peace Park, the Waterton River was dammed in 1964 to trap spring flow and permit offstream diversion for irrigation. Field observations in the 1980s indicated some decrepit riparian woodlands suggesting drought stress of the black and narrowleaf cottonwoods (Populus trichocarpa, P. angustifolia) due to insufficient in‐stream flows. Subsequently, an environmental flow regime commenced in 1991 and provided “functional flows,” deliberately regulating in‐stream flow components intended to restore ecological processes and particularly (1) an increase of the minimum flow from 0.93 to 2.27 m3/s (mean discharge 21.9 m3/s) and (2) flow ramping, gradual recession after the spring peak. This study investigated the historic flow patterns and the growth, population age structure, and spatial distributions of riparian cottonwoods along the free‐flowing upstream and regulated downstream reaches over four dam operations intervals: the free‐flowing pre‐dam condition; the initial dammed interval to the mid‐1970s; a post‐dam and drought interval in the 1980s; and with the environmental flow regime. Analyses of sapling, shrub‐, and tree‐sized cottonwoods included tree ring analyses to determine ages and growth patterns, and distributions were assessed relative to streamside elevations and sediment textures. These indicated that there has been progressive cottonwood colonization after damming but the colonization band dropped in elevation with the reduced flow regime and the future woodlands could become narrower. The tree ring analyses indicated that the growth of established trees benefited from the functional flows and the increase in minimum flow was probably particularly beneficial to the riparian cottonwoods. 相似文献
16.
Pauline Longeard;Mathieu Santonja;Fréderic Morandini;Marc Gibernau;Sugahendni Nadarajah;Pauline Belliard;Nathalie Feignier;Antonella Massaiu;Marie-Cécile Andrei-Ruiz;Lila Ferrat; 《Ecology and evolution》2024,14(9):e70141
Wildfire pressure involves today to implement silvicultural practices that provide a good compromise between reducing fire risk and maintaining ecological functioning. Thinning reduces tree density and low branches, but results in the deposition of a considerable biomass of woody debris on the ground (up to 4800 g m2 in this study). They can be eliminated by prescribed burning, but this raises questions about the fire intensity that can be generated and the impact on soil fauna. We undertook the monitoring of a thinning and prescribed burning operation, separated and combined, in November 2020, in a Pinus laricio stand prone to fire risk, located in Bavella, Corsica. Fuel load was determined, and temperature measurements in the soil were performed using K-type thermocouples. Soil arthropod populations were monitored using pitfall traps, in particular Collembola, Acari, Aranae, and Coleoptera. The combination of thinning and burning resulted in a fire intensity of 75.8 versus 8.4 kW m−1 for burning alone. Maximum temperature rise measured at −2 cm below the surface was less than 5°C for both treatments. The combination of thinning and burning did not result in higher fire intensity at ground level than burning alone, and the soil showed high insulation capacity. Most of the woody debris that burned was small-diameter, and large-diameter debris remained unconsumed. This burning, performed during a period of low biological activity, had no effect on soil arthropods, and the presence of large debris may have provided refuge areas. Collembola group was the faster to recover, and were followed by cohorts of predators in summer, especially Acari. Our results suggest that a combination of burning and thinning in autumn may be beneficial for fire prevention. However, the decomposition of woody debris in relation to fire risk, and the occurrence of pests after these treatments need to be monitored. 相似文献
17.
胡杨林是干旱或荒漠地区的一种特有植被,它的生存对改善干旱或荒漠地区的生态环境有重要作用.以分布于塔里木河三源流之一的和田河流域的天然胡杨林为研究对象,使用影子工程法、机会成本法、水量平衡法、市场价值法等方法,评价了天然胡杨林在有机质生产、气候调节、土壤的形成与保护等七大类间接生态服务价值和木材产品、工业原料等2类直接生态服务价值,并分析计算评估结果.结果表明：在和田河流域,面积为3.184万hm2的天然胡杨林生态系统服务价值平均为6.72亿元/a,为整个和田地区2002年GNP的19.02%.这一结果充分说明和田河流域天然胡杨林在减缓自然灾害、维护生态安全和社会经济发展中的不可替代的天然屏障和保障作用,对和田绿洲乃至塔里木河流域综合治理的全局都是极为重要的. 相似文献
18.
细根(直径≤2 mm)是森林生态系统重要的碳库之一,其寿命短、代谢活性高,对外界环境变化十分敏感.了解不同营林措施对细根分解和养分释放的影响,对于合理开展森林经营管理具有重要意义.以三峡库区马尾松(Pinus massoniana)飞播林为对象,设置未择伐(NC)、除灌(SC)、伐除非马尾松(NPMC)和伐除优势马尾松(DPMC)等营林措施,在处理3年后,利用分解袋法研究不同营林措施对相同初始基质质量的马尾松细根分解和养分释放的影响.经过1年的分解,不同营林措施明显改变了土壤温湿度、土壤养分以及土壤微生物量碳氮,而对马尾松细根分解速率的影响不显著(P>0.05),细根分解速率与各环境因子间均无显著相关性.在分解过程中,各营林措施的细根C残留率逐渐降低,表现为DPMC>SC>NC>NPMC.N呈现先逐渐累积后释放的状态,P呈现释放-累积-释放的状态,且抚育择伐显著降低了P释放速率.短期来看,不同营林措施造成的林内环境因素变化不足以成为影响马尾松细根分解的主导因素,细根初始基质质量仍是影响细根分解的决定性因素.抚育择伐提高了细根C释放速率,降低了N和P元素的释放速率. 相似文献
19.