一种用分子杂交技术检测谷氨酸生产菌溶原性的方法

谷氨酸生产菌用于发酵生产谷氨酸和其他氨基酸,由于外源噬菌体污染或者由溶原菌内诱导出的噬菌体污染,往往给工业发酵带来严重的危害,于是测定谷氨酸生产菌是否为溶原菌便成了当务之急。本文以溶原菌E.coli K_(12)为研究模型,首先用~(32)P标记的λDNA作探针,建立了检测溶原菌株的分子诊断方法,继而通过寄主菌株从生产环境样品中分离筛选到7_6和7_(?)两大类共20多株噬菌体。由该两类噬菌体制得的~(32)P-7_(?)和7_(?)探针,可分别与以生产谷氨酸的棒杆菌B_9、7338和T_(?)三个菌株为寄主,从环境样品中分离的18个和6个噬菌体分离物杂交。而采用缺口翻译系统制备的7_(?)和7_(?)混合探针,或混合使用7_(?)和(?)探针,使得检测方法更为简便易行。通过Southern Blot技术和菌落杂交对菌DNA的分析,结果表明三个寄主菌株均不是所分离的噬菌体的溶原菌。最后,本文还就烈性噬菌体和温和噬菌体之间的同源性与分子诊断的可行性作了初步探讨。     

卷曲链霉菌抗噬菌体菌株的选育

以抗菌素生产水平较高(4500γ/ml),对噬菌体敏感的卷曲链霉菌作出发菌,经噬菌体自然选择,紫外和亚硝基胍复合处理,获得5个抗噬菌体的菌株。菌体形态无变异。摇瓶发酵水平为4539—4649γ/ml,发酵罐产量平均为4533γ/ml,最高达6440γ/ml。     

阪崎肠杆菌噬菌体的分离及其生物学特性

[目的]以阪崎肠杆菌模式菌株及分离菌株为指示菌,从污水中分离出该菌噬菌体,并对其基本生物学特性进行研究.[方法]以双层琼脂法从污水中分离噬菌体,通过同属和同科参考菌株测定噬菌体的特异性和宿主谱;电镜观察噬菌体颗粒形态;随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)实验分析噬菌体的分子生物学特性.[结果]从污水中分离得到5株噬菌体,表现出较窄的宿主范围,仅裂解阪崎肠杆菌,以ATCC 51329分离的噬菌体SK2可裂解27株阪崎肠杆菌中的24株(89%),负染经电镜观察,5株噬菌体都是由多面体头部和尾部组成;随机引物(5′-GAAACGGGTG-3′)扩增DNA分析,5株噬菌体DNA明显不同.[结论]分离出的5株噬菌体仅对阪崎肠杆菌敏感,在阪崎肠杆菌的分型、预防、治疗、以及生态环境的净化等方面具有潜在用途.     

应用噬菌体肽库筛选能封阻霍乱噬菌体VP1转染菌细胞的寡肽

噬菌体感染细菌首先要吸附于细菌表面受体 ,从目前报道的细菌与噬菌体相互作用的研究中发现 ,这些受体包括细菌细胞外膜上的蛋白、糖脂结构和鞭毛等。霍乱弧菌是霍乱的病原体 ,高守一等 (副霍乱资料汇编 ,1 984,2 37～ 2 4 5 .)从国内分离并选择出 5株噬菌体 (VP1～VP5 ) ,根据霍乱弧菌菌株对噬菌体的敏感性不同 ,将埃尔托型霍乱弧菌分为 32个噬菌体型。结合生物学分型方法 ,可区分埃尔托型霍乱弧菌的两类不同菌株 (流行株和非流行株 )和不同菌型。对各种来源的菌株进行分型 ,可作为一种追溯传染来源、传播途径和分析流行形式的流行病学研…     

以原生质体融合技术构建广谱抗噬菌体菌株

利用１５株不同品系的噬菌体作筛子筛选的噬菌体抗性自发突变株只对其相应的筛于噬菌体具抗性,为窄谱抗株。利用原生质体融合技术把北京棒杆菌７３３８与钝齿棒杆菌Ｔｓ－Ｌｉ进行融合得融合于ＺＧ８８,通过噬菌体吸附试验,血清学试验证明ＺＧ８８细胞表面结构发生了较大的改变,失去了噬菌体的吸附位点。因此ＺＧ８８是广谱稳定的噬菌体抗性菌株。     

溶源菌苏云金杆菌以色列变种

苏云金杆菌以色列变种(Bacillus thuringiensis vat.israelensis H14)经热处理灭活游离噬菌体后的培养物,经紫外线(UV)和丝裂霉素(Mitomycin)诱导,得到三株烈性噬菌体,並分离到一株自发突变的烈性噬菌体。这四株噬菌斑形态不同的噬菌体,对紫外线的敏感性和在20种血清型的32个菌株中的寄主范围各不相同,证明它们是四种不同类型的噬菌体。由于它们都是从苏云金杆菌以色列变种1897菌株中获得的,因此说明该菌株可能是多价溶源菌。     

产生葡激酶的溶原性转换噬菌体的研究——Ⅱ.由双溶原性菌分离的转换和不能转换噬菌体的比较

我们曾报道了金葡菌66为双溶原菌,先后分离到两株噬菌体即α、β.α具有溶原性转换葡激酶能力,β则无。本文对这两株噬菌体特性作进一步比较,如溶血素的溶原性转换,噬菌斑的形态,溶原菌的免疫性,宿主特异性,血清型别,两株噬菌体DNA的酶切电泳图及溶原化菌株的噬菌体型等,表明菌株66是带有两个不同的亲和群前噬菌体的双溶原菌株。     

乳酸乳球菌乳脂亚种W56中质粒pJW566的生物学特性

从丹麦乳酪发酵启子乳酸乳球菌乳脂亚种 (Lactococcuslactissubsp .cremoris)W56中 ,分离到一个 2 2 4kb的质粒pJW566,将该质粒转化到无质粒且噬菌体敏感的L .lactisMG1 61 4、SMQ86菌株中 ,所得转化子对常见 963、c2和P335属的噬菌体具有一定抗性。经测定噬菌体以及含有pJW566的菌株所繁育的噬菌体效价 ,发现该质粒对外源DNA具有限制和修饰 (Re strictionandModification ,R M)作用。将pJW566转化到一株噬菌体敏感的乳酪工业生产菌株L .lactisCHCC2 2 81 ,在牛奶发酵中 ,表现出较强的噬菌体抗性。体外内切酶活性测定表明 ,该质粒具有的限制性内切酶需要Mg2 +和ATP ,而AdoMet(S adenosylmethionine,AdoMet)对酶活有促进作用     

1株产L-天冬氨酸酶大肠埃希菌噬菌体分离和生理特性初步研究

对产L-天冬氨酸酶大肠埃希菌噬菌体进行分离和生理特性研究,有助于为生产过程中噬菌体污染的防治提供指导。采用双层平板法对噬菌体进行分离纯化。利用透射电镜观察噬菌体形态。进行噬菌体全基因组测序和比对。通过测定不同处理条件下噬菌体活性,研究温度、pH、有机溶剂氯仿、去垢剂SDS对噬菌体的影响。从噬菌体污染的L 天冬氨酸酶生产菌种大肠埃希菌HY-05C发酵培养液中分离出1株噬菌体。电镜结果表明,该噬菌体由呈多面体对称的头部和极短的尾部构成。基因组测序和比对结果表明,噬菌体与T7样噬菌体的相似性最高。生理特性研究表明,噬菌体对高温和去垢剂SDS敏感,对有机溶剂氯仿不敏感;最适pH为7.0,碱性条件下活力较为稳定,酸性条件容易失活。噬菌体保藏编号为CICC 80001。     

红霉素链霉菌抗噬菌体菌株的选育

在红霉素生产过程中,曾多次出现噬菌体的感染。我们从被感染的发酵自溶液中分离出7株噬菌体,并用电子显微镜观察了P1、P3、P6的形态。以不同类型的噬菌体选育出抗噬菌体菌株,其中一些抗性菌株的抗菌素产量,比敏感的出发菌株高,曾先后用于生产。用噬菌体处理得到的抗性菌株的产量,比用物理或化学诱变因素处理得到的菌株提高幅度大。     

Comparative Study of 35 Bacteriophages of Lactobacillus helveticus: Morphology and Host Range

This survey included 23 phages isolated from cheese whey and 12 temperate phages induced with mitomycin from their lysogenic host strains. All of the phages had an isometric head and a tail with a contractile sheath. In addition, short-tailed (160-nm-long) and long-tailed (260-nm-long) phages were distinguished. Short-tailed phages were by far the most widespread in French cheese factories (32 of the 35 phages studied). The study of phage relationships enabled two large groups of strains to be distinguished: those not or slightly sensitive to phages and those very sensitive to phages. There was an obvious relationship in the first group between phage sensitivity (or resistance) and the geographic origin of the strains. The second group contained primarily strains from large international collections and those isolated from commercial starters. The relationships among short-tailed phages, either temperate or isolated as lytic, suggest that lysogenic strains could be the major source of phages in French cheese factories.     

Staphylococcus carnosus bacteriophages isolated from salami factories in Germany and Italy

Two phages lysing strains of Staphylococcus carnosus , an organism used as a starter culture for salami production, were isolated from factories in Germany and Italy. Morphologically they show the C1 morphotype and are unrelated to the only other known Staph. carnosus phage. The phages were physiologically and morphologically similar but showed differences in their structural proteins and DNA restriction patterns. Their genomes consisted of linear double stranded DNA with a genome size of 19 kb. The phages lysed a wide range of Staph. carnosus strains from commercial meat starter cultures as well as the DSM type strain. Despite the presence of these phages, the products were normal from the point of view of colour, texture and flavour.     

Effect of exopolysaccharides on phage-host interactions in Lactococcus lactis

In this study, we report that Lactococcus lactis strains producing exopolysaccharides (EPS) are sensitive to virulent phages. Eight distinct lytic phages (Q61 to Q68) specifically infecting Eps(+) strains were isolated in 47 buttermilk samples obtained from 13 North American factories. The eight phages were classified within the 936 species by the multiplex PCR method, indicating that these phages are not fundamentally distinct from those infecting Eps(-) L. lactis strains. The host range of these phages was determined with 19 Lactococcus strains, including 7 Eps(+) and 12 Eps(-) cultures. Three phages (Q62, Q63, and Q64) attacked only the Eps(+) strain SMQ-419, whereas the five other phages (Q61, Q65, Q66, Q67, and Q68) infected only the Eps(+) strain SMQ-420. The five other Eps(+) strains (H414, MLT2, MLT3, SMQ-461, and SMQ-575) as well as the 12 Eps(-) strains were insensitive to these phages. The monosaccharide composition of the polymer produced by the seven Eps(+) strains was determined. The EPS produced by strains MLT3, SMQ-419, and SMQ-575 contained glucose, galactose, and rhamnose. The EPS fabricated by H414 contained only galactose. The EPS made by MLT2, SMQ-420, and SMQ-461 contained glucose and galactose. These findings indicate that the sugar composition of the EPS has no effect on phage sensitivity. The plasmid encoding the eps operon was cured from the two phage-sensitive strains. The cured derivatives were still phage sensitive, which indicates that EPS are not necessary for phage infection. Phage adsorption assays showed that the production of EPS does not confer a significant phage resistance phenotype.     

Comparative study of temperate bacteriophages isolated from Yersinia

170 Yersinia strains belonging to various species were investigated for the presence of temperate bacteriophages. By induction with mitomycin C seven phages were isolated from Y. enterocolitica strains and one phage from a Y. frederiksenii strain. The phages were characterized on the basis of their morphology, host range, genome size, DNA homology, and protein composition. They belong to different phage families and reveal narrow to moderate wide host ranges. Some of the isolated phages were able to infect pathogenic as well as nonpathogenic strains of Y. enterocolitica. The genomes of all isolated phages were found to be composed of double stranded DNA ranging from about 40 to 60 kb. In addition to the analysed phages, a number of putative phages were induced in strains of Y. frederiksenii, Y. kristensenii, Y. intermedia, and Y. mollaretii. The putative phages were identified by isolation of phage DNA from cell free lysates but could not be propagated on indicator strains. Southern hybridization experiments revealed relationships between phages belonging to different families. Moreover, DNA homologies were observed between phages isolated from nonpathogenic Yersinia strains and a phage which was isolated from a pathogenic Y. enterocolitica serogroup O:3 strain.     

Specificity patterns of Agrobacterium tumefaciens phages

Summary Lysogeny was not detected in 10 strains of A. tumefaciens by plating techniques or ultra-violet induction. Fifteen phages were isolated from raw sewage against 13 cultures of A. tumefaciens and purified by single-plaque selections. No phage lysed all of the strains of A. tumefaciens tested; one phage lysed only a single strain; 2 other phages attacked 7 strains. Ten of the 15 phages lysed no more than 3 strains. Three host strains showed identical phage susceptibilities. No relationship was noted between susceptibility to phage and ability of a strain to incite crown galls.Thirteen phages lysed at least 1 of 4 strains of A. radiobacter, but none attacked single strains of A. rubi or A. pseudotsugae. Eleven phages lysed the one strain of A. rhizogenes used. None of the phages had identical host ranges with respect to all the Agrobacterium spp. tested. Similarly none of 5 selected phages attacked any one of 59 strains of bacteria from 12 different genera including 35 strains of rhizobia. Within the limits of this study the phages used were genus-specific.Published with approval of the Director, Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 53706.     

Definition of bacteriophage groups according to their lytic action on mesophilic lactic streptococci

The lytic activity of 132 phages isolated during slow acid production in cheese factories situated in all the dairying regions of France during the past 16 years has been determined on 291 strains of mesophilic lactic streptococci. The results have been treated according to a method of analysis of data so as to establish a classification. Six groups of phages have thus been formed. Sixty-six percent of the phages studied, which are very similar and for the most part nonspecific to one species, have been gathered together in one group. On the other hand, a classification of the bacterial strains has been made on their sensitivity to the phages. Six groups, each corresponding to one of these groups of phages, have thus been defined. One of them accounts for 40% of the strains studied, of which certain ones are sensitive to a large number of phages.     

Bacterial host strains that support replication of somatic coliphages

Somatic coliphages detected by Escherichia coli strain WG5 have been proposed as potential indicators of water quality. Their potential replication in the water environment is considered a drawback for their use as indicators. However, the contribution of replication outside the gut to the total numbers has never been quantified. It has not been determined either the fraction of bacterial strains that might support replication of phages detected by strain WG5 in the water environment. We examined the sensitivity of 291 host strains to 25 phages by streaking slants of the presumptive host strain onto an agar layer that contains bacteriophages, which gives a total of 7275 combinations (sensitivity tests). Only a 3.02% of the tests showed sensitivity. Additionally, six environmental strains were used as hosts to count phages in sewage and seawater. Phages isolated on these strains were used to infect strain WG5. The environmental strains detected 1 log₁₀ fewer phages than strain WG5 in sewage and seawater. The fraction of phages that were detected by the six strains and that also infected strain WG5 ranged from < 0.07% to < 2.0% of the total amount of bacteriophages detected by strain WG5 in the same samples. Our results confirm that less than 3% of naturally occurring hosts support replication of phages infecting E. coli. We conclude that the contribution of replication to the number of somatic coliphages detected in the aquatic environment is negligible. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Lysogeny of Oenococcus oeni (syn. Leuconostoc oenos) and Study of Their Induced Bacteriophages

A large number of strains of Oenococcus oeni (formerly Leuconostoc oenos) that had been isolated from wines were checked for lysogeny with mitomycin C as inducer. As a result of this test, 45% of the strains proved to be lysogenic, suggesting that lysogeny is widespread among bacteria isolated from wines during malolactic fermentation. The sensitivity of bacteria to phages was very different, depending on the strain. All the lysogenic strains were resistant to infection by the temperate phage they released. Some phages infected none of the strains. Phages of Oenoc. oeni had a classical morphology, an isometric head, and a long striated tail. With the broadest host strain as an indicator, phages were detected in wines after malolactic fermentation. Received: 28 November 1997 / Accepted: 5 January 1998