Action de l'hydrate de chloral sur les mitoses de segmentation de l'œuf de pleurodèle

In eggs of Pleurodeles treated with chloralhydrate (0.1 M) spindle and astral fibers are progressively destroyed after 4 hours, leading to apolar nuclei, apolar mitoses and “monopolar” mitoses, the so-called star metaphases. After 1 hour the spindle is shortened, but not narrowed and separated from the poles and asters. Its microtubules, grown before metaphase, are first inhibited at their ends near the centrospheres. After 4 hours, defibrillated achromatic material, stained by methyl blue, surrounds a clearer zone originating from the nucleoplasm, in which chromosomes are embedded. At the EM level the treatment induces the formation of unusual tubular bodies connected with the centrospheres and of similar bodies related to kinetochores and chromosomes. These bodies are formed of tubular residues, parallel or in concentric systems, the latter embedded in a matrix containing tightly packed filaments of 170 Å diameter. The star metaphase is characterized by homogeneous centrospheres formed only of filaments and completely independent from kinetochores and chromosomes. Chromosomes are radially distributed around a central common mass, which keeps the chromosomes together; it is formed of a finely fibrous matrix containing disordered microtubular residues; kinetochores are embedded in the common mass. Fuzziness and alteration of chromosomes proceed as a direct action of the chloralhydrate. The star metaphase is not a real “monopolar” mitosis.     

Over de verdeeling van de agglutininen over de serumeiwitten

Ohne Zusammenfassung Voordracht voor de Vergadering van de Ned. Ver. v. Microbiologie, gehouden te Utrecht op 12 November 1938. Uitvoerige publicatie met literatuur volgt in den vorm van een dissertatie.     

Experiencia de una Unidad de Prevención de Caídas de un hospital de cuidados intermedios

Introduction

The aim of this study is to determine clinical features and interventions in patients attended in our hospital falls prevention unit.

Material and methods

Medical records and evaluation protocols from October 2010 to June 2012 were reviewed. Results are expressed in means and standard deviation.

Results

We studied 68 patients: 53 came due to falls (77.9%), and 15 (22%) due to gait disorders. The mean age was 77.6±7.9. Number of women: 63 (92.6%). Previous Barthel Index was 94/100, cognitive impairment 23 (33.8%), polypharmacy 69.1%, orthostatic hypotension 18 (26.4%). Walking speed 0.66± 0.19 m/s and Time up and go to (TUG) 16.6±4.5 s. Post-urography detected vestibular dysfunction in 34 patients (77%). Clinical cause of fall and/or gait disorder was multifactorial in 33 (48.5%), Parkinsonism 19 (27.9%), chronic pain/arthropathy 8 (11.4%), and vestibular syndrome 8 (11.4%). Two-thirds (45; 66.1%) of the patients began Physical therapy, and vitamin D was given to 47 (69.1%). Phone calls were made to patients and/or their relatives and noted that after 3 months of the treatment: 48 (70.5%) had no fall; 59 (86.7%) patients followed the recommendations, and 57 (83.8%) were satisfied.

Conclusions

In this sample of older patients, mostly female with a good functional and cognitive condition, the causes of the falls were multifactorial in the half of the cases, and the post-urography detected vestibular changes in the half of the patients.     

Essai de localisation subcellulaire de trois glycosyltransferases microsomiques de la muqueuse intestinale de rat

The present studies are concerned with the subcellular localisation of an active multiglycosyltransferase system involved in the transfer of galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and mannose to various glycoprotein acceptors. Smooth microsomes, obtained according to the method of Dallner, were the main loci of the three glycosyltransferases. After placing smooth microsomes in the bottom of a sucrose gradient, we recovered galactosyltransferase and mannosyltransferase in a fraction (density 1.12) containing Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum and N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase in a non-identified fraction with a density from 1.14 to 1.16; these results are obtained when performing all enzyme assays on endogenous acceptors. When exogenous acceptors was used, galactosyltransferase N-acetylglucosaminlytransferase and mannosyltransferase appear to be present in fractions having density of 1.14–1.16, 1.18 and 1.12, respectively.Un essai de localisation subcellulaire de trois glycosyltransferases présentes dans l'épithelium intestinal de rat est décrit. La caractérisation des diverses fractions obtenues est réalisée par le dosage d'enzymes marqueurs et par microscopic électronique.Dans le fractionnement selon la méthode de Dallner, les trois transférases: galactosyltransferase, N-acetylglucosaminyltransférase et mannosyltransferase sont présentes dans la fraction des membranes agranulaires.En gradient discontinu de saccharose, les activités endogènes de la galactosyltransferase, de la N-acetylglucosaminyltransférase et de la mannosyltransferase apparaissent dans des fractions de densité 1,12,1,15 et 1,12 respectivement. Dosés sur accepteur exogène, ces enzymes se répartissent préférentiellement dans les fractions de densité 1,12, 1,15 et 1,18 respectivement pour la mannosyltransferase, la galactosyltransferase et la N-acetylglucosaminyltransférase.     

Prevalencia de especies de Malassezia asociadas a lesiones de dermatitis seborreica en pacientes de Argentina

BackgroundSeborrheic dermatitis (SD) is considered the second most frequently dermatosis associated with the genus Malassezia but little is the knowledge about the epidemiology of this association.AimsTo determinate the prevalence of Malassezia species associated with SD and to analyse their distribution according to the location of the lesion on the body.MethodsThis study was performed in Resistencia city, located in a subtropical area in northeast Argentina. In this study, 226 skin samples from patients with lesions compatible with SD were studied. Age, gender and body sites lesion were recorded. Strains were identified by PCR-RFLP.ResultsOne hundred and thirty-one positive cultures were obtained. Association of 2 species was detected in 10 cases; therefore, 141 strains were isolated. Malasezzia globosa (43.3%) was the most frequent species isolated, followed by Malasezzia furfur (20.6%), Malasezzia sympodialis (17%) and Malasezzia restricta (16.3%). Three isolates of Malasezzia slooffiae (2.1%) and one of Malasezzia pachydermatis (0.7%) were obtained. Statistical significance (P < 0.05) was found between M. globosa and scalp. Malasezzia restricta was isolated only in head areas.ConclusionsThis study suggests M. globosa is the most related species to SD. The prevalence of other species is different from that reported by other authors. Only M. globosa and M. restricta presented a pattern of relationship with the body sites of the lesions. It is noteworthy is the isolation of the zoophylic species M. pachydermatis. The Malassezia genus ecology and the pathogenic role of its species are still under study. This work is a contribution to this knowledge.     

Comparaison des modeles de neurone de Hodgkin-Huxley et de Nelson

Le modèle de Nelson peut-être considéré comme une approximation du modèle de Hodgkin-Huxley. Moins précis, il est plus maniable. Le modèle de Nelson peut également être considéré comme une généralisation du modèle de Hodgkin-Huxley. En effet, il introduit des liaisons synaptiques localisées ou diffusantes, et un processus de facilitation. Le mécanisme des liaisons synaptiques ne se traduit pas facilement dans le langage de Hodgkin-Huxley. Par contre, le processus de facilitation s'interprète facilement. Nelson's model can be taken as an approximation of Hodgkin-Huxley's model. Its precision is lesser, but it is more usable. Nelson's model can also be taken as a generalization of Hodgkin-Huxley's one; for it introduces localized or diffusing synaptic connexions and a facilitating process. The mechanism of synaptic connexions cannot be easily translated into Hodgkin-Huxley's language. On the contrary, the facilitating process is easily interpreted.      

Technique de financement et de co-financement

Résumé L'étude de l'histoire économique met en évidence les facteurs qui influencent la réalisation d'un investissement. L'histoire des rapports Nord-Sud met en évidence le flux positif d'investissement vers les colonies rendu possible grâce à l'absence des problèmes de transfert des bénéfices. D'autre part l'histoire de la Belgique montre que celle-ci a développé son économie au 19ème siècle grâce à une politique de salaires très bas dégageant l'épargne. La création de la Communauté Economique Européenne a également favorisé les investissements grâce à l'instauration de l'union douanière et la politique de développement régional. En ce qui concerne le problème financier, le secteur privé reste méfiant vis à vis de la dette extérieure de certains états tandis que le secteur public met en oeuvre de nouvelles formules de financement par le biais de législations ou d'accords bilatéraux de protection de l'investissement. Au niveau international la Banque Mondiale augmente les possibilités d'intervention de la Société Financière Internationale (SFI) sous la forme de coopérations avec les banques nationales de développement ou la création de filiales.

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Summary Broad historical issues are reviewed concerning the factors that generally favoured the investments in both the Developing countries — at the time when they were still ruled by Western Countries- and in Belgium during the 20th century. The arguments put forward are (i) that, in both cases, investments were more abundant and fruitful than they are nowadays in the Developing Countries and (ii) that the reason thereof basically lies on the favourable conditions that prevailed at the time to encourage risk-investments. These favourable conditions are then analyzed: a sound financial and economic management of the countries, inflation kept as low as possible, an adequate balance between external debt and gross national product, political stability, free-trade policy and fiscal incentives. Next it is argued that, if finance for development projects is sought by the Developing Countries from the Industrialized Countries, then (i) it would mainly come from the private sector which is the most important source of capital in the Western world and (ii) it will be made available only if the project is feasible and the local context is attractive to private capital. If these conditions are not met, the only possible alternative is recourse to assistance from multilateral international development agencies. Some of the new tools to help developing countries, designed by the Workd Bank, the IFC, and other similar agencies are subsequently discussed.

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Resumen Esta conferencia analiza los factores que en determinados momentos históricos favorecieron de forma general las inversiones, tanto en los países en vías de desarrollo-entonces aún bajo el control de países occidentales — como en Bélgica, durante el siglo xx. Los argumentos esgrimidos son (i) en ambos casos las inversiones eran más abundantes y fructiferas que las que tienen lugar hoy en día en los países en vías de desarrollo y (ii) la razón para ello se basa esencialmente en las condiciones favorables que existían en aquel entonces para estimular las inversiones arriesgadas. Estas condiciones favorables son analizadas por el conferenciante: administración financiera y económica saneada; control de la inflación; balance entre la deuda externa y el producto nacional bruto equilibrado; establidad política; política commercial de libre intercambio e incentivos fiscales. Se discute a continuación el caso de países en desarrollo que busquen financiación para sus proyectos de desarrollo en países industrializados. Esta financiación tiene que venir en gran parte del sector privado que es la mayor fuente de capital en el mundo occidental y por lo tanto sera asequible unicamente a aquellas proyectos que sean viables y atractivos para el capital privado. Si estas condiciones no se cumplen la única alternative posible es el recurso a agencias de asistencia multilateral para el desarrollo internacional. Para finalizar se para revista a los nuevos instrumentos que ha creado el Banco Mundial para ayundar a los países en desarrollo como el IFC y otras agencias similares.