Atypical fast SERCA1a protein expression in slow myofibers and differential S-nitrosylation prevented by exercise during long term bed rest

We monitored changes in SERCA isoform specific expression and S-nitrosylation in myofibers of lower limb soleus (SOL) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle biopsies before and after 60 days of voluntary long term bed rest (BR) without (BR-CTRL group, n = 8) and with exercise countermeasure (BR-EX group, n = 8). Before BR, a typical myofiber type-specific distribution of fast and slow SERCA1/2a isoforms was seen. After BR, a subpopulation (approx. 15%) of slow myofibers in BR-CTRL additionally expressed the fast SERCA1a isoform which was not seen in BR-EX. After BR, SERCA1a S-nitrosylation patterns analyzed by the biotin-switch assay decreased in disused SOL only but increased in both muscles following exercise. Differential SERCA1a S-nitrosylation and SERCA1a/2a co-expression in subsets of slow myofibers should be considered as signs of an altered cytosolic Ca²⁺ homeostasis following chronic muscle disuse. Exercise preserved myofiber type-specific SERCA1a expression and S-nitrosylation in VL and SOL in a different way, suggesting muscle-specific responses to the countermeasure protocol applied during bed rest.     

Vascular adaptation to deconditioning and the effect of an exercise countermeasure: results of the Berlin Bed Rest study.

Deconditioning is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The physiology of vascular adaptation to deconditioning has not been elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of bed rest deconditioning on vascular dimension and function of leg conduit arteries. In addition, the effectiveness of resistive vibration exercise as a countermeasure for vascular deconditioning during bed rest was evaluated. Sixteen healthy men were randomly assigned to bed rest (BR-Ctrl) or to bed rest with resistive vibration exercise (BR-RVE). Before and after 25 and 52 days of strict horizontal bed rest, arterial diameter, blood flow, flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), and nitroglycerin-mediated dilatation were measured by echo Doppler ultrasound. In the BR-Ctrl group, the diameter of the common femoral artery decreased by 13 +/- 3% after 25 and 17 +/- 1% after 52 days of bed rest (P < 0.001). In the BR-RVE group this decrease in diameter was significantly attenuated (5 +/- 2% after 25 days and 6 +/- 2% after 52 days, P < 0.01 vs. BR-Ctrl). Baseline blood flow did not change after bed rest in either group. After 52 days of bed rest, FMD and nitroglycerin-mediated dilatation of the superficial femoral artery were increased in both groups, possibly by increased nitric oxide sensitivity. In conclusion, bed rest deconditioning is accompanied by a reduction in the diameter of the conduit arteries and by an increased reactivity to nitric oxide. Resistive vibration exercise effectively attenuates the diameter decrease of leg conduit arteries after bed rest.     

High-density surface EMG study on the time course of central nervous and peripheral neuromuscular changes during 8 weeks of bed rest with or without resistive vibration exercise

The aim of the present study was to assess the time course and the origin of adaptations in neuromuscular function as a consequence of prolonged bed rest with or without countermeasure. Twenty healthy males volunteered to participate in the present study and were randomly assigned to either an inactive control group (Ctrl) or to a resistive vibration exercise (RVE) group. Prior to, and seven times during bed rest, we recorded high-density surface electromyogram (sEMG) signals from the vastus lateralis muscle during isometric knee extension exercise at a range of contraction intensities (5–100% of maximal voluntary isometric torque). The high-density sEMG signals were analyzed for amplitude (root mean square, RMS), frequency content (median frequency, F_med) and muscle fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) in an attempt to describe bed rest-induced changes in neural activation properties at the levels of the motor control and muscle fibers. Without countermeasures, bed rest resulted in a significant progressive decline in maximal isometric knee extension strength, whereas RMS remained unaltered throughout the bed rest period. In line with observed muscle atrophy, both F_med and MFCV declined during bed rest. RVE training during bed rest resulted in maintained maximal isometric knee extension strength, and a strong increase (～30%) in maximal EMG amplitude, from 10 days of bed rest on. Exclusion of other factors led to the conclusion that the RVE training increased motor unit firing rates as a consequence of an increased excitability of motor neurons. An increased firing rate might have been essential under training sessions, but it did not affect isometric voluntary torque capacity.     

Characterization of RyR1-slow, a ryanodine receptor specific to slow-twitch skeletal muscle

Two distinct skeletal muscle ryanodine receptors (RyR1s) are expressed in a fiber type-specific manner in fish skeletal muscle (11). In this study, we compare [(3)H]ryanodine binding and single channel activity of RyR1-slow from fish slow-twitch skeletal muscle with RyR1-fast and RyR3 isolated from fast-twitch skeletal muscle. Scatchard plots indicate that RyR1-slow has a lower affinity for [(3)H]ryanodine when compared with RyR1-fast. In single channel recordings, RyR1-slow and RyR1-fast had similar slope conductances. However, the maximum open probability (P(o)) of RyR1-slow was threefold less than the maximum P(o) of RyR1-fast. Single channel studies also revealed the presence of two populations of RyRs in tuna fast-twitch muscle (RyR1-fast and RyR3). RyR3 had the highest P(o) of all the RyR channels and displayed less inhibition at millimolar Ca(2+). The addition of 5 mM Mg-ATP or 2.5 mM beta, gamma-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate (AMP-PCP) to the channels increased the P(o) and [(3)H]ryanodine binding of both RyR1s but also caused a shift in the Ca(2+) dependency curve of RyR1-slow such that Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation was attenuated. [(3)H]ryanodine binding data also showed that Mg(2+)-dependent inhibition of RyR1-slow was reduced in the presence of AMP-PCP. These results indicate differences in the physiological properties of RyRs in fish slow- and fast-twitch skeletal muscle, which may contribute to differences in the way intracellular Ca(2+) is regulated in these muscle types.     

Long term bed rest with and without vibration exercise countermeasures: effects on human muscle protein dysregulation

The present investigation, the first in the field, was aimed at analyzing differentially, on individual samples, the effects of 55 days of horizontal bed rest, a model for microgravity, on myosin heavy and myosin light chain isoforms distribution (by SDS) and on the proteome (by 2-D DIGE and MS) in the vastus lateralis (VL), a mixed type II/I (～50:50%) head of the quadriceps and in the calf soleus (SOL), a predominantly slow (～35:65%) twitch muscle. Two separate studies were performed on six subjects without (BR) and six with resistive vibration exercise (RVE) countermeasures, respectively. Both VL and SOL underwent in BR decrements of ～15% in cross-sectional area and of ～22% in maximal torque that were prevented by RVE. Myosin heavy chain distribution showed increased type I and decreased type IIA in BR both in VL and in SOL, the opposite with RVE. A substantial downregulation of proteins involved in aerobic metabolism characterized both in SOL and VL in BR. RVE reversed the pattern more in VL than in SOL, whereas proteins involved in anaerobic glycolysis were upregulated. Proteins from the Z-disk region and from costamers were differently dysregulated during bed rest (both BR and RVE), particularly in VL.     

Calmodulin oxidation and methionine to glutamine substitutions reveal methionine residues critical for functional interaction with ryanodine receptor-1

Calmodulin (CaM) binds to the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor Ca(2+) release channel (RyR1) with high affinity, and it may act as a Ca(2+)-sensing subunit of the channel. Apo-CaM increases RyR1 channel activity, but Ca(2+)-CaM is inhibitory. Here we examine the functional effects of CaM oxidation on RyR1 regulation by both apo-CaM and Ca(2+)-CaM, as assessed via determinations of [(3)H]ryanodine and [(35)S]CaM binding to skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. Oxidation of all nine CaM Met residues abolished functional interactions of CaM with RyR1. Incomplete CaM oxidation, affecting 5-8 Met residues, increased the CaM concentration required to modulate RyR1, having a greater effect on the apo-CaM species. Mutating individual CaM Met residues to Gln demonstrated that Met-109 was required for apo-CaM activation of RyR1 but not for Ca(2+)-CaM inhibition of the channel. Furthermore, substitution of Gln for Met-124 increased the apo- and Ca(2+)-CaM concentrations required to regulate RyR1. These results thus identify Met residues critical for the productive association of CaM with RyR1 channels and suggest that oxidation of CaM may contribute to altered regulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release during oxidative stress.     

Properties of ryanodine receptor in rat muscles submitted to unloaded conditions

Unloading of skeletal muscles by hindlimb unweighting is known to induce muscle atrophy and a shift toward faster contractile properties associated with an increase in the expression of fast contractile proteins, particularly in slow soleus muscles. Contractile properties suggest that slow soleus muscles acquire SR properties close to those of a faster one. We studied the expression and properties of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release (RyR) channels in soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of rats submitted to hindlimb unloading (HU). An increase in RyR1 and a slight decrease in RyR3 expression was detected in atrophied soleus muscles only after 4 weeks of HU. No variation appeared in fast muscles. [(3)H]Ryanodine binding experiments showed that HU neither increased the affinity of the receptors for [(3)H]ryanodine nor changed the caffeine sensitivity of [(3)H]ryanodine binding. Our results suggested that not only RyR1 but also RyR3 expression can be regulated by muscle activity and innervation in soleus muscle. The changes in the RyR expression in slow fibers suggested a transformation of the SR from a slow to a fast phenotype.     

Direct interaction between the reductase domain of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and the ryanodine receptor

We have performed the recombinant expression and purification of the reductase domain of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and used it as a bait in search for interacting proteins present in endothelial cells. Using mass spectrometry of the bound proteins run in a PAGE-SDS gel, we were able to identify the ryanodine receptor (RyR) as a novel eNOS-binding partner. This interaction was confirmed through immunoprecipitation of both RyR and eNOS from endothelial cells and cardiac myocytes. Immunofluorescence data indicated that a subpopulation of eNOS associates with RyR in perinuclear regions of the cell, where eNOS might be responsible for the known nitrosylation of RyR.     

Functional expression of recombinant type 1 ryanodine receptor in insect cells

We have investigated the biochemical properties of the rabbit ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1) from skeletal muscle functionally expressed in insect sf 21 cells infected with recombinant baculovirus. Equilibrium [3H]ryanodine binding assays applied to total membrane fractions from sf 21 cells expressing recombinant RyR1 showed a non-hyperbolic saturation curve (Hill coefficient = 2.1). The [3H]ryanodine binding was enhanced by 1 mM AMP-PCP and 10 mM caffeine, whereas 10 mM Mg(2+) and 5 microM ruthenium red reduced the specific binding. The dependence of [3H]ryanodine binding on ionic strength showed positive cooperativity (Hill coefficient = 2.2) with a plateau at 1 M KCl. The recombinant RyR1 showed a bell-shaped [3H]ryanodine binding curve when free [Ca(2+)] was increased, with an optimal concentration around 100 microM.Confocal microscopy studies using the Ca(2+) ATPase selective inhibitor, thapsigargin coupled to fluorescein and ryanodine coupled to Texas red demonstrated that the recombinant RyR1 and the Ca(2+) ATPase co-localize to the same intracellular membrane. No significant RyR1 fluorescence was observed at the plasma membrane.Fluo-4-loaded sf 21 cells expressing recombinant RyR1 responded to activating-low ryanodine concentrations (100 nM) or caffeine (10 mM) with a sharp rise in intracellular Ca2 followed by a sustained phase, in contrast, sf 21 cells expressing the human bradykinin type 2 receptor did not respond to ryanodine or caffeine.These results demonstrate the expression of recombinant RyR1 in sf 21 cells with functional properties similar to what has been previously reported for native RyR1 in mammalian tissues, however, some differences were observed in [3H]ryanodine binding assays compared to native rabbit RyR1. Hence, the baculovirus expression system provides a generous source of protein to accomplish structure-function studies and an excellent model to assess functional properties of wild type and mutant RyR1.     

Identification of cysteines involved in S-nitrosylation, S-glutathionylation, and oxidation to disulfides in ryanodine receptor type 1

The skeletal muscle Ca(2+)-release channel (ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1)) is a redox sensor, susceptible to reversible S-nitrosylation, S-glutathionylation, and disulfide oxidation. So far, Cys-3635 remains the only cysteine residue identified as functionally relevant to the redox sensing properties of the channel. We demonstrate that expression of the C3635A-RyR1 mutant in RyR1-null myotubes alters the sensitivity of the ryanodine receptor to activation by voltage, indicating that Cys-3635 is involved in voltage-gated excitation-contraction coupling. However, H(2)O(2) treatment of C3635A-RyR1 channels or wild-type RyR1, following their expression in human embryonic kidney cells, enhances [(3)H]ryanodine binding to the same extent, suggesting that cysteines other than Cys-3635 are responsible for the oxidative enhancement of channel activity. Using a combination of Western blotting and sulfhydryl-directed fluorescent labeling, we found that two large regions of RyR1 (amino acids 1-2401 and 3120-4475), previously shown to be involved in disulfide bond formation, are also major sites of both S-nitrosylation and S-glutathionylation. Using selective isotopecoded affinity tag labeling of RyR1 and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy, we identified, out of the 100 cysteines in each RyR1 subunit, 9 that are endogenously modified (Cys-36, Cys-315, Cys-811, Cys-906, Cys-1591, Cys-2326, Cys-2363, Cys-3193, and Cys-3635) and another 3 residues that were only modified with exogenous redox agents (Cys-253, Cys-1040, and Cys-1303). We also identified the types of redox modification each of these cysteines can undergo. In summary, we have identified a discrete subset of cysteines that are likely to be involved in the functional response of RyR1 to different redox modifications (S-nitrosylation, S-glutathionylation, and oxidation to disulfides).     

Mutational analysis of putative calcium binding motifs within the skeletal ryanodine receptor isoform, RyR1

The functional relevance of putative Ca(2+) binding motifs previously identified with Ca(2+) overlay binding analysis within the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor isoform (RyR1) was examined using mutational analysis. EF hands between amino acid positions 4081 and 4092 (EF1) and 4116 and 4127 (EF2) were scrambled singly or in combination within the full-length rabbit RyR1 cDNA. These cDNAs were expressed in 1B5 RyR-deficient myotubes and channel function assessed using Ca(2+)-imaging techniques, [(3)H]ryanodine binding measurements, and single channel experiments. In intact myotubes, these mutations did not affect functional responses to either depolarization or RyR agonists (caffeine, 4-chloro-m-cresol) compared with wtRyR1. However, in [(3)H]ryanodine binding measurements, both Ca(2+) activation and inhibition of the EF1 mutant was significantly altered compared with wtRyR1. No high affinity [(3)H]ryanodine binding was observed in membranes expressing the EF2 mutation, although in single channel measurements, the EF2-disrupted channel could be activated by micromolar Ca(2+) concentrations. In addition, micromolar levels of ryanodine placed these channels into the classical half-conductance state, thus indicating that occupancy of high affinity ryanodine binding sites is not required for ryanodine-induced subconductance states in RyR1. Disruption of three additional putative RyR1 calcium binding motifs located between amino acid positions 4254 and 4265 (EF3), 4407 and 4418 (EF4), or 4490 and 4502 (EF5) either singly or in combination (EF3-5) did not affect functional responses in 1B5 myotubes except that the EC(50) for caffeine activation for the EF3 construct was significantly increased compared with wtRyR1. However, in [(3)H]ryanodine binding experiments, the Ca(2+)-dependent activation and inactivation of mutated RyRs containing EF3, EF4, or EF5 was unaffected when compared with wtRyR1.     

Evidence for a role of C-terminus in Ca(2+) inactivation of skeletal muscle Ca(2+) release channel (ryanodine receptor).

Six chimeras of the skeletal muscle (RyR1) and cardiac muscle (RyR2) Ca(2+) release channels (ryanodine receptors) previously used to identify RyR1 dihydropyridine receptor interactions [Nakai et al. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 13403] were expressed in HEK293 cells to assess their Ca(2+) dependence in [(3)H]ryanodine binding and single channel measurements. The results indicate that the C-terminal one-fourth has a major role in Ca(2+) activation and inactivation of RyR1. Further, our results show that replacement of RyR1 regions with corresponding RyR2 regions can result in loss and/or reduction of [(3)H]ryanodine binding affinity while maintaining channel activity.     

Changes in lower extremity muscle function after 56 days of bed rest

Preservation of muscle function, known to decline in microgravity and simulation (bed rest), is important for successful spaceflight missions. Hence, there is great interest in developing interventions to prevent muscle-function loss. In this study, 20 males underwent 56 days of bed rest. Ten volunteers were randomized to do resistive vibration exercise (RVE). The other 10 served as controls. RVE consisted of muscle contractions against resistance and concurrent whole-body vibration. Main outcome parameters were maximal isometric plantar-flexion force (IPFF), electromyography (EMG)/force ratio, as well as jumping power and height. Measurements were obtained before and after bed rest, including a morning and evening assessment on the first day of recovery from bed rest. IPFF (-17.1%), jumping peak power (-24.1%), and height (-28.5%) declined (P < 0.05) in the control group. There was a trend to EMG/force ratio decrease (-20%; P = 0.051). RVE preserved IPFF and mitigated the decline of countermovement jump performance (peak power -12.2%; height -14.2%). In both groups, IPFF was reduced between the two measurements of the first day of reambulation. This study indicates that bed rest and countermeasure exercises differentially affect the various functions of skeletal muscle. Moreover, the time course during recovery needs to be considered more thoroughly in future studies, as IPFF declined not only with bed rest but also within the first day of reambulation. RVE was effective in maintaining IPFF but only mitigated the decline in jumping performance. More research is needed to develop countermeasures that maintain muscle strength as well as other muscle functions including power.     

Expression levels of RyR1 and RyR3 control resting free Ca2+ in skeletal muscle

To better understand the role of the transient expression of ryanodine receptor (RyR) type 3 (RyR3) on Ca²⁺ homeostasis during the development of skeletal muscle, we have analyzed the effect of expression levels of RyR3 and RyR1 on the overall physiology of cultured myotubes and muscle fibers. Dyspedic myotubes were infected with RyR1 or RyR3 containing virions at 0.2, 0.4, 1.0, and 4.0 moieties of infection (MOI), and analysis of their pattern of expression, caffeine sensitivity, and resting free Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_r) was performed. Although increased MOI resulted in increased expression of each receptor isoform, it did not significantly affect the immunopattern of RyRs or the expression levels of calsequestrin, triadin, or FKBP-12. Interestingly, myotubes expressing RyR3 always had significantly higher [Ca²⁺]_r and lower caffeine EC₅₀ than did cells expressing RyR1. Although some of the increased sensitivity of RyR3 to caffeine could be attributed to the higher [Ca²⁺]_r in RyR3-expressing cells, studies of [³H]ryanodine binding demonstrated intrinsic differences in caffeine sensitivity between RyR1 and RyR3. Tibialis anterior (TA) muscle fibers at different stages of postnatal development exhibited a transient increase in [Ca²⁺]_r coordinately with their level of RyR3 expression. Similarly, adult soleus fibers, which also express RyR3, had higher [Ca²⁺]_r than did adult TA fibers, which exclusively express RyR1. These data show that in skeletal muscle, RyR3 increases [Ca²⁺]_r more than RyR1 does at any expression level. These data suggest that the coexpression of RyR1 and RyR3 at different levels may constitute a novel mechanism by which to regulate [Ca²⁺]_r in skeletal muscle. ryanodine receptor; calcium release; ryanodine binding; muscle fibers     

Imperatoxin A (IpTx(a)) from Pandinus imperator stimulates [(3)H]ryanodine binding to RyR3 channels.

The effect of imperatoxin A (IpTx(a)) on the ryanodine receptor type 3 (RyR3) was studied. IpTx(a) stimulates [(3)H]ryanodine binding to RyR3-containing microsomes, but this effect requires toxin concentrations higher than those required to stimulate RyR1 channels. The effect of IpTx(a) on RyR3 channels was observed at calcium concentrations in the range 0.1 microM to 10 mM. By contrast, RyR2 channels were not significantly affected by IpTx(a) in the same calcium ranges. Single channel current measurements indicated that IpTx(a) induced subconductance state in RyR3 channels that was similar to those observed with RyR1 and RyR2 channels. These results indicate that IpTx(a) is capable of inducing similar subconductance states in all three RyR isoforms, while stimulation of [(3)H]ryanodine binding by this toxin results in isoform-specific responses, with RyR1 being the most sensitive channel, RyR3 displaying an intermediate response and RyR2 the least responsive ones.     

Divergent functional properties of ryanodine receptor types 1 and 3 expressed in a myogenic cell line

Of the three known ryanodine receptor (RyR) isoforms expressed in muscle, RyR1 and RyR2 have well-defined roles in contraction. However, studies on mammalian RyR3 have been difficult because of low expression levels relative to RyR1 or RyR2. Using the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) helper-free amplicon system, we expressed either RyR1 or RyR3 in 1B5 RyR-deficient myotubes. Western blot analysis revealed that RyR1- or RyR3-transduced cells expressed the appropriate RyR isoform of the correct molecular mass. Although RyR1 channels exhibited the expected unitary conductance for Cs(+) in bilayer lipid membranes, 74 of 88 RyR3 channels exhibited pronounced subconductance behavior. Western blot analysis with an FKBP12/12.6-selective antibody reveals that differences in gating behavior exhibited by RyR1 and RyR3 may be, in part, the result of lower affinity of RyR3 for FKBP12. In calcium imaging studies, RyR1 restored skeletal-type excitation-contraction coupling, whereas RyR3 did not. Although RyR3-expressing myotubes were more sensitive to caffeine than those expressing RyR1, they were much less sensitive to 4-chloro-m-cresol (CMC). In RyR1-expressing cells, regenerative calcium oscillations were observed in response to caffeine and CMC but were never seen in RyR3-expressing 1B5 cells. In [(3)H]ryanodine binding studies, only RyR1 exhibited sensitivity to CMC, but both RyR isoforms responded to caffeine. These functional differences between RyR1 and RyR3 expressed in a mammalian muscle context may reflect differences in association with accessory proteins, especially FKBP12, as well as structural differences in modulator binding sites.     

Resistive exercises, with or without whole body vibration, prevent vertebral marrow fat accumulation during 60 days of head-down tilt bed rest in men

Fat accumulates in the bone marrow of lumbar vertebrae with bed rest. Exercise with or without whole body vibration may counter this effect. Our objectives were to measure 1) the vertebral fat fraction (VFF) of men subjected to bed rest who performed resistive exercises with (RVE, n = 7) or without whole body vibration(RE, n = 8) or no exercise (CTR, n = 9) using three MRI techniques; and 2) changes in peripheral blood counts. Twenty-four healthy men (age: 20-45 yr) underwent -6° head-down tilt (HDT) bed rest for 60 days. MRI was performed using three techniques (fat saturation, proton spectroscopy, and in and out of phase) to measure the fat fraction of L(3), L(4), and/or L(5) at baseline, mid-HDT, and end-HDT. Erythrocytes and leukocytes were counted at HDT days 19, 33, 47, 54, and 60. The mean absolute VFF was increased in the CTR group at mid-HDT and end-HDT (+3.9 ± 1.3 and +3.6 ± 1.2%, respectively, both P < 0.05). The RE group had a smaller VFF change than the CTR group at mid-HDT (-0.9 ± 1.2 vs. +3.9 ± 1.3%, P < 0.05). The RVE group had a smaller VFF change than the CTR group at end-HDT (-2.6 ± 1.9 vs. +3.5 ± 1.2%, P < 0.05). Erythrocyte counts were increased in all groups at HDT day 19 and HDT day 33 and in the RE group at HDT day 54 (all P < 0.05). Bed rest for 60 days at -6° HDT increased lumbar VFF in men beyond natural involution. RVE and RE regimens effectively prevented VFF accumulation. Higher erythrocyte counts were not altered by RVE or RE. Whole body vibration, along with RE administered to people with prolonged immobility, may prevent fat accumulation in their bone marrow.     

Characterization of [(3)H]ryanodine binding sites in mammalian lung

The ryanodine-sensitive calcium channels, also called ryanodine receptors, are intracellular Ca(2+)-release channels that have been shown to bind the neutral plant alkaloid ryanodine with nanomolar affinity. The activity of the skeletal muscle (RyR1), cardiac muscle (RyR2), and brain (RyR3) ryanodine receptor isoforms have been shown to be highly regulated by physiological factors including pH, temperature, and ionic strength; endogenous compounds including Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP); and pharmacological agents including caffeine, ruthenium red, and neomycin. RyR3 is reportedly expressed in diverse tissues including lung; however, specific [(3)H]ryanodine binding sites in mammalian lung tissue have not been characterized. In this study, hamster lung ryanodine binding proteins were shown to specifically bind [(3)H]ryanodine with an affinity similar to that of RyR isoforms found in other tissues and this binding was shown to be sensitive to Ca(2+) concentration, stimulation by caffeine and spermine, and inhibition by Mg(2+), ruthenium red, and neomycin. The solubilized, intact ryanodine binding protein from hamster lung demonstrated approximately the same 30S sedimentation coefficient as RyR1 and RyR2, but a putative ryanodine receptor subunit from hamster lung was not found to cross-react with antibodies specific for the three known isoforms. We conclude that the hamster lung ryanodine binding protein demonstrates sedimentation and binding characteristics that are similar to those of the known RyR isoforms, but may exhibit antigenic dissimilarity from the typical RyR isoforms found in muscle and brain.     

Ablation of skeletal muscle triadin impairs FKBP12/RyR1 channel interactions essential for maintaining resting cytoplasmic Ca2+

Previously, we have shown that lack of expression of triadins in skeletal muscle cells results in significant increase of myoplasmic resting free Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](rest)), suggesting a role for triadins in modulating global intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis. To understand this mechanism, we study here how triadin alters [Ca(2+)](rest), Ca(2+) release, and Ca(2+) entry pathways using a combination of Ca(2+) microelectrodes, channels reconstituted in bilayer lipid membranes (BLM), Ca(2+), and Mn(2+) imaging analyses of myotubes and RyR1 channels obtained from triadin-null mice. Unlike WT cells, triadin-null myotubes had chronically elevated [Ca(2+)](rest) that was sensitive to inhibition with ryanodine, suggesting that triadin-null cells have increased basal RyR1 activity. Consistently, BLM studies indicate that, unlike WT-RyR1, triadin-null channels more frequently display atypical gating behavior with multiple and stable subconductance states. Accordingly, pulldown analysis and fluorescent FKBP12 binding studies in triadin-null muscles revealed a significant impairment of the FKBP12/RyR1 interaction. Mn(2+) quench rates under resting conditions indicate that triadin-null cells also have higher Ca(2+) entry rates and lower sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) load than WT cells. Overexpression of FKBP12.6 reverted the null phenotype, reducing resting Ca(2+) entry, recovering sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) content levels, and restoring near normal [Ca(2+)](rest). Exogenous FKBP12.6 also reduced the RyR1 channel P(o) but did not rescue subconductance behavior. In contrast, FKBP12 neither reduced P(o) nor recovered multiple subconductance gating. These data suggest that elevated [Ca(2+)](rest) in triadin-null myotubes is primarily driven by dysregulated RyR1 channel activity that results in part from impaired FKBP12/RyR1 functional interactions and a secondary increased Ca(2+) entry at rest.