IL-13 antibodies influence IL-13 clearance in humans by modulating scavenger activity of IL-13Rα2

Human studies using Abs to two different, nonoverlapping epitopes of IL-13 suggested that epitope specificity can have a clinically significant impact on clearance of IL-13. We propose that Ab modulation of IL-13 interaction with IL-13Rα2 underlies this effect. Two Abs were administered to healthy subjects and mild asthmatics in separate dose-ranging studies and allergen-challenge studies. IMA-638 allows IL-13 interaction with IL-13Rα1 or IL-13Rα2 but blocks recruitment of IL-4Rα to the IL-13/IL-13Rα1 complex, whereas IMA-026 competes with IL-13 interaction with IL-13Rα1 and IL-13Rα2. We found ～10-fold higher circulating titer of captured IL-13 in subjects treated with IMA-026 compared with those administered IMA-638. To understand how this difference could be related to epitope, we asked whether either Ab affects IL-13 internalization through cell surface IL-13Rα2. Humans inducibly express cell surface IL-13Rα2 but lack the soluble form that regulates IL-13 responses in mice. Cells with high IL-13Rα2 expression rapidly and efficiently depleted extracellular IL-13, and this activity persisted in the presence of IMA-638 but not IMA-026. The potency and efficiency of this clearance pathway suggest that cell surface IL-13Rα2 acts as a scavenger for IL-13. These findings could have important implications for the design and characterization of IL-13 antagonists.     

高盐抑制IL-4和IL-13诱导的M2型巨噬细胞激活

正研究发现,高盐摄食与高血压发病、慢性炎症反应以及自身免疫疾病密切相关。高盐可以激活Th17细胞和M1型巨噬细胞,但对M2型巨噬细胞的作用尚不明确,本文对此科学问题进行了探讨。作者对IL-4和IL-13诱导的M2型巨噬细胞进行高盐培养,使用RT-PCR检测,发现高盐可以抑制M2型巨噬细胞特征基因Arg1、Mrc1、Fizz1、Ym1、Mgl2和Slamf1的表达,表明高盐抑制M2型巨噬细胞激活。为了确定高盐对M2型巨噬细胞的抑制     

IL-13促进肝星状细胞增殖和胶原蛋白表达

肝星状细胞(hepatic stellate cell,HSC)是肝纤维化发展过程中过量细胞外基质的主要来源。该研究首先利用MTT法检测IL-13实验剂量和时间条件下肝星状细胞增殖情况;然后运用RT-PCR技术检测IL-13对人肝星状细胞LX-2细胞系IL-13Rα1、IL-4Rα、TGF-β和Ⅰ型胶原蛋白转录水平的影响;最后通过羟脯氨酸法定量分析各组细胞培养上清液中的胶原蛋白含量。结果发现:IL-13能促进肝星状细胞的增殖;在不改变IL-13Rα1和IL-4Rα转录水平的同时,对TGF-β和Ⅰ型胶原蛋白mRNA的表达以及细胞总胶原蛋白含量的上调作用均呈现出较为明显的剂量和时间依赖性。     

Oncostatin M (OSM) primes IL-13- and IL-4-induced eotaxin responses in fibroblasts: Regulation of the type-II IL-4 receptor chains IL-4Rα and IL-13Rα1

Oncostatin M (OSM), a pleiotropic cytokine and a member of the gp130/IL-6 cytokine family, has been implicated in regulation of various chronic inflammatory processes. Previous work has shown that OSM induces eosinophil accumulation in mouse lungs in vivo and stimulates the eosinophil-selective chemokine eotaxin-1 synergistically with IL-4 in vitro. To examine the role of receptor regulation by OSM in synergistic eotaxin-1 responses, we here examine the modulation of the type-II IL-4 receptor (IL-4Rα and IL-13Rα1) by OSM and other gp130/IL-6 cytokine family members using NIH3T3 fibroblasts and primary mouse lung fibroblasts. We first show that OSM with either IL-13 or IL-4 synergistically induces eotaxin-1 expression in a dose-dependent fashion. Analysis of IL-4Rα expression at the protein (Western blot and FACS) and RNA (TAQMAN) levels showed that OSM markedly elevates expression by 3 h. OSM enhanced IL-13Rα1 mRNA and induced a smaller but detectable increase in total IL-13Rα1 protein. Priming fibroblasts with OSM for 6 h markedly enhanced subsequent IL-13 and IL-4-induced eotaxin-1 responses and STAT6 tyrosine-641 phosphorylation. Regulation of IL-4Rα by OSM was sensitive to inhibition of the PI3′K pathway by LY294002. These studies provide novel mechanistic insights in OSM role in regulation of synergistic eotaxin-1 responses and IL-4Rα expression in fibroblasts.     

IL-13 receptor α1 differentially regulates aeroallergen-induced lung responses

IL-13 and IL-4 are hallmark cytokines of Th2-associated diseases including asthma. Recent studies revealed that IL-13Rα1 regulates asthma pathogenesis by mediating both IL-4- and IL-13-mediated responses. Nonetheless, the relative contribution of each cytokine in response to aeroallergen challenge and the degree of functional dichotomy between IL-4 and IL-13 in asthma remains unclear. Consistent with prior publications, we demonstrate that IL-13Rα1 regulates aeroallergen-induced airway resistance and mucus production but not IgE and Th2 cytokine production. We demonstrate that aeroallergen-induced eosinophil recruitment and chemokine production were largely dependent on IL-13Rα1 after Aspergillus but not house dust mite (HDM) challenges. Notably, Aspergillus-challenged mice displayed increased IL-13Rα1-dependent accumulation of dendritic cell subsets into lung-draining lymph nodes in comparison with HDM-challenged mice. Comparison of IL-4 and IL-13 levels in the different experimental models revealed increased IL-4/IL-13 ratios after HDM challenge, likely explaining the IL-13Rα1-independent eosinophilia and chemokine production. Consistently, eosinophil adoptive transfer experiments revealed near ablation of lung eosinophilia in response to Aspergillus in Il13ra1(-/-) mice, suggesting that Aspergillus-induced lung eosinophil recruitment is regulated by IL-13-induced chemokine production rather than altered IL-13 signaling in eosinophils. Furthermore, the near complete protection observed in Il13ra1(-/-) mice in response to Aspergillus challenge was dependent on mucosal sensitization, as alum/Aspergillus-sensitized mice that were rechallenged with Aspergillus developed IL-13Rα1-independent eosinophilia although other asthma parameters remained IL-13Rα1 dependent. These results establish that IL-13Rα1 is required for aeroallergen-induced airway resistance and that allergen-induced chemokine production and consequent eosinophilia is dictated by the balance between IL-4 and IL-13 production in situ.     

柴胡渗湿汤对哮喘大鼠血清中IL-5 及IL-13 影响的实验研究

目的:观察柴胡渗湿汤对哮喘大鼠血清中IL-5及IL-13含量的影响,探讨柴胡渗湿汤治疗哮喘的作用机制。方法:将84只雄性Wi star大鼠按随机数字表法分为正常对照组、模型对照组、地塞米松组、定喘汤组、柴胡渗湿汤低剂量组、柴胡渗湿汤中剂量组、柴胡渗湿汤高剂量组,每组12只,采用卵蛋白制作大鼠哮喘模型,予相应药物干预。用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测各组大鼠血清中IL-5及IL-13水平。实验数据采用SPSS11.5统计软件进行分析。结果:实验后各组死亡率比较均无差异,P>0.05;模型对照组与正常对照组血清中IL-5及IL-13含量水平有显著差异,表明大鼠哮喘模型存在着血清IL-5及IL-13含量异常增高的病理状态;与模型对照组相比较,各治疗组血清中IL-5及IL-13的含量明显降低,其中尤以地塞米松组、柴胡渗湿汤中剂量组和柴胡渗湿汤高剂量组的作用更明显。结论:柴胡渗湿汤治疗哮喘的作用机制与降低IL-5及IL-13的水平有关;上述作用具有一定的量效关系,但并不因给药剂量的增加而增加。     

Lack of association or interactions between the IL-4, IL-4Rα and IL-13 genes, and rheumatoid arthritis

Introduction  

A feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Several recent studies have implicated polymorphism in the IL-4 signalling pathway in the development of erosive RA. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of polymorphism in the IL-4, IL-4Rα and IL-13 genes in RA, including an examination of epistasis.     

AMCase、Eotaxin-3 及IL-13 在动物模型中的研究进展

人类疾病的动物模型（Animal Model of Human Diseases）是生物医学科学研究中所建立的动物实验对象和材料。近年来,随 着对动物模型的研究,各种人类疾病的实验模型得到广泛应用。酸性哺乳动物壳多糖酶（AMCase）作为壳多糖酶家族重要成员之 一,与其下游信号分子嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子（eotaxin-3）以及白细胞介素13（IL-13）的级联免疫反应,近年来成为了动物模型研 究中的热点。本文总结了AMCase、eotaxin-3 及IL-13 在动物模型中的研究进展及其临床意义。     

IL-13 suppresses double-stranded RNA-induced IFN-λ production in lung cells

Acute asthma exacerbations are frequently associated with respiratory viral infections. Although impaired production of type III IFNs (IFN-λs) is related to the severity of asthma exacerbation, the mechanisms underlying deficient IFN-λ production in asthma are poorly understood. Airway epithelial cells were stimulated in vitro with a synthetic mimetic of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). IL-13, a crucial cytokine responsible for asthma pathogenesis, suppressed dsRNA-induced expression of IFN-λs, and JAK inhibitor AG490 prevented the suppression by IL-13. IL-13 per se did not affect IFN-λ production or the expressions of membrane dsRNA receptor TLR3 and of cytoplasmic receptors RIG-I and MDA5. IL-13-deficient mice exhibited more enhanced IFN-λ expression after intratracheal instillation of dsRNA than wild-type mice, whereas IFN-λ expression after dsRNA was absent in the mouse lungs of the OVA-induced asthma model. These findings suggest that IL-13 may be a putative cytokine suppressing IFN-λ production against airway viral infections in asthmatics.     

AMCase、Eotaxin-3及IL-13在动物模型中的研究进展

人类疾病的动物模型（AnimalModelofHumanDiseases）是生物医学科学研究中所建立的动物实验对象和材料。近年来,随着对动物模型的研究,各种人类疾病的实验模型得到广泛应用。酸性哺乳动物壳多糖酶（AMCase）作为壳多糖酶家族重要成员之一,与其下游信号分子嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子（eotaxin．3）以及白细胞介素13（IL-3）的级联免疫反应,近年来成为了动物模型研究中的热点。本文总结了AMCase、eotaxin．3及IL-13在动物模型中的研究进展及其临床意义。     

Effects of IL-13 on TGF-β and MMP-1 in periodontitis

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth. Interleukin (IL)-13 is a multifunctional T-helper type2 (Th2) cytokine that can diminish inflammatory responses. I investigated using ELISA the effects of IL-13 on transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1). MMP-1 was detected using immunohistochemistry. Gingival fibroblasts were stimulated with IL-13 or together with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). I found that macrophage-like cells, fibroblast-like cells, vascular endothelial cells and gingival epithelial cells were stained more intensely for MMP-1 and were observed more frequently in the periodontitis affected group than in the control group. The cultured gingival fibroblasts with IL-13 produced more TGF-β than unstimulated cells. After stimulation with additional TNF-α, MMP-1 production was diminished. IL-13 may play a role in regulating collagen homeostasis in gingival fibroblasts. IL-13 induces both up-regulation of TGF-β, a cytokine known to stimulate production of collagen, and down-regulation of collagen-destroying MMP-1 production. This effect may be strong during periodontitis when Th2 cells assist T cells.     

IL-13抑制剂在损伤大鼠尾椎间盘退变中的作用研究

为了探讨IL-13细胞因子在损伤后大鼠椎间盘退变中的影响,建立了大鼠尾椎间盘退变模型,给予IL-13抑制剂sIL-13Rα2-Fc进行干预,将实验分为空白、对照、低剂量、中剂量、高剂量干预组。分别于4周及6周后通过HE染色和Masson染色观察椎间盘形态变化并评分;DMMB法定量分析椎间盘中的糖胺多糖(glycosaminoglycan,GAG)、硫酸软骨素(chondroitin sulfate,CS)、硫酸角质素(keratan sulfate,KS)、透明质酸(hyaluronic acid,HA)含量变化;RT-PCR分析Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型胶原蛋白的mRNA表达水平;蛋白质印迹分析Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型胶原蛋白含量。HE和Masson染色显示与对照组相比,干预组椎间盘病理改变减小,纤维环排列更规则,破裂部位减小,NP细胞数量增加,胶原纤维减少。sIL-13Rα2-Fc干预增加了糖胺多糖、透明质酸含量,增加了硫酸软骨素/硫酸角质素比,减少了Ⅰ型胶原蛋白的表达,并增加了Ⅱ型胶原蛋白。结果表明IL-13抑制剂sIL-13Rα2-Fc可有效减轻椎间盘退变,并且与作用时间和浓度成正相关。     

IL-13Rα2-Targeted Therapy Escapees: Biologic and Therapeutic Implications

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) overexpresses interleukin 13 receptor α2 (IL-13Rα2), a tumor-restricted receptor that is not present in normal brain. We and others have created targeted therapies that specifically eradicate tumors expressing this promising tumor-restricted biomarker. As these therapies head toward clinical implementation, it is critical to explore mechanisms of potential resistance. We therefore used a potent IL-13Rα2-targeted bacterial cytotoxin to select for naturally occurring "escapee" cells from three different IL-13Rα2-expressing GBM cell lines. We found that these side populations of escapee cells had significantly decreased IL-13Rα2 expression. We examined clinically relevant biologic characteristics of escapee cell lines compared to their parental cell lines and found that they had similar proliferation rates and equal sensitivity to temozolomide and radiation, the standard therapies given to GBM patients. In contrast, our escapee cell lines were less likely to form colonies in culture and migrated more slowly in wound healing assays. Furthermore, we found that escapee cells formed significantly less neurospheres in vitro, suggesting that IL-13Rα2-targeted therapy preferentially targeted the "stem-like" cell population and possibly indicating decreased tumorigenicity in vivo. We therefore tested escapee cells for in vivo tumorigenicity and found that they were significantly less tumorigenic in both subcutaneous and intracranial mouse models compared to matching parental cells. These data, for the first time, establish and characterize the clinically relevant biologic properties of IL-13Rα2-targeted therapy escapees and suggest that these cells may have less malignant characteristics than parental tumors.     

IL-13受体介导的融合蛋白在肿瘤靶向治疗中的研究进展

恶性肿瘤是当今世界范围内人类最重要的死亡原因之一。目前治疗肿瘤的三种主要方法是外科手术、放射治疗和化学治疗。近年来,随着肿瘤相关分子生物学及病理生理学研究的迅猛发展,肿瘤的相关发病机制也得到进一步阐明,肿瘤的特异性治疗—靶向治疗由此应运而生。白细胞介素-13受体(主要是interleukin-13 receptorα2)在肿瘤细胞上高表达,而在正常组织细胞中不表达或极低表达,此特性使得IL-13Rα2介导的融合蛋白在肿瘤靶向治疗方面成为当前研究的热点与重点之一,并为融合蛋白在临床中的应用提供了新的理论依据。该文将主要对IL-13及其受体特点,IL-13受体在肿瘤中表达的相关研究及其受体介导的融合蛋白在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展等作一综述。     

TNF-α和IL-13对人肺成纤维细胞胶原蛋白生成的影响

以胶原蛋白过量沉积为主要特征的纤维化是临床肺部疾患常见的病理现象。该研究利用RT-PCR技术检测不同剂量TNF-α和IL-13对人肺成纤维细胞IL-13Rα1、IL-13Rα2和Ⅰ型胶原蛋白转录水平的影响;ELISA检测细胞培养上清sIL-13Rα2分泌量;羟脯氨酸法定量分析各组肺成纤维细胞胶原蛋白生成情况。结果发现:在实验剂量条件下,TNF-α和IL-13对人肺成纤维细胞IL-13Rα1的表达无显著影响;两者均能不同程度地上调IL-13Rα2的表达;与对照组相比,TNF-α对胶原蛋白的表达有下调作用,IL-13则无显著影响。     

COPD大鼠肺组织中Muc5ac和IL-13的相关性研究

目的:研究慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)大鼠气道粘蛋白Muc5ac和白介素13(IL-13)的表达及其相关性.方法:20只wistar雄性大鼠随机分为对照组和COPD组.正常组8只,COPD组12只,分别用免疫组化法测定肺组织Muc5ac和IL-13的表达.结果:Muc5ac和IL-13蛋白表达主要位于气道上皮细胞,细胞胞浆呈棕黄色.COPD组大鼠肺组织IL-13和Muc5ac的表达均高于正常组(P均＜0.05).结论:IL-13是引起粘液分泌的重要因子,它可能上调Muc5ac的表达.     

转录因子T-bet通过IL-13和其先天免疫功能调节皮肤硬化过程

在许多人类疾病中,组织结构发生纤维化改变是一个常见的病理生理过程。硬皮病(Scleroderma)是一种以皮肤各系统胶原纤维硬化为特征的结缔组织疾病。累及内脏器官的系统性硬皮病又称系统性硬化病(Systemic Sclerosis)。系统性硬化病是一个罕见的、常能致死性的、不明原因的紊乱,     

依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死的临床观察及其对IL-13的影响

目的:观察依达拉奉对急性脑梗死的临床疗效及其对血浆白细胞介素13水平的影响。方法:60例脑梗死病例随机分为依达拉奉组及对照组,两组均采用血栓通注射剂作为基础治疗,前者加用依达拉奉静脉滴注、1日2次、共2周。用欧洲卒中评分评价临床神经功能情况,用ELISA法对血浆白细胞介素13水平进行检测。结果:依达拉奉组临床疗效明显优于对照组,治疗后与对照组相比白细胞介素13水平下降较快。结论:依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死有效,而且安全。