The halophilous vegetation of the Orumieh lake salt marshes,NW. Iran

The halophilous vegetation of the Orumieh lake salt marshes has been studied, using the Braun-Blanquet method. Vegetation types have been defined by physiognomic-floristic system. The following six main groups of communities are recognized: (1) Semi-woody shrub and perennial halophytic communities (Class Halocnemetea strobilacei) including 6 associations and 5 subassociations, (2) Annual halophytic communities (Class Thero-Salicornietea) including 5 associations and 1 subassociation, (3) Salt marsh brushwood communities (Class Tamaricetea) including 4 associations, (4) Rush and herbaceous perennial halophytic communities (Class Juncetea maritimi) including 7 associations and 1 subassociation, (5) Rush and herbaceous perennial halotolerant communities (Class Agrostietea stoloniferae) including 5 associations, (6) Hydrophilous halotolerant communities (Class Phragmitetea) including 3 associations and 2 subassociations. The soil of these communities has been analysed and their habitats are described and discussed.     

The cephalopod macrosystem: A historical review, the present state of knowledge, and unsolved problems: 2. Classification of nautiloid cephalopods

Major classifications of nautiloid cephalopods are critically reviewed. It is suggested that this cephalopod group is subdivided into 5 subclasses and 17 orders: Ellesmeroceratoidea (including the orders Plectronocerida, Protactinocerida, Yanhecerida, and Ellesmerocerida), Endoceratoidea (including the orders Endocerida and Intejocerida), Actinoceratoidea (including the order Actinocerida), Nautiloidea (with the orders Basslerocerida, Tarphycerida, Lituitida, Discosorida, Oncocerida, and Nautilida), and Orthoceratoidea (including the orders Orthocerida, Ascocerida, Dissidocerida, and Bajkalocerida). The above orders are briefly described.     

A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny

A new phylogenetic analysis of early amniotes based on 124 characters and 13 taxa (including three outgroups) indicates that synapsids are the sister-group of all other known amniotes. The sister-group of Synapsida is Sauropsida, including Mesosauridae and Reptilia as its two main subdivisions. Reptilia is divided into Parareptilia and Eureptilia. Parareptilia includes Testudines and its fossil relatives (Procolophonidae, Pareiasauria and Millerettidae), while Eureptilia includes Diapsida and its fossil relatives (Pakothyris and Captorhinidae). Parts of the phylogeny are robust, such as the sister-group relationship between procolophonids and testudines, and between pareiasaurs and the testudinomorphs (the clade including procolophonids and testudines). Other parts of the new tree are not so firmly established, such as the position of mesosaurs as the sister-group of reptiles. The new phylogeny indicates that three major clades of amniotes extend from the present to the Palaeozoic. These three clades are the Synapsida (including Mammalia), Parareptilia (including Testudines), and Eureptilia (including Sauria). In addition, the Procolophonidae, a group of Triassic parareptiles, are the sister-group of Testudines.     

中国减肥植物资源初步研究

本文应用植物资源学的研究方法 ,对目前国内市场上常见的药物减肥产品进行了调查 ,并对其所用的药用植物进行了归类研究 ,结合《本草纲目》中的所记载的减肥药方 ,遴选出此类植物 38种 ,隶属于 2 5科。作者根据其减肥作用机理和中药分类方法将这些植物归为 7类。每类选取 1种代表植物 ,即消食类 :山楂等 ;化痰类 :绞股蓝等 ;利水渗湿类 :茯苓等 ;泻下类 :大黄等 ;解表类 :柴胡等 ;理气类 :陈皮等 ;活血祛瘀类 :丹参等。就其主要形态特征、群落类型、地理分布、化学成分和药用功效、采收加工、资源利用等进行较为详细的说明 ,旨在初步弄清我国减肥药用植物资源种类和分布 ,并对保护和开发利用这些资源提出建议     

RNA silencing: Mechanism, biology and responses to environmental stress

Much early work on environmental stress, including ionizing radiation and environmental toxins, emphasised their action on DNA and subsequent mutagenesis in long term effects including germ cell mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and trans-generational effect. However, recent studies are increasingly pointing a complementary role of epigenetic effects in these processes. While a substantial part of the literature focuses on DNA methylation, there is increasing recognition of the role of non-coding RNAs, including small-, micro-, and pi-RNAs, as well as transposable elements. These play key roles in carcinogenesis, and in germ cell changes including trans-generational effects.     

毛木耳种质资源的酯酶同工酶分析

采用垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术对毛木耳56个菌株酯酶同工酶的酶谱多样性进行了研究。结果表明,56份材料有一定的遗传变异,共检测到迁移率不同的10条谱带,各菌株分别具有1~6条酶带,共有26种酶谱类型。菌株被分成了8大群:第一群包括黄耳zh等34个菌株;第二群包括白背木耳等8个菌株;第三、第四群分别为黑木耳和915两个单独的菌株;第五群包括99等4个菌株;第六群包括43等4个菌株;第七群包括50385和AP067两个菌株;第八群包括小上3和杂交34两个菌株。酯酶同工酶分析技术是鉴别种及品种以下菌株的有效手段。     

Smokeless tobacco products harbor diverse bacterial microbiota that differ across products and brands

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology - Smokeless tobacco products contain numerous chemical compounds, including known human carcinogens. Other smokeless tobacco constituents, including bacteria,...     

分离自东北地区主要蔬菜根茎上的真菌

为明确蔬菜土传病害病原菌的种类及筛选有益真菌,对采自我国东北地区主要蔬菜的根茎样本进行了组织分离和形态学鉴定,共鉴定出19个属30个种或变种,其中镰孢菌属为优势属,共分离得到10个种。研究结果表明：葫芦科蔬菜上分离的真菌种类最多,为11个属17个种。从采集地来看,在黑龙江和辽宁两省分离到的真菌数量较多,分别为12个属1...     

Structure and function of proteins in membranes and nanodiscs

The field of membrane structural biology represents a fast-moving field with exciting developments including native nanodiscs that allow preparation of complexes of post-translationally modified proteins bound to biological lipids. This has led to conceptual advances including biological membrane:protein assemblies or “memteins” as the fundamental functional units of biological membranes. Tools including cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography are maturing such that it is becoming increasingly feasible to solve structures of large, multicomponent complexes, while complementary methods including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy yield unique insights into interactions and dynamics. Challenges remain, including elucidating exactly how lipids and ligands are recognized at atomic resolution and transduce signals across asymmetric bilayers. In this special volume some of the latest thinking and methods are gathered through the analysis of a range of transmembrane targets. Ongoing work on areas including polymer design, protein labelling and microfluidic technologies will ensure continued progress on improving resolution and throughput, providing deeper understanding of this most important group of targets.     

浙江金华北山木本植物种群生态位研究

按生态位宽度,浙江金华北山38种主要木本植物可分成三类,生态位宽度大于0.2的有马尾松、格药柃、短柄抱等10种,在0.20~0.10间有黄山松、苦槠、锥栗等12种,小于0.1的有化香、马银花、樟等16种;按生态位重叠值, 38种木本植物可以区分出四群植物:类群Ⅰ为黄山松、杜鹃、白马骨等,类群Ⅱ为马尾松、短柄抱、继木等,类群Ⅲ包括樟、白栎、枫香等,类群Ⅳ包括黄檀、木半夏、乌饭树等。本文提出,计算生态位重叠值时,可首先计算调查样点的群落相似系数,以具有最小相似系数总值的样点作为始端样点,以始端样点为参照,根据与其群落相似系数的大小,再对其它样点进行排列,使排列后样点的生态条件具梯度变化,在这基础上,再计算样点间的生态距离间隔;并提出以生态位重叠值为指标,应用聚类分析中的最小生成树法,对植物进行生态学相似性比较。本文研究证实了这种方法的可行性。     

植物生态型分类研究进展*

综述了国内外植物生态型分类的研究进展,介绍了一些常用的分类指标:形态指标--外部形态指标和内部形态指标,生理指标--光合速率和内源激素,生育期指标,化学成分,抗逆性--逆境和受污染环境,遗传指标--同工酶和随即扩增的多态DNA(RAPD)等,并根据国内外植物生态型分类研究进展,结合我国生态型分类研究现状,对我国植物生态型分类的研究前景进行了展望。     

Bio-seismic and sequence stratigraphy of the Neogene of the Northwest Damietta Concession,Nile Delta,Egypt

The stratigraphic framework of the Neogene sequence drilled by two offshore wells located in the north-eastern shore of the Nile Delta (the wells Sekhmet-1 and Sekhmet-2) has been established. The lithostratigraphic units with their sequences, from older to younger, are as follows: the Sidi Salim Formation (including Sr1 SB, Sr2 SB, Sr2 MFS, Sr3 SB and Sr3 MFS), a sequence representing the uppermost part of the Sidi Salim and most of the lower part of the Qawasim Formations (including Tor 1.1 SB, Tor 1.2 SB, Tor 1.3 SB, Tor 1.4 SB and ?Tor 2 SB), a sequence representing the uppermost part of Qawasim and the lower part of the Abu Madi Formations (including ?Me1 SB, Me2 SB and Me2 MFS), the Kafr El Sheikh Formation (including alternatively Za 1 and 2 SB and MFS and Ge 1 SB and MFS), the El Wastani Formation (including Ge 2 SB and MFS) and a Quaternary sequence represented by the topmost part of El Wastani and Mit Ghamr/Bilqas Formation (including alternatively ?Cala 1 and 2 SB and MFS and ?Io 2 SB). The lower part of the Qawasim in well Sekhmet-2 includes two LST: Tor 2 LST and Me 1 LST.     

Isolation and identification of flavonoids, including flavone rotamers, from the herbal drug 'Crataegi folium cum flore' (hawthorn)

Twelve flavonoids, including seven flavones, four flavonols and one flavanone, were isolated from methanolic extract of the herbal drug 'Crataegi folium cum flore' (hawthorn leaves and flowers) by a combination of CC (over Amberlite XAD-7 and Sephadex LH-20) and preparative HPLC. Their structures, including that of the novel flavonol 8-methoxykaempferol 3-O-(6"-malonyl-beta-glucopyranoside), were elucidated by homo- and heteronuclear NMR and electrospray/MS. The 1H- and 13C-NMR of all compounds, including rotameric pairs of five flavone C-glycosides, were assigned. The presence and relative proportion of each rotamer was shown by various NMR experiments, including two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser and exchange spectroscopy, to depend on solvent, linkage position and structure of the C-glycosyl substituent.     

Beneficial modulation of the gut microbiota

The human gut microbiota comprises approximately 100 trillion microbial cells and has a significant effect on many aspects of human physiology including metabolism, nutrient absorption and immune function. Disruption of this population has been implicated in many conditions and diseases, including examples such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer that are highlighted in this review. A logical extension of these observations suggests that the manipulation of the gut microbiota can be employed to prevent or treat these conditions. Thus, here we highlight a variety of options, including the use of changes in diet (including the use of prebiotics), antimicrobial-based intervention, probiotics and faecal microbiota transplantation, and discuss their relative merits with respect to modulating the intestinal community in a beneficial way.     

南岭地区天牛的研究概况及相关地名拼写总结

本文初步总结了文献记录的南岭地区天牛,计有188属392种,其中70种的模式标本采自南岭地区,隶属于4亚科50属,并提供了模式标本产自南岭地区的天牛名单,包括各种模式标本产地和模式标本存放地信息。因为粤语的发音跟标准普通话相差较大,为了方便同行检索历史文献,本文总结了天牛科里涉及到的南岭地区范围内的地名拼写,共涉及四省16县和两座山。     

柏科分类和分布：亚科,族和属

柏科Cupressaceae和杉科Taxodiaceae有许多相似之处,近年来不少分类学家主张把两科合并成广义的柏科。原杉科中的金松属Sciadopitys与两科其他属的差异较大,被提升为单种科Sciadopity-aceae。本文根据球果可育种鳞的位置把柏科(狭义)分为2亚科,即上部种鳞不可育的柏木亚科Cupres-soideae和上部种鳞可育的澳洲柏亚科Callitroideae。综合其他形态学和解剖学证据,柏木亚科又分4族,即柏木族Cupresseae(包括:柏术属Cupressus、杂交柏属×Cupressocyparis、扁柏属Chamaecyparis和福建柏属Fokeinia)、侧柏族Thujopsideae(包括:崖柏属Thuja、罗汉柏属Thujopsis和侧柏属Platycladus)、圆柏族Junipereae(包括:圆柏属Juniperus和海参威柏属Microbiota)以及香漆柏族Tetraclineae(包括:翠柏属Calocedrus和香漆柏属Tetraclinis)。澳洲柏亚科又分3族,即澳洲柏族Actinostrobeae(包括:西澳柏属Actinostuobus、澳洲柏属Callitris、智利柏属Fitzroya和杉叶柏属Neocallitropsis)、南非柏族Widdring-toneae(包括:白智利柏属Pilgerodendron、塔斯曼柏属Diselma和南非柏属Widdringtonia)以及甜柏族Libocedreae(包括:甜柏属Libocedrus、巴布亚柏属Papuacedrus和南美柏属Austrocedrus)。柏科21个属的地理分布可划分为5种类型,即:(     

Taxonomy of the Cupressaceae: Subfamilies,Tribes and Genera

Cupressaceae and Taxodiaceae have recently been merged under the earlier name Cupressaceae s.I. by many authors, as the two families are similar in a number of morpho logical characters. Sciadopitys S. et Z., which has often been treated as a morphologically isolated member of the Taxodiaceae, has recently been considered as a monotypic family, Sciadopityaceae. The Cupressaceae s.s. may be reorganized into two subfamilies. The Cu pressoideae is composed of genera with the uppermost cone-scales infertile and can be divided into four tribes: Cnpresseae, including Cupressus, X Cupressocyparis, Charnaecyparis and Fokeinia;Thujopsideae, including Thuja, Thujopsis and Platycladusl Junipereae, including Juniperus and Microbiota; and Tetraclineae, including Calocedrus and Tetraclinis. The Callitroideae is composed of genera with the uppermost cone-scales fertile and can be divided into three tribes: Actinostrobeae, including Actinostrobus, Callitris, Fitzroya and Neocallitropsis; Widdringtoneae, including Pilgerodendron, Diselma and Widdringtonia ; Libocedreae, including Libocedrus, Papuacedrus and Austrocedrus. Five geographical distribution patterns are recognized in the 21 genera of Cupressaceae. (a) One genus, X Cupressocyparis, is a natural hybrid derived from selections in England; (b) Two genera, Cupressus and Juniperus, are distributed in Africa, Europe, Asia and North America; (c) Three genera, Thuja, Chamaecyparis, and Calocedrus, are disjnnctly distributed in Eastem Asia and North America; (d) Five genera, Actinostrobus, Callitris, Libocedrus, Papuacedrus and Widdringtonia, have limited distribution; and (e) The other 10 genera, which are monotypic, are restricted to narrow areas except Plotycladus. Three centers of genera diversity are identified in the Cupressaceae, i. e Eastern Asia with nine genera, southwestern North America with five genera, and Australia and its adjacent islands in the east　with six genera, including New Zealand,. Tasmania, New Caledonia, and New Guinea. Other important areas are western Mediterranean with three genera and Chile and Argentinawith three genera.     

In vivo short-term assays for tumor initiation and promotion in the glandular stomach of Fischer rats

Here we summarize the data on 55 compounds tested in in vivo short-term assays for tumor-initiating and tumor-promoting activity in the glandular stomach of male Fischer (F344) rats. Most of the data has been previously published. Tumor-initiating activity was assayed by measuring the induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and DNA single strand scission; tumor-promoting activity was assayed by measuring the induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, increased replicative DNA synthesis (RDS), and of c-fos and c-myc oncogene expression. The compounds were orally administered. Twenty-nine compounds were tested for UDS. Eight were positive, including 5 glandular stomach carcinogens; 16 were negative, including 5 liver carcinogens; and 5 were equivocal. Twenty compounds were tested for DNA single strand scission. Twelve were positive, including 6 glandular stomach carcinogens; 7 negative, including 2 liver carcinogens; and 1 was equivocal. Thirty-two compounds were tested for RDS. Twenty-six were positive, including 8 glandular stomach carcinogens and 6 glandular stomach tumor-promoters; 4 were negative, including 3 liver carcinogens and a stomach irritant; and 2 were equivocal. Forty-five compounds were tested for ODC. Thirty-seven were positive, including 8 glandular stomach carcinogens and 6 glandular stomach tumor promoters; 7 were negative, including 3 liver carcinogens; and one was equivocal. All glandular stomach carcinogens and tumor-promoters examined were positive in both RDS and ODC. Two compounds were tested for c-fos and c-myc expression; one was a glandular stomach carcinogen and one was a glandular stomach tumor promoter, and both were positive. In addition, 2 compounds inhibited the increase in RDS induced by the tumor promoter NaCl, suggesting anti-tumor-promoter activity. Thus these assays are useful for assessing potential tumor-initiating and tumor-promoting activity in the rat glandular stomach.     

Use of lysozyme as a standard for evaluating the effectiveness of a proteomics process

Automated sequencing of unknowns in bottom-up proteomics makes the data produced susceptible to process control errors, which can be propagated into mistakes in analyte identification. Inclusion of an unintrusive internal standard, such as lysozyme, allows monitoring all phases of the proteomics process including sample preparation, enzymatic digestion, HPLC, mass spectrometry, and database searching. By using this internal standard, digestion issues including rearrangements, semi-tryptic fragments, and modifications were monitored. In addition, control of the HPLC process including column performance was achieved. The use of the lysozyme standard allowed easy optimization of mass spectral conditions including data dependent and collision induced dissociation settings. The use of this internal standard in a study of differential protein expression in rat serum samples is presented.     

Nonuniform distribution of sodium in the rat hepatocyte

The volume of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (including Golgi complex), mitochondria, and cytoplasmic ground substance was measured in rat hepatocytes by stereological methods. The Na content was also measured by flame photometry. Variations in Na content correlated significantly with variations in volume of nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum. From the correlation parameters, Na concentrations were estimated as follows: nucleus, 108 mM; endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (including Golgie complex) 27 mM; cytoplasm (including and remaining organelles) 16 mM.