Effects of gamma-irradiation on broiler-6 and Leghorn chicken

The influence of various doses of external radiation to survive, growth and productivity of hybrid broiler and egg-laying leghorn chicken was studied in comparative aspect. It was found that broiler radio-resistanse is 1.5 times higher than that of leghorns: LD50/30 of 10-days broilers is equal to 16.3 +/- 0.7 Gy, while LD50/30 of 10-days leghorns is equal to 11.0 +/- 0.9 Gy.     

Adipogenic differentiation of chicken epithelial oviduct cells using only chicken serum

Chicken epithelial oviduct cells (COCs) are part of important supportive tissues in chicken reproductive organs responsible for secretion of the majority of chicken egg protein. In chickens, the biological process of adipocyte differentiation has been extensively studied in vitro using a number of cell types including a preadipocyte precursor cell line, a number of other undifferentiated cell lines, and chicken embryonic fibroblasts. On the contrary, adipogenic differentiation in epithelial cells has not yet been achieved. In our study, we induced COCs to differentiate into adipocytes using chicken serum at concentrations of 5% and 10%. After a 24-h culture period at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO₂ atmosphere, oviduct cell morphology changed dramatically through formation of lipid droplets, observed by Oil Red O staining. Also, chicken serum strongly induced 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell differentiation into adipocyte. In addition, mRNA expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2), and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein alpha were significantly increased 48 h after induction. These results suggest that COCs can be induced to differentiate into adipocyte-like cells. Moreover, through this study, we confirmed that chicken serum is an effective adipocyte differentiation-inducing agent. Our findings may provide a unique model for studying and applying chicken transdifferentiation and adipocyte differentiation.     

Effects of gamma-irradiation on survival, growth and productivity of broiler chicken

In experiments with broiler chicken the influence of gamma-irradiation (137Cs) to survive and productivity of meat poultry was studied. LD50/30 increased from 10.0 to 18.7 Gy with increasing of the age of the irradiated chicken from 3 to 40 days and reduced from 18.3 to 11.9 Gy with increasing of a dose rate from 1.0 to 40.0 Gy/h. As a rule, death of chicken was observed between 4th and 15th days after the exposure; the most early dates of poultry death were found at irradiation dose rate of 40.0 Gy/h. The exposure to doses of 8-20 Gy resulted in stunted growth; in comparison with control group the mass reduced by 22-32 g per each 1 Gy, lowering of meat productivity by 36%.     

A preliminary linkage map of the chicken genome.

We have used backcross progeny from a cross between two inbred lines of chickens to construct a linkage map of the chicken. The map currently consists of 100 loci, identified using either anonymous cloned fragments of genomic DNA or sequences corresponding to cloned genes. Parent birds were derived from two lines of White Leghorn chickens, which differ in susceptibility to a number of diseases. Restriction fragment length variants were identified by comparison of the DNA of these two parent birds using a panel of seven restriction enzyme digests and the segregation pattern observed in progeny of these two birds. Restriction fragment length variants were detected for approximately 41% of the clones tested, whether these were known genes or random genomic fragments. This high level of variability was also reflected in the presence of variation within the parental lines for some clones. The overall size of the linkage groups and the progressively higher incidence of linkage as further clones were added suggests that the map covers the majority of the genome, although it is unlikely that there are marker loci on all the microchromosomes. The present map will be of use in locating genes affecting disease resistance, but also illustrates the relative ease with which such maps for the chicken can be constructed.     

利用普通怯寄蝇防治菜粉蝶初探

1 前言 从外地引进寄蝇或人工助长当地寄蝇种类防治农林害虫,是有效的生防手段之一,国外已有很多成功的报道。King等(1981)在路易斯安娜州蔗田中人工大量释放螟利索寄蝇(Lixophaga diatraeae)成虫防治第1代小蔗杆草螟(Diatraea saccharalis),不同地区的寄生率分别达到4.1、8.7和35.7％;由于降低了农药的使用量,奇痣窄径茧蜂(Agathis stigmatera)的自然寄生率也相应提高,很好地控制了蔗田害虫的发生。在寄蝇的田间释放技术方面,国外还没有详细的报道。在我国,利用寄蝇防治害虫的工作也是刚刚起步,很多具体问题有待于进一步研究。     

Effect of the bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus on preimplantation bovine embryos: A preliminary study

Five crossbred-Holstein cows, approximately three to seven years of age, were superovulated using pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and prostaglandin F_2α (Prostin F_2α). At the induced estrus, each cow was artificially inseminated with frozen semen. Seven days after insemination, the lumen of the right uterine horn of each cow was inoculated with BVD virus in Eagle's minimum essential tissue culture medium, and the lumen of the left horn was infused with tissue culture medium only. Three days later, each cow was subjected to midventral laparotomy under general anesthesia and embryos were collected. A total of 22 embryos were recovered; 12 were from infected uterine horns and ten were from non-infected uterine horns. All embryos from the non-infected uterine horns were in the late blastocyst stage without the zona pellucida. Of the embryos collected from the infected uterine horns, eight of 12 (66.6%) still possessed zona pellucida and appeared in a degenerative state. The remaining four embryos were morphologically similar to those from the non-infected uterine horns. Electron microscopic examination of the degenerated embryos from the infected uterine horns demonstrated the presence of a structure which morphologically resembled the BVD virus. The results of this preliminary study indicate that the BVD virus within the uterine horns may interfere with normal development of preimplantation bovine embryos. Therefore, it is proposed that the BVD virus could adversely affect early stages of gestation in the cow, resulting in infertility.     

Effect of chronic gamma-irradiation on lipid peroxidation in CBA mouse blood serum

Female CBA mice were chronically exposed to gamma-rays with a dose rate from 1 to 16 cGy/day during the lifetime. It was found that the level of antioxidant activity of blood serum decreased, whereas the level of primary and secondary products of lipid peroxidation increased. Possible ways of formation of compensatory-adaptive reactions are discussed.     

Distribution of pathogenic vibrios and other bacteria in imported frozen shrimps and their decontamination by gamma-irradiation

The distribution of pathogenic vibrios and other bacteria in eight samples of imported frozen shrimps and the effect of irradiation on these bacteria were investigated. Total aerobic bacteria were at 2×10⁴ to 4×10⁶/g. Coliforms consisted mainly ofEnterobacter. No salmonella were detected. A total of 66 isolates, includingVibrio parahaemolyticus, V. mimicus, V. alginolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. fluvialis and a few ofListeria monocytogenes, were obtained. The gamma-radiation dose needed to reduce by 10^–4 the number of vibrio isolates andAeromonas hydrophila was about 3 kGy in frozen shrimps, whereas about 3.5 kGy was required forL. monocytogenes.     

A preliminary study on Sabiaceae of China

This paper is a preliminary study on the Sabiaceae in aspects of its morphology, taxonomy and geography. We propose that the Sabioideae and Meliosmoideae as two new subfamilies of Sabiaceae according to the external morphology, flower structure and geographical distribution of these two genera respectively. This paper follows the taxonomic concepts of Luetha Chen on Sabia and C. F. van Beusekom on Meliosma. We agree with them for their classification of these two genera above the specific rank. As to the revision work of Sabia by van de Water and C. F. van Beusekom’s work on Meliosma we disagree for their unduly broad specific concepts. We rather treat the species of these two genera according to their habitats in regions on a relatively narrower sense. The genus Sabia of China are classified into 2 tribes, with 16 species, 5 subspecies and 2 varieties in which 4 subspecies and l variety are as new combinations, the genus of Meliosma in China are classified into 2 subgenera with 29 species, and 7 varieties of which 4 varieties are new combinations. After examining the affinity of the species of Sabia and Meliosma in China and its neighboring nations such as Burma, Japan and Bhutan, we found that their migration initiated from China, as the primitive species of these two genera occured in northeast and central part of Yunnan, sou theast of Sichuan, north of Guizhou and west of Hubei, the region may probably be the main origin of these two genera. As shown in tables 1 & 2, the localities where the species of these two genera densely populate they are from Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guangdong coinciding with the concepts of C. F. van Beusekom and van de Water about the distribution of exotic species of these two genera, it may reasonable be pointed out that the center of distribution of these two genera is Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong and nieghboring nations, upper Burma and northern Vietnam. Futhermore, it may be seen that starting from this center the number of species become less and less as they proceed far and far awaybut become more advance in evolution.     

Diet and serum lipid responses of seven species ofCercopithecus monkeys: A preliminary study

Four social groups ofCercopithecus monkeys, includingaethiops, cephus, diana, mitis, mona, neglectus, andpetaurista (48 individuals), were fed a diet containing 0.68 mg cholesterol per kcal. Blood samples were analyzed for serum cholesterol and triglycerides. Elevations in serum cholesterol appear to be individualistic and exhibit only slight differences between species and social groups.     

A preliminary study of modification of gait in real-time using surface electromyography

Modification of abnormal gait was attempted in real-time using a surface electromyography-based protocol to teach recruitment of the anterior tibialis at the correct time in the gait cycle. Two children diagnosed with cerebral palsy were able to learn volitional control of the anterior tibialis as demonstrated by improved clearance of the toe on the swing phase of the gait and newly learned ability to recruit and relax the anterior tibialis. The children were able to walk with the new gait pattern and reproduce the old one at will. Implications for future research in this area are discussed.     

水稻抗草品种选育研究初报

利用PI312777抗草稻种材料,与本单位优质稻核心种质及其衍生系统材料广泛杂交配组,创建一批以PI312777衍生系统为主的新型育种材料。建立水稻抗草育种圃,重点针对抗草特性和综合农艺性状,通过田间抑草效应筛选,培育水稻抗草苗头株系,在稳定世代(F4代以上)应用以水稻特征次生物质为标记评价水稻品种(系)化感潜力的方法,辅助选育水稻抗草新品种(系)。初步提出适合华南稻区的以田间筛选和评价为主,以特征次生物质标记评价水稻品种(系)化感潜力的方法为辅,田间与实验室相结合,操作性强、简便有效的水稻抗草育种方法。     

黑尾卷象的初步研究

黑尾卷象ApoderusnigroapicatusJekel近年来在山东荣成地区是危害刺槐的主要害虫。1年发生2代,以成虫于土中越冬。5～9月危害,10月上旬入土越冬。卵、幼虫、蛹在卷叶筒内生活;成虫食叶危害。本文报告了该虫的形态特征、年生活史、生活习性及天敌等,并提出了防治措施。     

烟台海域藻类多样性初报

通过对烟台海藻的实地考察,从海藻的垂直分布、生活型、气候带型、物种多样性等方面对烟台海藻的多样性及变化作一初步探讨。