胰岛素B链C端及B29Lys氨基在胰岛素促生长功能中的作用

利用结晶紫测定细胞生长的方法,在９６孔板培养的小鼠乳腺癌细胞ＧＲ２Ｈ６中,建立了胰岛素促细胞生长活力的测定体系。该方法具有灵敏度高,重复性好,操作简便,周期短及便于大量样品分析测试的优点。利用该方法研究了胰岛素Ｂ链Ｃ端延长与缩短的类似物和胰岛素侧链氨基对胰岛素促生长活性的影响。结果显示,胰岛素Ｂ链Ｃ端在胰岛素的促生长活性中有重要作用;Ｂ链２９Ｌｙｓ氨基对促生长活性也有较大贡献。     

胰岛素B链C端及B29Lys氨基在胰岛素促生长功能中的 …

利用结晶紫测定细胞生长的方法,在９６孔板培养的小鼠乳腺癌细胞ＧＲ２Ｈ６中,建立了胰岛素促细胞生长活力的测定体系。该方法具有灵敏度高,重复性好,操作简便,周期短及便于大量样品分析测试的优点。利用该方法研究了胰岛素Ｂ链Ｃ端延长与缩短的类似物和胰岛素侧链氨基对胰岛素促生长活性的影响。结果显示,胰岛素Ｂ链Ｃ端在胰岛素的促生长活性中有重要作用;Ｂ链２９Ｌｙｓ氨基对促生长活性也有较大贡献。     

^3H—胸腺嘧啶核苷参入法测定胰岛素促生长活性

利用＾３Ｈ－胸腺嘧啶核苷参入方法,在２４孔板和９６孔板培养的小鼠乳腺癌细胞ＧＲ２Ｈ６中,建立了胰岛素促细胞生长活性的测定体系。这一方法具有操作简便、周期较短和便于进行大量样品分析和测试等优点,它为研究胰岛素促生长功能与结构的关系提供了适当的新研究体系。     

二种癌细胞株的胰岛素及转铁蛋白受体的鉴定

二种癌细胞株的胰岛素及转铁蛋白受体的鉴定唐月华,张新,夏曙莉,景乃禾,冯佑民（中国科学院上海生物化学研究所分子生物学国家重点实验室;中国科学院上海生物化学研究所,２０００３１）关键词人卵巢畸胎癌细胞株ＰＡ－１,小鼠乳腺癌细胞株ＧＲ２Ｈ６,胰岛素受体,...     

鱼类HGPRT缺陷型细胞的诱变和筛选

草鱼卵巢细胞ＧＣＧ经乙基甲磺酸（ＥＭＳ）诱变,稳定表达３代以后,采取逐步提高培养基中６－疏基嘌呤（６－ＭＰ）的方法,获得对６－ＭＰ稳定抗性的细胞,暂定名ＦＭＲ－１．本文比较了ＧＣＧ细胞及ＦＭＲ－１细胞在含６－ＭＰ（２０μｇ／ｍｌ）和不含６－ＭＰ的培养基中生长曲线的特点,并对上述两种细胞的染色体数目和葡萄糖－６－磷酸脱氢酶电泳图谱进行了比较分析。最后对两种细胞在ＨＡＴ培养基中的生长特点进行了平行对照实验,根据实验结果,可以判定ＦＭＲ－１细胞为草鱼ＨＧＰＲＴ缺陷型细胞。本义还讨论了进一步研究草鱼ＨＧＰＲＴ缺陷型细胞的途径及草鱼ＨＧＰＲＴ缺陷型细胞在鱼类细胞遗传学上的应用前景。     

细支气管肺泡细胞增生和细支气管肺泡细胞癌内生长因子和蛋白激酶C的表达

表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）、转化生长因子－α（ＴＧＦα）、表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦＲ）和蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ）与细胞生长、增殖分化调节和细胞癌变有密切关系。作者用免疫组织化学方法检测了细支气管肺泡细胞增生（ＢＡＨ）和细支气管肺泡细胞癌（ＢＡＣ）的ＥＧＦ、ＴＧＦα、ＥＧＦＲ和ＰＫＣ表达。结果表明：ＢＡＣ中的ＥＧＦ、ＴＧＦα阳性率和阳性强度以及ＥＧＦＲ、ＰＫＣ阳性强度均明显高于ＢＡＨ。ＢＡＨ的重度不典型增生病例,其ＥＧＦ、ＴＧＦα、ＥＧＦＲ和ＰＫＣ均呈高表达。ＴＧＦα、ＥＧＦＲ和ＰＫＣ三者在ＢＡＣ和ＢＡＨ中的表达存在明显相关性。提示：ＴＧＦα及其受体ＥＧＦＲ和ＰＫＣ是细支气管肺泡细胞增生、恶性转化和肺泡癌细胞失控生长的重要因素。     

二甲亚砜与维甲酸对人卵巢癌细胞COC1的生长抑制及转化生长因子β_1表达的影响

本实验以人卵巢癌细胞株（ＣＯＣ１）为模型,观察诱导分化剂二甲亚砜（ＤＭＳＯ）与维甲酸（ＲＡ）对该细胞生长增殖、ＤＮＡ合成和转化生长因子β１（ＴＧＦβ１）在细胞内表达的影响。结果显示：ＤＭＳＯ与ＲＡ对人卵巢细胞ＣＯＣ１生长有明显的抑制作用,生长曲线表明作用５天后其生长抑制率分别为６２．７％和４２．１％;３Ｈ－胸腺嘧啶核苷（３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ）掺入实验说明ＤＭＳＯ组与ＲＡ组的单位时间计数率（ＣＰＭ）明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。用药３天后百分掺入抑制率分别为６０．４％与３７．９％,表明ＤＭＳＯ与ＲＡ抑制ＣＯＣ１细胞的ＤＮＡ合成;免疫细胞化学反应表明,ＤＭＳＯ或ＲＡ处理５天后,对照组细胞ＴＧＦβ１表达为阳性,定位于胞浆,而处理组细胞ＴＧＦβ１呈阴性或弱阳性反应。以上结果提示ＤＭＳＯ和ＲＡ对人卵巢癌细胞有一定的诱导分化作用。     

EGFR反义脱氧寡核苷酸及其硫代修饰片段抑制人肝癌细胞系BEL…

本文旨在研究针对ＥＧＦＲ ｍＲＮＡ的反义寡核苷酸片段对ＢＥＬ－７４０４细胞ＥＧＦＲ基因表达及其对细胞生长的影响。合成了互补于ＥＧＦＲ基因５’起始编码区的２１聚脱氧寡核苷酸（ＯＤＮｓ）。实验结果显示,３．２ｕｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＯＤＮｓ明显抑制ＢＥＬ－７４０４细胞生长,「３Ｈ」Ｔｄｒ掺入抑制试验显示其对细胞ＤＮＡ合成的抑制作用表现剂量依赖性;密度扫描分析显示ＯＤＮｓ处理６、２４ｈ后,肝癌细胞ＥＧＦＲ ｍＲＮ     

利用GFP示踪细胞内源性P53活性检测DNA损伤

ＤＮＡ损伤的检测对预防癌症和遗传病等非常重要。采用分子克隆技术,将报告基因—绿色荧光蛋白（ＧＦＰ）置于ＳＶ４０基本启动子调控下,构建成对照载体ｐＳＶ－ＧＦＰ。在ＳＶ４０基本启动子上游插入寡核苷酸Ｐ５３ＲＥ,构建成示踪载体ｐ５３ＲＥ－ＧＦＰ。转染ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞,以ＧＦＰ示踪细胞内源性Ｐ５３的转录激活活性。紫外线照射或Ｈ２Ｏ２处理转化细胞使ＤＮＡ损伤,诱导细胞内源性Ｐ５３的表达。用激光扫描共聚焦成像系统（ＬＳＣＩＳ）对细胞进行红、绿、蓝三色光融合成像,并测定ＧＦＰ经４８８ｎｍ激发后发出的绿色荧光光密度,验证ＧＦＰ示踪Ｐ５３的特异性。ｐ５３ＲＥ－ＧＦＰ转化细胞３Ｔ３－ＲＥＧ经紫外线照射或Ｈ２Ｏ２处理后,ＧＦＰ的表达增高,处理后１ｈｒ光密度即达到最高水平,随后逐渐降低。血清“饥饿”—非ＤＮＡ损伤处理的３Ｔ３－ＲＥＧ细胞,以及经紫外和Ｈ２Ｏ２处理的对照载体ｐＳＶ－ＧＦＰ转化细胞３Ｔ３－ＳＶＧ,ＧＦＰ的表达无明显增强。实验表明：ＧＦＰ示踪内源性Ｐ５３转录激活活性用于检测ＤＮＡ损伤有很高的灵敏度和特异性,适宜推广应用。     

胰岛素样生长因子研究进展

胰岛素样生长因子（ＩＧＦ）是一类多功能细胞增殖凋控因子。因其化学结构民胰岛素原类似而得名。ＩＧＦ系统由２个多肽类生长因子、２类受体和至少６种结合蛋白组成。本仅不ＩＧＦ系统成员的分子生物学方面的最新进展及其主要生物学功能作一综述。     

Secretion of polypeptides related to epidermal growth factor and insulinlike growth factor I by a human teratocarcinoma cell line

Summary To identify polypeptide growth factors for human teratocarcinoma cells, we studied the malignant ovarian teratoma-derived cell line, PA-1, that grew autonomously in serum-free medium. Medium conditioned by undifferentiated PA-1 cells strongly stimulated proliferation of the mouse mammary tumor cell line, GR 2H6, which is responsive to epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulinlike growth factor-I (IGF-I). After ammonium sulfate precipitation, PA-1 conditioned medium was analyzed by anion exchange chromatography and bioassay of elution fractions on GR 2H6 cells that were grown in medium deficient in either EGF or insulin. The results demonstrated that PA-1 CM contained factors that can substitute for EGF and IGF-I in stimulating growth of GR 2H6 cells. Western blots of peak mitogenic fractions revealed low molecular weight polypeptides that were immunoreactive with either anti-EGF or anti-IGF-I antibodies. Indirect immunofluorescence staining of PA-1 cells with monoclonal antibodies localized receptors for each growth factor, and binding of human EGF and IGF-I to these cells was quantified by radioreceptor assays. Secretion of factors closely related to EGF and IGF-I by PA-1 cells under serum-free conditions may provide a novel model system to study molecular mechanisms of autocrine growth stimulation in teratocarcinomas.     

Retroviruses expressing different levels of the normal epidermal growth factor receptor: biological properties and new bioassay

Two retroviral DNAs that encode the normal human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor hEGFR have been generated by inserting a hEGFR cDNA into two different retroviral vectors. One DNA (pCO11-EGFR-neo) also contained a linked selectable marker gene (neoR). The other (pCO12-EGFR) only expresses hEGFR. When introduced into NIH3T3 cells, the two DNAs and the viruses derived from them induced a fully transformed phenotype, including focal transformation and growth in agar or low serum, but transformation depended entirely upon EGF being present in the growth medium. Compared with pCO11-EGFR-neo, pCO12-EGFR induced EGF-dependent transformation 2-5 times more efficiently and expressed higher numbers of receptors (4 x 10(5) vs. 1 x 10(5) EGF receptors per cell). The results indicate that transforming potential is directly related to the number of EGF receptors. In defined, serum-free medium that contained only very low concentrations of insulin (0.6 microgram/ml) and transferrin (0.6 micrograms/ml), hEGFR-virus infected cells were able to grow with EGF as the only growth factor. Moreover, daily incubation of the cells with EGF for only 30 min was sufficient to induce growth. NR6 cells, which lack endogenous EGF receptors, were transformed as efficiently as NIH3T3 cells by the hEGFR virus. The dose-dependent growth response to EGF of infected NR6 cells grown in serum-free medium can be used as a highly sensitive bioassay for the quantitative assessment of EGF and transforming growth factor type alpha (TGF alpha). This bioassay is at least as sensitive as previously reported radioimmunoassays and can measure a much wider concentration range (10 pg-100 ng/ml). Uninfected NR6 cells or NR6 cells infected by helper virus alone can be used as controls for the EGF specificity of growth stimulation.     

Epidermal Growth Factor and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Protect Dopaminergic Neurons from Glutamate Toxicity in Culture

Abstract: In this report we characterize the toxicity of the excitatory amino acid l -glutamate with respect to dopaminergic neurons cultured from embryonic rat mesencephalon. We also demonstrate that two growth factors, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), can protect these neurons from damage. Micromolar concentrations of l -glutamate, as well as agonists that specifically activate N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors, are all toxic to dopamine neurons in a concentration-dependent manner, as reflected by decreases in high-affinity dopamine uptake and confirmed by decreases in numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons. Although the non-NMDA receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione could attenuate the effects of quisqualate, treatment with this antagonist could not eliminate the effects of glutamate itself. Similarly, (±)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid was effective against NMDA toxicity but could not protect cells from quisqualate toxicity. Thus, each type of receptor could mediate neurotoxicity independently of the other. The presence of EGF or bFGF in the culture medium conferred a relative resistance of dopaminergic neurons to glutamate and quisqualate neurotoxicity by increased glutamate transport. However, treatment of the cultures with l - trans -pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, an inhibitor of glutamate transport, attenuated but did not eliminate the protective effects of both growth factors against glutamate toxicity. When cultures were incubated with conditioned medium from growth factor-treated cultures, neuroprotection was also achieved. These results suggest that both EGF and bFGF can protect neurons from neurotoxicity in culture by increasing the capacity of the culture for glutamate uptake as well as by the secretion of soluble factors into the medium.     

Behavior of transforming growth factors in serum-free media: An improved assay for transforming growth factors

Summary Transforming growth factors (TGFs) are a relatively new category of factors that induce the anchorage-independent growth of non-transformed cells. These factors are usually detected by their ability to induce normal rat kidney (NRK) fibroblasts to grow in soft agar. Until now, this assay has been performed in serum-containing medium (SCM). Unfortunately, the background activity of this assay is variable and dependent on several factors, including passage number of the cells and the serum lot used. Furthermore, the addition of either EGF or TGF-β alone results in the appearance of additional colonies, which decreases the sensitivity of the assay. To circumvent these problems, serum-free media have been developed that support the growth of the NRK cells at low density in both monolayer culture and soft agar. Long-term growth in monolayer cultures occurs in serum-free medium supplemented with laminin, insulin, transferrin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). Growth in soft agar occurs when TGFs are added to a serum-free medium, AIG medium, that contains insulin, transferrin, FGF and HDL. In contrast to the background activity observed when the assay is performed in SCM, no colonies form in the AIG medium unless TGFs are added and few, if any, colonies form if EGF or TGF-β are added alone. Thus, the AIG medium provides an improved assay for TGFs. In addition, the AIG medium should prove useful for examining other factors, including serum factors, for TGF activity. Editor's Statement This communication describes a modification of the standard assay for transforming growth factors. The techniques employed make use of advantages provided by recent advances in serum-free cell culture to provide a well-defined detection system that is more sensitive than conventional procedures. Experimental approaches described in this article also should be helpful in unraveling differences in cellular behavior encountered under anchorage-dependent vs. anchorage-independent conditions. D. W. Barnes     

Protein Phosphotyrosine in Mouse Brain: Developmental Changes and Regulation by Epidermal Growth Factor, Type I Insulin-Like Growth Factor, and Insulin

Using antiphosphotyrosine antibodies, we have investigated protein phosphorylation in mouse brain during development in intact animals and in reaggregated cerebral cultures. Under basal conditions, in vivo and in vitro, the levels of two main phosphoproteins, of Mr 120,000 and 180,000 (pp180), increased with development, reaching a maximum in the early postnatal period and decreasing thereafter. In adult forebrain, pp180 was still highly phosphorylated, but it was not detected in cerebellum or in peripheral tissues. In reaggregated cortical cultures, epidermal growth factor (EGF), type I insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I), and insulin enhanced protein tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins, which were specific for EGF or IGF-I/insulin. In highly enriched neuronal or astrocytic monolayer cultures, some proteins phosphorylated in basal conditions, or in response to EGF and IGF-I, were found in both types of culture, whereas others appeared cell type specific. In addition, in each cell type, some proteins were phosphorylated under the action of both growth factors. These results indicate that tyrosine protein phosphorylation is maximal in mouse brain during development and is regulated by growth factors in neurons as well as in astrocytes.     

Modulation of EGF binding and action by succinylated concanavalin A in fibroblast cell cultures

The role of the binding of succinylated concanavalin A to tissue culture cells in influencing epidermal growth factor (EGF)-mediated cell proliferation has been studied. Succinylated concanavalin A dramatically reduces the stimulation of 3T6 cells by EGF in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DME) containing insulin and vitamin B₁₂ as additional growth factors, but no serum. Furthermore, binding studies using ¹²⁵I-labeled EGF have shown that the binding of EGF to the cell surface is reduced upon addition of succinylated concanavalin A.     

Epidermal growth factor-dependent growth of human KB cells in a defined medium and altered growth factor requirements of KB mutants resistant to EGF-Pseudomonas exotoxin conjugates

A serum-free culture system was established for human KB carcinoma (HeLa) cells that consisted of a chemically defined medium and several growth factors including epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin, transferrin, hydrocortisone, and ethanolamine. EGF and insulin showed the greatest effects on the growth rate of KB cells. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) at the same concentration as insulin stimulated cell growth less than insulin. Transferrin, hydrocortisone, or ethanolamine had no growth-stimulatory effects alone but were stimulatory when combined with EGF and/or insulin. Transforming growth factor-beta inhibited growth and triiodothyronine stimulated growth. The growth factor requirements were established for several KB mutants with low EGF receptor levels that had been selected for resistance to a conjugate of EGF with Pseudomonas exotoxin (EGF-PE). Three of five KB mutants did not respond to EGF; two other mutants responded to a lesser extent than the parental KB cells. Four mutants had a reduced response to insulin and responded to T3; one mutant (ET-30) responded to neither. These results indicate that KB cells selected for EGF-PE resistance have lost their growth response to EGF and illustrate the usefulness of serum-free medium for studying the growth factor requirements of mutants with altered receptor levels.     

Growth factor binding and bioactivity in human kidney epithelial cell cultures

Summary Insulinlike growth factors (IGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are produced in renal tissue, as are specific receptors for these hormones. To evaluate the significance of these observations to regulation of renal tubular cell proliferation, we have examined the interaction of IGF and EGF with cultured human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HPT). HPT cells showed specific binding of IGF-1, insulin, and EGF. IGF-1 binding was inhibited by antibody to the type 1 IGF receptor (α-IR3). Insulin receptors and type 1 IGF receptors were identified by bifunctional cross-linking. IGF-1, insulin, and EGF stimulated [³H]thymidine incorporation by 77, 73, and 87%, respectively. Haft maximal stimulation by IGF-1, insulin, and EGF was produced with 4×10⁻⁹ M, 2.5×10⁻⁸ M, and 8×10⁻¹⁰ M concentrations of these hormones. α-IR3 inhibited stimulation of thymidine incorporation by IGF-1 and insulin but had no effect in EGF-stimulated thymidine incorporation. EGF and high concentrations of insulin both stimulated cell proliferation by 83 and 79%, respectively. These data are consistent with regulation of tubular epithelial proliferation by IGF-1, insulin, and EGF and suggest that the mitogenic activity of both insulin and IGF-1 is mediated by the type 1 IGF receptor. Supported by grants CA37887 and DK32889 from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and by a Medical University of South Carolina institutional grant.     

Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Receptor Expression and Function in Nerve Growth Factor-Differentiated PC12 Cells

Abstract: Receptors for insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) were studied on PC12EY cells, a subclone of PC12. Differentiation of PC12EY cells with nerve growth factor (NGF) did not alter either the number of IGF-I receptors nor their affinity for IGF-I. IGF-I receptors remained fully functional during differentiation, promoting increases in thymidine incorporation, glucose uptake, amino acid uptake, and the phosphorylation of the S6 protein of the ribosomes. IGF-I also increased the proportion of differentiated cells found in S-phase. But although the addition of IGF-I to naive cells caused an increase in cell number, there was no comparable increase when IGF-I was added to differentiated cells. Thus, although the receptor for IGF-I continues to be present and functional, IGF-I fails to induce cell proliferation in differentiated PC12 cells.