Development of ecomorphology of fishes in Russia

Synopsis A brief overview of the origin and application of the ecomorphological concept in Russia is presented: It all started with S.G. Kryzhanovsky at the Severtsov's Laboratory of Comparative Morphology who studied the respiratory function of embryonic blood circulation (1933). Later Kryzhanovsky and V.V. Vasnetsov formulated a theory of qualitative etaps (ontogenetic intervals) in the development of fishes, a theory which their students and collaborators subsequently applied to many different taxa. At the same time Kryzhanovsky proposed a second theory according to which fishes can be assigned to ecological groups based on features of their spawning habitats and on specific characteristics of their early and late ontogeny. In the last forty years many followers expanded and tested these theories as is demonstrated by the partial bibliography compiled at the end of this paper.     

清栓酶治疗儿童脑动脉炎和脑血栓形成31例

用清栓酶治疗儿童脑动脉炎和脑血栓形成３１例,其中急性期２２例、恢复期５例、后遗症期４例,有效率分别为９Ｏ．９％、８０．０％和８７．１％．总有效率为８７．１％。脑动脉炎可导致血小板聚集性增高、血管闭塞和血栓形成,清栓酶可降低血小板聚集性,具有扩张血管,溶解血栓之作用,故可以使临床表现得以好转。     

The effect of intrauterine infusions of prostaglandin E2 on luteal function in nonpregnant gilts

Two trials were conducted to study the effects of intrauterine infusions of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) on luteal function in nonpregnant gilts. Cannulae were surgically implanted on day 9 postestrus into the lumen of each horn with a cephalic vein cannula inserted for collection of peripheral blood. Intrauterine infusions of 0, 25, 75 or 200 mug of PGE(2) were initiated at 0900 h on day 12 and administered thereafter every 12 hr until estrus or day 22 in the first trial. The second trial protocol included an increase in the dose of PGE(2) administered as well as the frequency of infusion. Infusion of 0, 200, 300 or 400 mug PGE(2) was begun at 0300 h on day 12 and continued every 6 hr until estrus or day 22. Cephalic plasma samples for progesterone analysis were collected every six hours from 0300 h on day 11 to 2100 h on day 26 in both trials. In Trial 1 mean plasma progesterone concentrations for all treatments were not different (P>0.05) from the controls on any given day of the estrous cycle. Interestrous interval was unaffected by intrauterine infusion of PGE(2). The mean plasma progesterone concentrations for all treatments were not different (P>0.05) from the controls on days 11-18 of the estrous cycle in Trial 2. However, plasma progesterone concentrations for the 200-mug and 300-mug PGE(2) groups appeared to be greater than the controls on days 14 and 15, indicating a possible delay in the decline of progesterone for these groups. The mean plasma progesterone concentrations for the treatment groups were lower (P<0.05) than the controls on days 20-26 of the cycle. treatment cycle length did not differ (P>0.05) from previous cycle length; thus treatment with PGE(2) had no effect on interestrous interval. PGE(2) may have retarded the decline of progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum in some cases, but at these dosages and frequencies of administration PGE(2) was ineffective in prolonging luteal maintenance.     

Counts and characteristics of macrophage precursors in human peripheral blood.

A method is described for counting the number of macrophages which develop from a sample of human venous blood. Because the macrophages are nondividing cells under these conditions of culture, it is possible to use the count to describe the size of a population of macrophage precursors in the blood. Counts on 43 healthy individuals show that on average there are some 200,000/ml of blood, which is 5–6% of the total white cell count. The precursor cells are mononuclear and the majority of them will adhere to plastic. These characteristics suggest that monocytes are the precursor cells.     

四种云杉的核型分析

首次报道了中国珍稀濒危保护植物长叶云杉 ( P. smithiana ( Wall.) Boiss.)和康定云杉 ( P. likian-gensis( Franch.) Pritz.var.montigena( Mast.) Cheng ex Chen)及我国特产的青海云杉 ( P.crassif oliaKom.)和林芝云杉 ( P.likiangensis( Franch.) Pritz.var.linzhiensis Cheng et L.K.Fu)的核型。它们的核型公式都是 K( 2 n) =2 4 =2 2 m+2 sm (林芝云杉有 1条 B染色体 ) ,染色体相对长度组成分别为 2 n=1 4 M2 +8M1 +2 S,2 L+1 2 M2 +6M1 +4S,2 L +1 0 M2 +1 0 M1 +2 S,和 2 L+1 2 M2 +6M1 +4S.均为 2 A (除青海云杉 1 A外 )核型类型。     

Chlorophyll isolation,structure and function: major landmarks of the early history of research in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union

This paper covers major events of the early history of chlorophyll research in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union from 1771 until 1952, when the modern period of studies on photosynthesis began in full swing. Short biographical sketches of key scientists, reviews of their major research contributions and some selected photographs are included. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Opioid receptor agonists in the rabbit colon: comparison of in vivo and in vitro studies

Myoelectrical activity was recorded in the proximal and distal colon of rabbits using chronically implanted electrodes. The motility in both the proximal and distal colon was inhibited by the intravenous (IV) administration of the following opioid agonists for mu receptors: morphine and fentanyl, kappa receptors: ethylketazocine (EKC) and U 50 488 H, and delta receptors: D-Ala2 D-Leu5-enkephalin (DADLE) and D-Ser2 Leu-enkephalin-Thr6 (DSLET). In contrast, the myoelectric activity in the distal colon was increased during the infusion of an endogenous kappa opioid agonist, dynorphin (DYN). All of these effects were prevented by naloxone pretreatment. During in vitro studies using extraluminal force transducers, fentanyl, U 50 488 H and DSLET inhibited spontaneous contractions of the proximal colon, but U 50 488 H and DSLET caused a substantial increase in the motility of the distal colon. The observed motor responses in the proximal and distal colon following opioid agonist administration indicate that the control of these two intestinal segments may be different. It is suggested that the stimulatory effect of dynorphin on the distal colon is peripherally-mediated while inhibition of the whole colon by opioid agonists regardless of subtypes seems to be centrally-mediated.     

Central cardiovascular and thermal effects of prostacyclin in rats

Prostacyclin (PGI₂) induced a dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure with slight increases in heart rate and body temperature, when administered at the doses of 0.1–100 μg into the lateral cerebral ventricle (i.c.v.) of the urethane-anaesthetised rat. When the same doses were administered intravenously, both the blood pressure and heart rate decreased. Central pretreatment with sodium meclofenamate (1 mg/rat i.c.v.) antagonised the central hypotensive effect of PGI₂ but i.c.v. pretreatment of the rats with indomethacin (1 mg/rat) failed to affect the PGO₂-induced hypotension. Central pretreatment with two histamine H₂-receptor antagonists, cimetidine (500 μg/rat i.c.v.) or metiamide (488 μg/rat i.c.v.), antagonised the blood pressure lowering effect of 0.1 μg dose of PGI₂ but failed to affect the hypotension induced by higher PGI₂ doses. Therefore the main central hypotensive effect of PGI₂ seems not to be associated with the stimulation of histamine H₂ -receptors in the brain.The hypotensive effect of i.c.v. administered PGI₂ appears to be due to an action upon the central nervous system rather than to a leakage into the peripheral circulation. This assumption is supported by the fact that sodium meclofenamate i.c.v. antagonished the effect of PGI₂. In addition, the chronotropic response to i.c.v. PGI₂ was opposite to that induced by intravenous administration. The results also suggest that there may be differences in the mode of action between sodium meclofenamate and indomethacin.     

Protein intake regulation in the weanling rat: Effects of additions of lysine,arginine and ammonia on the selection of gluten and energy

The effects of adding lysine, arginine and ammonia to gluten on the self-selection of protein and energy by the weanling rat simultaneously offered a choice of two diets differing only in gluten concentration (15 and 55%) were tested. Previous studies have shown that while lysine (6 g/100 g) additions to gluten decreased the amount of gluten selected by the rat from 40 to 20 g per 100 g of food eaten, selection was not related to the nutritional quality of the gluten. When graded levels of arginine (1.8, 3.6 or 7.2 g/100 g) were added to the gluten with or without lysine (0 or 6 g/100 g) the dietary protein selection was unaffected. The addition of ammonia (1.4 g/100 g as NH₄Cl) to gluten had initially the same effect as lysine (6 g/100 g) but with time protein intake returned to control levels. This effect of ammonia was unaltered by arginine additions. It is concluded that the mechanisms which lead to decreases in gluten selection caused by lysine or ammonia are not similar, and that the effects of lysine on gluten selection are not caused by an increased arginine requirement for urea cycle activity.     

The discovery of the nature of ferredoxin in photosystems: A recollection

I describe here my recollection of the story of the discovery of the nature of ferredoxin in photosystems that began in 1965: this story involved the EPR measurements by a young physicist J.H.M. Thornley, using samples provided by J.F. Gibson and D. Hall, and in collaboration with F.R. Whatley.     

两种过路黄的核型研究

对国产报春花科珍珠菜属植物过路黄和疏节过路黄的核型进行了首次报道。过路黄染色体数目为２ｎ＝２４,核型公式为２ｎ＝２４＝２ｍ＋４ｓｍ＋６ｓｔ＋１２ｔ,核型类型“３Ａ”;疏节过路黄染色体数目为２ｎ＝２２,核型公式为２ｎ＝２２＝４ｍ＋６ｓｍ＋１０ｔ,核型类型“３Ａ”。     

Rohon-Beard细胞在东方蝾螈神经胚中的定位

自从我们观察到两栖类胚胎的表皮在一定的发育阶段能够传导兴奋性,很自然地想到表皮细胞与中枢神经系统的联系的问题,想到Rohon-Beard细胞(以下简称R.-B.细胞)。R.-B.细胞自从1860年在七鳃鳗被发现以来,在无尾两栖类的青蛙、蟾蜍、铃蛙都被找到。在有尾类的钝口螈胚胎,Coghill在1914年进行了经典的,比较系统的研究,相当精细地叙述了这种细胞的发育,联系到胚胎的早期行为,他认为这些细胞是躯干部最早的感觉细胞,在背部的感觉神经节建立之前,执行感觉的功能,尽管那时关于兴奋是怎样传入到这种细胞的,还没有定论。     

Involvement of proteolytic acivity in early events in lymphocyte transformation by phytohemagglutinin

The stimulation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) of DNA synthesis in cultured blood lymphocytes of guinea pig was markedly inhibited by addition of leupeptin, a well-characterized, powerful protease inhibitor of tripeptide nature. About 30 to 40 per cent inhibition was observed at 40 μg/ml of leupeptin when leupeptin was added 30 min prior to or together with PHA. Per cent inhibition by the appropriate amount of leupeptin was proportional to the amount of PHA added in the range of 0.6 to 3.0 μg of PHA at which the per cent inhibition reached maximum. This inhibitory effect of leupeptin on PHA stimulation was abolished when the lymphocytes were preincubated with PHA for more than 10 min before addition of leupeptin or preincubated with leupeptin for more than 60 min prior to PHA addition.     

Characterization of virulent gene locus in the genome of Fusarium spp. causing wilt disease of Psidium guajava L. in India

Wilt of Psidium guajava L., incited by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii and Fusarium solani is a serious soil borne disease of guava in India. Forty-two isolates, each of F. oxysporum f. sp. psidii (Fop) and F. solani (Fs), collected from different agro climatic zones of India showing pathogenicity were subjected to estimate their virulence factor in terms of analysis using virulent gene-related microsatellite loci. The erratic spread and occurrence of guava wilt in different areas may be due to variable aggressiveness or virulence of different pathogenic isolates in the soil. Out of 10 virulent gene locus related microsatellite markers ofFusarium spp., only six marker viz. Xyl, KHS1, PelA1, PG6/7, CHS1/2 and FMK1/MAPK1 were successfully amplified. This indicates that all the tested Fusarium sp. isolates of guava are having virulence gene in their genome. Microsatellite marker for virulence factor genes of Xyl loci was amplified in both Fop and Fs isolates. Product size of 281 bps was exactly amplified with a single banding pattern in all the isolates of Fop and Fs. It has been observed that other five microsatellite marker for virulence factor genes such as KHS1, PelA1, PG6/7, CHS1/2 and FMK1/MAPK1 were amplified with specific band pattern. PG6/7, CHS1/2 and FMK1/MAPK1 were only amplified in Fop isolates with a product size of 765 bps, 1566 bps; 1010 bps and 1244 bps. PelA1 and KHS1were amplified only in Fs isolates with the product size of 586 bps; 1359 bps, respectively. The results indicate that virulence factor genes are in response to produce wilt disease like symptoms in guava plants and also having pathogenic gene-related locus.     

Comparative induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis by physical and chemical agents in non-proliferating primary cultures of rat hepatocytes

The incorporation of [³H]thymidine into DNA due to unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) induced by N-OH-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF), aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and ultra-violet light was quantitated by autoradiography and by scintillation spectrometry on acid precipitable macromolecules or DNA insolated by isopycnic banding in cesium chloride (CsCl). Dose-dependent increases in UDS due to N-OH-AAF and AFB₁ treatment were found. Only 2-fold increases at the highest dose levels were found, however, when incorporated [³H]thymidine was quantitated by scintillation spectrometry. Seven, 11, and 25-fold increases in UDS induced by AFB₁, N-OH-AAF and ultra-violet light, respectively, were found when incorporated [³H]thymidine was quantitated by autoradiography, indicating a high sensitivity for detecting ‘long patch’ repair by this technique. Scintillation spectrometry was completely ineffective in detecting EMS-induced UDS, whereas autoradiography demonstrated a small, but significant induction in [³H]thymidine incorporation at high dose levels. The non-proliferative nature of the primary hepatocyte prohibits the uniform radioactive prelabeling of DNA, necessary in other techniques, for the detection of ‘short patch’ repair induced by compounds such as EMS. Therefore, the sensitivity of the primary cultured rat hepatocyte in conjunction with UDS for detecting DNA damage caused by mutagens and carcinogens which induce ‘short patch’ repair may be limited to the autoradiographic analysis of the unscheduled incorporation of [³H]thymidine.