外源硝酸钙对黄瓜幼苗盐胁迫伤害的缓解作用

采用营养液水培法,以较耐盐黄瓜品种'新泰密刺'为试材,研究了叶面喷施硝酸钙对盐胁迫(NaCl 65 mmol·L-1)下黄瓜幼苗生长、叶绿素含量、膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸及不同部位离子含量的影响.结果表明,叶面喷施硝酸钙能够显著提高盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的干鲜重、相对含水量和叶片叶绿素含量,显著减少MDA及渗透调节物质脯氨酸的积累;同时可显著降低盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗体内Na+和Cl-含量,提高K+、Ca2+含量和 K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+.可见,外源硝酸钙能缓解盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的失水程度和光合色素的下降幅度,保护膜的完整性,调节离子选择性吸收,从而减轻盐胁迫伤害,促进黄瓜植株生长.     

等渗Ca(NO3)2和NaCl胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长及渗透调节物质含量的影响

采用营养液培养方法,以耐盐性较弱的‘津春2号’黄瓜品种为试材,研究了等渗Ca(NO3)2和NaCl胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长、根系电解质渗透率、根系活力、Na+和K+含量及渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果显示:(1)在84mmol.L-1 NaCl和56mmol.L-1 Ca(NO3)2等渗胁迫下,黄瓜幼苗鲜重和干重均显著下降,且NaCl处理下降的幅度大于等渗Ca(NO3)2处理。(2)NaCl主要通过对黄瓜根系的伤害来抑制植株生长,表现为根系活力下降、根系质膜透性增大、Na+大量积累、K+含量显著下降、Na+/K+明显上升,最终导致根冠比下降;而Ca(NO3)2处理对根系质膜透性、K+含量、Na+/K+的影响均小于NaCl胁迫,且根系活力和根冠比上升,但Ca(NO3)2胁迫后叶片含水量和渗透调节能力均小于NaCl胁迫。(3)NaCl胁迫条件下,黄瓜幼苗内渗透调节物质以可溶性糖为主,而Ca(NO3)2胁迫以可溶性蛋白为主。研究表明,NaCl胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的伤害大于等渗Ca(NO3)2,NaCl主要通过破坏根系质膜结构影响植株生长,而Ca(NO3)2主要通过引起地上部生理干旱来影响植株生长。     

褪黑素种子引发处理提高朝天椒耐盐性的作用机制

褪黑素具有增强植株耐盐性的作用,但其通过种子引发处理提高朝天椒植株耐盐性的效果和作用机制还鲜见报道。为探讨种子引发剂褪黑素（melatonin, MT）对盐胁迫下辣椒幼苗生长及生理特性的影响机制,以‘茂蔬360’为材料,研究褪黑素引发种子对盐胁迫下辣椒幼苗生长、光合特性、抗氧化代谢及渗透调节等的影响。结果表明,褪黑素种子引发处理显著缓解了盐胁迫对朝天椒植株生长的不利影响,与未引发处理相比,经不同浓度褪黑素引发种子后,显著提高了盐胁迫下辣椒幼苗生长,具体表现为植株根长、地上高度、茎鲜重、叶片鲜重、根鲜重、Fv’/Fm’、Qp、NPQ、Fo、Fv/Fm值和叶绿素含量提高。生理分析表明,经不同浓度褪黑素引发处理后,显著降低了盐胁迫下朝天椒植株叶片的丙二醛、过氧化氢和超氧阴离子含量;叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸、AsA和DHA含量显著提高;叶片POD、SOD、APX和GR活性显著增强。此外,经褪黑素引发处理后,显著提高了盐胁迫下叶、茎、根中K+含量,降低了Na+含量和Na+/K+值。以上结果表明,100μmol/L褪黑素种子引发处理效果最好,明显提高了朝天椒对土壤盐分的耐性,减少了植株对N...     

一氧化氮对裸燕麦耐盐性的增强效应

采用营养液培养方法,以‘定莜6号’裸燕麦为材料,研究外源一氧化氮供体硝普钠(SNP)对100 mmol·L-1Na Cl胁迫下裸燕麦幼苗生长、活性氧代谢和渗透溶质积累的影响。结果表明:5μmol·L-1SNP能明显缓解Na Cl胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制作用,显著提高Na Cl胁迫下裸燕麦叶片超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性及谷胱甘肽和抗坏血酸含量,降低丙二醛、过氧化氢、超氧阴离子和游离氨基酸含量及过氧化氢酶活性,提高可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量及K+/Na+比。分析表明,外源一氧化氮通过提高抗氧化能力和渗透溶质积累以及维持K+、Na+平衡,缓解盐胁迫诱导的氧化伤害和生长抑制,从而提高裸燕麦的耐盐性。     

盐胁迫对药用蒲公英生长特性及有效成分积累与离子吸收分配效应的影响

以药用蒲公英(Taraxacum officinale)为试材,研究不同浓度盐胁迫对其生长特性、有效成分积累和离子吸收分配的影响。结果表明,低盐胁迫(0.1% NaCl)对药用蒲公英生长和菊苣酸含量无显著影响,叶中Na+含量与对照无显著差异,K+含量及K+/Na+显著升高;高盐胁迫(≥0.2% NaCl)下其生长受到显著抑制,菊苣酸含量显著降低,类囊体膜结构随着盐胁迫加剧趋于紊乱,光合能力减弱,叶片Na+含量显著上升,而K+、Ca2+和Mg2+含量下降,K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+和Mg2+/Na+显著降低。离子运输选择性系数(SCa,Na、SMg,Na、SK,Na)随着盐胁迫加剧呈先升后降趋势。相关性分析表明,盐胁迫下蒲公英叶片Na+含量与叶片生理指标呈极显著负相关。因此,叶片Na+富集是药用蒲公英遭受盐害导致生长受抑制的主要原因之一。     

披针叶黄华试管苗适应盐胁迫的渗透调节机制

以披针叶黄华(Thermopsis lanceolata)试管苗为材料,通过组培方法研究其在0、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%和1.0%NaCl和Na2SO4胁迫30d后的生长、有机渗透调节物质和无机渗透调节物质(Na+、K+和Ca2+)含量的变化,以探讨其耐盐性机制。结果显示:(1)随NaCl和Na2SO4胁迫浓度的增加,披针叶黄华试管苗叶片脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量均显著持续增加,且NaCl胁迫下脯氨酸上升的幅度均大于相同浓度Na2SO4胁迫下的增幅,而可溶性糖上升的幅度却小于相同浓度Na2SO4胁迫下的幅度;可溶性蛋白含量随NaCl浓度的增大呈先升高后降低的趋势,但随Na2SO4浓度的增加呈持续上升的趋势。(2)随NaCl和Na2SO4浓度的增加,披针叶黄华试管苗Na+含量呈增加趋势且各处理均显著高于对照,Ca2+含量和叶片K+含量却呈逐渐减少趋势且各处理均显著低于对照,而根系K+含量呈先降后升的趋势;Na2SO4胁迫下披针叶黄华试管苗叶片Na+含量上升幅度以及K+和Ca2+含量下降幅度均明显低于相同浓度NaCl胁迫组;而Na+/K+和Na+/Ca2+比值随NaCl和Na2SO4浓度增加而升高;NaCl胁迫下,叶片Na+/K+和Na+/Ca2+高于相同浓度Na2SO4胁迫下的比值,而根系Na+/K+和Na+/Ca2+却低于相同浓度Na2SO4胁迫下的比值。研究表明,盐胁迫下,披针叶黄华试管苗通过抑制叶片中Na+积累并增加可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,在根系中维持较高K+和Ca2+含量以及较低水平Na+/K+和Na+/Ca2+比,以降低披针叶黄华细胞渗透势来适应盐渍环境;披针叶黄华对NaCl胁迫的调节能力弱于Na2SO4。     

燕麦幼苗对盐胁迫的响应及过氧化氢对响应的调节

为了探讨‘定莜6号’燕麦对盐胁迫的生理生化响应及H2O2的调节作用,采用水培方法,研究外源H2O2对盐胁迫下燕麦活性氧代谢、渗透溶质积累和Na+、K+平衡的影响。结果表明:小于100 mmol·L-1Na Cl未对‘定莜6号’幼苗的生长造成明显影响,150 mmol·L-1及以上浓度Na Cl使幼苗干重和叶片K+/Na+显著降低,O2-·产生速率、H2O2、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、质膜H+-ATP酶活性明显提高,但抗坏血酸(ASA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量变化不大;外施5μmol·L-1H2O2可显著缓解150 mmol·L-1Na Cl胁迫对燕麦幼苗生长的抑制作用,使燕麦叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和CAT活性及H2O2、GSH含量明显提高,O2-·产生速率和MDA含量显著降低;5μmol·L-1H2O2还提高了150 mmol·L-1Na Cl胁迫下燕麦叶片可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、有机酸和脯氨酸含量及质膜H+-ATP酶活性和K+/Na+,降低了游离氨基酸含量;表明外源H2O2可调控燕麦幼苗活性氧代谢和渗透溶质积累,维持K+、Na+平衡,从而增强耐盐性。     

丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对盐胁迫下芦笋幼苗生长及体内Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量和分布的影响

以芦笋盐敏感品种‘NJ978’为材料,采用盆栽试验,研究了接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对Na Cl胁迫下芦笋幼苗生长及体内Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+吸收和分布的影响。结果表明:在Na Cl胁迫下,幼苗株高、鲜重、干重均显著降低,接种AMF可以有效缓解盐胁迫对芦笋幼苗生长的抑制;Na Cl处理的芦笋幼苗根系和地上部Na+含量显著高于对照,K+、Ca2+、Mg2+的含量则显著减少;AMF+Na Cl处理的芦笋幼苗根系K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量与Na Cl处理相比,分别增加了76.9%、23.1%和22.5%,而Na+含量则减少了27.4%;AMF+Na Cl处理的芦笋幼苗地上部K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量与Na Cl处理相比,分别增加了58.4%、50.4%和76.0%,而Na+含量则减少了42.3%。与Na Cl处理相比,接种AMF可以降低盐胁迫下芦笋幼苗根系和地上部Na+/K+、Na+/Ca2+、Na+/Mg2+,提高根系选择吸收性ASK,Na、ASCa,Na、ASMg,Na和根系向地上部的选择运输性TSK,Na、TSCa,Na、TSMg,Na。由此表明,盐胁迫下接种AMF可以通过调节芦笋体内的离子平衡,从而缓解盐胁迫对植株的伤害。     

表油菜素内酯对盐胁迫下湖南稷子幼苗的缓解作用

【目的】湖南稷子（Echinochloa frumentacea）是一种高产、优质草料兼用牧草,种植区土壤盐碱化严重影响其正常生长发育和产量。表油油菜内酯（EBR）是油菜甾醇类(BRs)植物激素的活性类似物。探讨表油菜素内酯对湖南稷子耐盐性的调控作用及其缓解盐胁迫伤害的作用机制,为其应用于盐渍化土壤上湖南稷子生产提供理论依据。【方法】以湖南稷子品种‘宁稷1号’幼苗为试验材料,在筛选适宜盐胁迫浓度的基础上,设置对照、盐（150 mmol/L NaCl）和不同浓度的表油菜素内酯（1,10,100 μg/L）单独及复合处理,采用水培试验考察各处理幼苗生长指标、抗逆生理指标、光合作用指标、离子稳态、编码盐过敏（SOS）信号转导途径及抗氧化酶相关基因表达量的变化。【结果】（1）与对照相比,单独盐胁迫处理湖南稷子幼苗生长（株高、根长、生物量等）受到显著抑制,叶片光合作用指标[叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数Y(Ⅱ)、Fv’/Fm’、ETR、qP等]、渗透调节物质（脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白）含量、抗氧化酶（SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性显著降低;根系K+、Ca2+和Mg2+含量显著减少,而根系Na+含量显著增加;而叶片活性氧（超氧阴离子、过氧化氢）含量、细胞膜透性（丙二醛含量、相对电导率）却显著提高;同时叶片相关基因表达量显著下调。但单独喷施表油菜素内酯处理对以上指标大多无显著影响。（2）喷施不同浓度表油菜素内酯处理均能有效缓解盐胁迫后湖南稷子上述指标的不利变化,并以10 μg/L表油菜素内酯处理（SS+E10）效果最佳。（3）与单独盐胁迫处理相比,SS+E10处理湖南稷子幼苗生长指标以及叶片渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性、光合作用指标显著提高,叶片的细胞膜透性和活性氧含量显著降低;根系细胞内Na+积累显著减少,根系K+、Ca2+和Mg2+含量显著增加,Na+/K+稳态平衡得到调节;SOS信号转导途径和抗氧化酶相关基因的表达量显著上调。【结论】叶面喷施表油菜素内酯能显著上调盐胁迫下湖南稷子幼苗叶片SOS信号转导途径和抗氧化酶相关基因的表达量,增强其抗氧化和渗透调节能力,减轻膜脂过氧化和细胞膜损伤程度,,维持根系离子稳态平衡,有效保护幼苗叶片的光合作用和正常生长,对促进湖南稷子耐盐性具有显著调控作用,并以10 μg/L EBR处理效果最佳。     

外源ATP对盐胁迫下油菜幼苗生长的影响

研究了外源ATP处理对盐胁迫下油菜幼苗生长的影响,探讨了过氧化氢(H_2O_2)和钙离子(Ca~(2+))作为信号分子在ATP对油菜幼苗耐盐性调控过程中的作用。结果表明:与单独Na Cl处理相比,ATP+Na Cl处理降低了油菜幼苗死细胞数量、ROS(■和H_2O_2)含量、离子(Ca~(2+)、Na~+、Cl~-)含量、MDA含量及Na~+/K~+比和相对电导率,增加了叶片中叶绿素、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量和抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性,提高了抗氧化酶基因(CAT、SOD、APX、GR)、NADPH氧化酶基因(RBOHD、RBOHF)、P5CS1基因、MAPK激酶基因(MAPK3、MAPK6)、耐盐基因(NHX1、SOS1)转录;与ATP+Na Cl处理相比,ATP+Na Cl+抑制剂(DPI、DMTU和EGTA)处理下油菜幼苗中相对电导率、MDA、叶绿素、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量和抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性及上述基因表达量均呈不同程度降低,表明外源ATP可提高Na Cl胁迫下油菜叶片细胞活性、ROS含量、离子含量、叶绿素含量、渗透调节物质、抗氧化酶活性及相关基因的表达量,缓解膜质损伤。此外,H_2O_2和Ca~(2+)信号分子也参与了ATP增强油菜幼苗耐盐性过程的调控。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细