甘蔗幼叶脱分化及愈伤组织形成过程中内源细胞分裂素和ABA的变化

甘蔗幼叶片,叶鞘和幼茎在含有2.4-D的培养条件下脱分化的情况有明显差异。它们除了在形态学上有区别外,这三种材料原有的细胞分裂素和ABA的水平明显不同。在幼叶片脱分化及愈伤组织形成过程中,内源细胞分裂素和ABA的水平也发生了明显变化。据此我们认为在甘蔗组织培养中2.4-D可能通过调节内源激素的水平及其相互作用,引起培养物中某些生理生化过程发生改变,从而进行脱分化和愈伤组织形成。     

在离体条件下拐芹(Angelica polymorpha)形成胚性愈伤组织和非胚性愈伤组织过程中几种内源激素的变化(英文)

以拐芹(Angelica potymorpha)的叶柄为外植体,在附加2,4-D(1mg/L) KT(0.5mg/L)MS培养基上诱导脱分化,40天内可形成愈伤组织。在相同的培养基上经过继代培养,可在20天内形成胚性愈伤组织(Embryogenic Callus,EC)和非胚性愈伤组织(Non-Embryogenic Callus,NEC)。将不同天数的培养物作为样品,提取其内源激素;气液相色谱(Gas-Liquid-Chromatography,GLC)测定结果发现,内源ABA,GA_3,CTK和IAA的水平都有变化,尤其是ABA,GA_3。这些结果表明内源ABA和GA_3在胚性愈伤组织和非胚性愈伤组织的分化过程中起着重要作用。     

甘蔗幼叶切段培养中的体细胞胚胎发生

本文从形态学和组织学方面研究了甘蔗幼叶胚性愈伤组织发生及体细胞胚胎的形成过程。甘蔗幼叶片切段培养于含2.4—D1.5mg/1的MS培养基上,4—6天后切段开始形成愈伤组织,约10天后愈伤组织表面出现白色颗粒状结构。将含有白色颗粒状结构的愈伤组织转移至不含激素的培养基中,7—10天后可见有小植株长出。组织学和形态学观察表明,甘蔗离体再生植株是通过体细胞胚胎发生途径。     

植物生长调节剂对白头翁叶片培养的影响

以白头翁试管苗叶片为外植体,以MS为基础培养基,探讨不同细胞分裂素和生长素对叶片不定芽诱导、愈伤组织的诱导、增殖、再分化的影响。实验结果表明：细胞分裂素TDZ适合于白头翁叶片培养,与生长素搭配使用使叶片发生分化;2,4-D对愈伤组织的诱导能力相对较强。叶片直接诱导不定芽的激素组合为TDZ0．3mg／L＋NAA0．1mg／L;愈伤组织增殖的激素组合为TDZ0．2mg／L＋2,4-D0．2mg／L,将愈伤组织转接到TDZ和NAA组合的培养基上时会再分化。     

ABA对枸杞体细胞胚发生的调节作用

当枸杞的愈伤组织转入分化培养基后的第一天,内源ABA含量就大幅度增高,并成为胚性细胞分化和发育过程中的第一个峰值,也是最高峰值。这时也正是胚性细胞的启动分化期,从愈伤组织的切片明显可见胚性细胞的形成,同时SDS-PAGE结果也表明有相应的35KD蛋白质组分产生,而在未分化的愈伤组织中则未见该蛋白质组分。分化培养后的第15天,内源ABA含量达到第二个峰值,这时是球形胚形成时期,而35KD蛋白质组分含量也在此时达到最大值。外源ABA不仅可诱导内源ABA起始含量的升高,其含量峰值位于分化后的第一天和第15天,同时外源ABA可明显地提高体细胞胚发生的频率和质量。由此表明ABA含量的升高与胚性细胞的启动和发育密切相关,同时内源ABA与外源ABA对体细胞胚的发生有相同的促进作用。其作用机理可能是由于ABA直接或间接激活相关基因表达形成特异性胚性蛋白质组分,从而为胚性细胞的发生与发育奠定了分子基础。     

利用高效液相色谱法分离和测定棉花组织培养过程中4种内源激素

目的：优化利用高效液相色谱法测定棉花组织培养过程中吲哚-3-乙酸（IAA）、玉米素（ZT）、赤霉素（GA3）和脱落酸（ABA）等4种植物内源激素的条件,了解棉花胚性愈伤组织发生过程中4种内源激素及激素含量比例的规律性变化,以及添加不同外源激素对内源激素和愈伤组织的影响,为棉花组织培养由经验型变为理论型提供基础。方法：采用高效液相色谱法。结果：棉花胚性愈伤组织发生过程中4种内源激素及激素含量比例呈规律性变化：ZT、ABA、ABA/GA3、ABA/IAA呈现先上升后下降的趋势,GA3呈现先上升后下降再上升的趋势,ZT/IAA呈现明显的上升-下降-上升-下降的趋势;不同激素组合诱导下愈伤组织中内源激素含量及愈伤组织状态也有较大差别。结论：研究结果对指导组织培养过程中激素的调整和配比、制定适宜的培养计划有一定的指导意义;4种不同的内源激素都是愈伤组织生长的重要因子,各自适宜的浓度和恰当的比例调节着外植体的脱分化和再分化,各种激素协同作用促进细胞的生长和分化。     

番茄叶组织培养中愈伤组织形成和器官发生的细胞学和微形态学研究

以番茄叶外植体为材料,研究了不同的生长素和细胞分裂素及其浓度配比对叶外植体培养行为的影响;同时,利用细胞学和扫描电子显微镜技术观察了愈伤组织形成和器官发生过程。结果表明,不同种类及浓度配比的生长素和细胞分裂素直接影响愈伤组织的物理状态、大小和形成的速度以及器官分化的频率和速度。叶外植体切口处的叶肉细胞,维管薄壁细胞和维管束上方的少数叶肉细胞首先启动脱分化而开始分裂,这些细胞的活跃分裂和分化导致在外植体表层形成由薄壁细胞、维管组织和无分化状态的表层分生细胞团组成的愈伤组织。而不定芽则通过愈伤组织的薄壁细胞再次脱分化和再分化活动而形成,为“外起源”。认为存在由植物激素决定的“无分化活性”和“有分化活性”二种性质的愈伤组织。     

鸡血藤愈伤组织培养过程中内源激素变化研究

旨在建立密花豆组织培养再生体系并测定其再生过程中内源激素的动态变化。利用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)对密花豆嫩叶愈伤组织诱导与不定芽分化过程中的4种内源激素:生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、玉米素(ZT)和赤霉素(GA_3)的含量进行测定和分析。结果表明,在愈伤组织的诱导过程中,IAA的含量始终处于较高水平,并在愈伤组织生长最旺时达最大,而ABA、ZT和GA_3的含量一直保持在较低水平;IAA/ABA对愈伤组织的诱导与生长有着重要的调节作用。在愈伤组织的分化过程中,IAA的含量呈先降后升,并在分化成芽期达到最高,且高于愈伤组织诱导期,介于1.15-1.87μg/g之间;ZT和ABA的含量均呈先升后降趋势,而GA_3则一直呈上升趋势;IAA/ABA呈先降后升趋势,对芽的分化与生长有着重要的促进作用;GA_3/ABA和ZT/ABA呈先降后升趋势,协同促进鸡血藤愈伤组织成功分化出不定芽。内源激素对愈伤组织的诱导和分化成芽有着重要的影响,合适的浓度和比例能有效的促进外植体的脱分化与再分化,并协同促进细胞的分裂、分化和生长。     

芦苇胚性愈伤组织的形成及植株的再生

以芦苇种子为外植体,其愈伤组织的诱导率最高。叶鞘和叶片不发生脱分化。培养基中最合适的蔗糖浓度为4%。维生素 B 类、肌醇对愈伤组织的生长起促进作用。而酵母提取物对愈伤组织的诱导和生长具有明显的抑制作用。这种抑制效应,将随酵母提取物浓度的提高而增大。愈伤组织的继代培养,随培养基中2,4-D 浓度的提高,其平均鲜重明显降低。脱分化培养基中2,4-D 浓度对胚性愈伤组织的诱导形成具有一定的相关性。胚性愈伤组织经30代继代培养依然具有90%的分化频率,只是每块愈伤组织的分化苗数减少。反之,非胚性愈伤组织则完全丧失形态发生的能力。对两类愈伤组织进行扫描电镜的观察,发现其表面结构有很大差异。其过氧化物酶、酯酶同工酶谱以及可溶性蛋白的含量均有明显的差别。     

月季愈伤组织的诱导及植株再生

以可在黑龙江地区露地越冬的5个现代月季（Rosa chinensis）品种为实验材料,分别以其无菌苗的叶片和茎段为外植体,研究了愈伤组织诱导及植株再生方法。实验结果表明：5个寒地月季品种的叶片和茎段均可诱导出愈伤组织,2,4-D诱导愈伤组织的效果较好,高浓度的细胞分裂素不适合用于月季叶片和茎段愈伤组织的诱导;TDZ在月季愈伤组织分化培养过程中具有重要作用,光照培养可促进月季愈伤组织的分化,愈伤组织的分化能力随着继代次数的增加呈下降趋势。该实验成功地从2004-8和2004-9（2个月季品种）愈伤组织中诱导出再生植株,其愈伤组织的分化率分别为45%和38%。     

Endogenous hormone levels in explants and in embryogenic and non-embryogenic cultures of carrot

Carrot ( Daucus carota L. F1 hybrid Starca) excised hypocotyls were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium with and without 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) to determine the effect of this plant growth regulator on their further development and their endogenous hormone levels. Culture in the absence of 2,4-D stimulated root development at one end of the hypocotyl segments and increased the endogenous levels of free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin/zeatin riboside and N ⁶(Δ²-isopentenyl) adenine/ N ⁶(Δ²-isopentenyl) adenosine, as determined by radio-immunoassay. On the other hand, the presence of 2,4-D in the culture medium promoted callus induction and proliferation, together with abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation, in the hypocotyl segments during the first weeks of culture. When the callus segments generated in the hypocotyl sections cultured in the presence of 2,4-D were cultivated further, the development of two callus types was observed, one composed of preglobular and globular embryos and the other translucent, watery and lacking any sign of organisation. The embryos of the first type germinated when callus segments were transferred to regeneration conditions, while no change was observed when the second type was induced to regenerate. Higher levels of free IAA and ABA were obtained in the embryogenic calli when compared to the non-embryogenic, while no differences were observed among callus types in the other hormones evaluated. The possible role of the different plant hormones during induction of somatic embryogenesis is discussed.     

不同脱叶性甘蔗品种成熟期内源激素含量的研究

为探究甘蔗(Soccharum officinarum)内源激素与其脱叶性之间的相关性，对不同成熟期甘蔗不同叶位的叶鞘基部的脱落酸(ABA)、脱落酸葡萄糖酯(ABA-GE)、1-氨基环丙烷羧酸(ACC)和茉莉酸(JA)及相关衍生物茉莉酸-缬氨酸(JA-val)的含量进行测定。结果表明，LZ02-169品系的ABA、JA-val含量随成熟期的变化趋势与脱叶率一致；而LZ02-169的+8叶叶鞘基部ACC含量的变化趋势与脱叶率相反；成熟后期LZ02-169的+8叶叶鞘基部ABA、ABA-GE及JA-val的含量均显著高于‘GT47’。因此，甘蔗成熟后期ABA含量的升高可能加速了叶片的脱落；经由ACC转化的乙烯和JA-Val也对叶片的脱落具有促进作用。     

Pathogenesis of barley leaves by Helminthosporium teres I: Green island formation and the possible involvement of cytokinins

Infection sites/green islands were formed in host leaf tissue infected with drops of H. teres. They exhibited higher cytokinin-like activity, sugar and starch than their surrounding tissue and tissue under water drops. The cytokinin-like activity at the infection sites increased from 24 to 72 h of incubation. However, the cytokinin-like activity of the tissue surrounding the infection drops and the tissue under water drops fell from 24 to 72 h incubation. The culture filtrate extracts of the fungus also produced cytokinin-like activity which increased from 1 to 10 days incubation. Application of this culture filtrate extract evoked green island formation. Application of kinetin to host leaves duplicated the green island effect. Thin-layer chromatographic fractions of the tissue extracts and the culture filtrate extracts revealed that a major portion of cytokinin-like activity corresponded to zeatin and zeatin riboside. The presence of zeatin and zeatin riboside (both in tissue and culture filtrate extracts) was confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography. Increases in the amounts of cytokinin-like substances, particularly zeatin and zeatin riboside, attributed to pathogen influence are suggested to be involved in infection and pathogenicity of H. teres.     

Biosynthesis of cytokinins by potato cell cultures

Potato cells grown in liquid culture incorporated mevalonic acid lactone-[2-¹⁴C] into free cytokinin (zeatin riboside and zeatin and the cytokinin of RNA (zeatin riboside). The cytokinin liberated by catabolism of RNA can account for no more than 40% of the free cytokinins.     

Changes in Cytokinin Distribution in the Ovule and Ovary of Taraxacum officinale Web. in Early Stages of Embryogenesis

Quantitative changes in the hormonal status of the ovules and ovaries were first studied in Taraxacum officinale Web. at the early stages of embryogenesis. The plant material was analyzed by ELISA using labeled anti-rabbit antibodies. A new procedure for differential and quantitative determination of the main endogenous cytokinins based on the estimation of the effective zeatin and zeatin riboside concentrations from calibration curves constructed using zeatin and zeatin riboside as standard antigens was developed. It was shown that, at the three initial stages of embryogenesis examined, the concentration of zeatin uniformly increased in T. officinale ovules. The concentration of zeatin riboside, conversely, uniformly decreased. However, their total concentration changed insignificantly. A gradual increase in the concentration of the active and storage hormone forms from the ovary to the ovule was shown.     

Cytokinin Biochemistry in Relation to Leaf Senescence: IV. Cytokinin Metabolism in Soybean Explants

When [³H]dihydrozeatin riboside and [³H]zeatin riboside were supplied to soybean (Glycine max L.) explants (comprising one leaf, associated pods, and subtending stem) via the xylem at mid to late podfill, 0.1% of the supplied ³H was extracted from the seeds. The distribution of ³H in the explants was similar to that bound previously following uptake of [³H]zeatin riboside at earlier stages of pod development. Metabolites formed in the explants from ³H-labeled zeatin, zeatin riboside, and dihydrozeatin riboside were identified and related to the endogenous cytokinins shown to be present. When zeatin riboside and zeatin were supplied for 1 hour, zeatin nucleotide was the principal metabolite formed and this appeared to be the precursor of the other metabolites detected subsequently. Explants supplied with zeatin riboside or dihydrozeatin riboside for 1 hour, and then transferred to water for 20 to 24 hours, yielded leaf blades in which the main metabolites were O-glucosyldihydrozeatin, adenosine, and adenine. The metabolism of zeatin riboside in blades of explants at pre-podfill, early podfill, and mid to late podfill did not differ appreciably. The results are discussed in relation to leaf senescence and seed development.     

Plantlet regeneration from primary callus cultures of Lilium brownii F.E.Br. ex Miellez var. giganteum G. Y. Li & Z. H. Chen,a rare bulbous germplasm

Lilium brownii F.E.Br. ex Miellez var. giganteum G. Y. Li & Z. H. Chen, an endangered valuable genetic resource, was used to establish and optimize a callus propagation system and to investigate the effects of internal and external phytohormones for the purpose of germplasm conservation. Of the combinations and concentrations of auxins and cytokinins examined, Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 8 g L⁻¹ agar, 30 g L⁻¹ sucrose, 0.45 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2.69 to 5.37 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid, and 0.44 μM 6-benzyladenine, 0.45 μM thidiazuron, and 0.28 μM zeatin riboside generated the best results, effectively promoting callus proliferation. Four callus types could be discriminated, of which type A (yellowish, granular) and type B (yellow, medium-granular) were dry, friable, and grew well. Periodic acid-Schiff staining revealed small and regular cells, with numerous starch granules surrounding each nucleus. In culture, callus clumps produced an average of 14.33 shoots under “MS + 7-d-dark–light” treatment with 100% regeneration frequency. Bulblets formed within 60 d after shoot transfer to bulblet formation medium. Type A and B callus was likely to be embryogenic, according to morphology, cytology, and high shoot regenerating capacity. Examination of endogenous phytohormone levels showed that the abscisic acid to indole-3-acetic acid (ABA/IAA) ratio gradually increased with increasing diameter of callus clumps treated with all exogenous phytohormones, except zeatin riboside, leading to the hypothesis that callus induction competence was closely associated with endogenous ABA/IAA ratio. This first report should assist further genetic studies of this rare Lilium and other bulbous plants.

     

Increase of endogenous zeatin riboside by introduction of the ipt gene in wild type and the lateral suppressor mutant of tomato

We studied axillary meristem formation of the lateral suppressor (ls) mutant of tomato after elevating the endogenous cytokinin levels through introduction of the isopentenyltransferase (ipt) gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Growth and development of several transformants were examined during in vitro culture. Transformants exhibited phenotypes varying in severity and were divided into four classes. A number of the ipt transformants had a normal phenotype, as non-transformed plants. Others showed a mild to severe ‘cytokinin-like’ phenotype. Transformants with a mild phenotype exhibited reduced internode length and reduced root development. Transformants with a severe phenotype showed even shorter internodes, loss of apical dominance, reduction of leaf size, production of callus at the basis of the shoots and absence of root development or development of green non-branching roots. The severity of the phenotype correlated well with the level of ipt gene expression, as measured by northern analysis. Transformants with a severe phenotype also exhibited increased levels of zeatin riboside, but zeatin levels were not elevated. The increase in endogenous zeatin riboside levels in the ls mutant did not restore axillary meristem formation, but sometimes bulbous structures were formed in the initially ‘empty’ leaf axils. Several adventitious meristems and shoots developed from below the surface of these structures. It is concluded that a reduced level of cytokinins in the ls mutant shoots is not responsible for the absence of axillary meristem formation.     

The content of endogenous hormones and sugars in the process of early somatic embryogenesis in the tree fern <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyathea delgadii</Emphasis> Sternb.

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) of Cyathea delgadii presents a model system for investigating the mechanisms associated with the acquisition of embryogenic competence by single epidermal cells of stipe explants cultured on plant growth regulator-free medium. The present work reveals relationship between endogenous hormone and sugar content in the process of early SE in C. delgadii. By comparing two types of initial explants, i.e. incapable (non-etiolated) and capable (etiolated) of SE, it was established that in etiolated explants, the glucose, fructose, sucrose, and abscisic acid (ABA) contents diminished, but indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and cytokinins (CKs; i.e. cis/trans zeatin, cis/trans-zeatin riboside, kinetin, kinetin riboside, isopentenyladenosine) contents increased. The ratios between phytohormones revealed that a high concentration of ABA is the main factor inhibiting SE induction. Because of explant excision, a dramatic reduction in concentration of all phytohormones studied was observed, but hormonal balance and sugar content remained almost unchanged. During the 14-day-long culture, the ABA/CKs and ABA/IAA ratios remained constant, whereas the greatest differences were detected for the IAA/CKs and Z-type/iPA cytokinin ratios. Excluding day 6 of culture, cytokinins were found to be the predominant phytohormones over IAA. An almost 12-fold increase in soluble sucrose concentration at day 6 of culture might be the switch to the SE expression phase. Frequent cell divisions leading to somatic embryo formation are clearly associated with increase in trans-zeatin riboside content.