Contribution to the Cladonia mycota of Greece, including Cladonia graeca sp. nov.

From mid-elevation pine forest on the Aegean Sea island of Thasos 8 additional Cladonia species for the lichen mycota of Greece are reported.Most have a wide distribution in Europe and reach their southern limit in Greece.From schistose rock in the same area and on Evvia a new species is described,Cladonia graeca,which is probably related to C.macrophylla and C.decorticata but contains fumarprotocetraric acid instead of psoromic or perlatolic acid.     

The effect of carbon source on callus induction and regeneration ability in Pharbitis nil

Flower buds, cotyledons and hypocotyls of Pharbitis nil were used as plant material. Flower buds (1–2 mm long) were excised from 3-week-old plants, grown in soil. Cotyledons of 7-day-old sterile seedlings were cut into 25 mm² squares cotyledons whereas hypocotyls were cut to 1 mm long fragments. Explants were transferred into Petri dishes containing the Murashige and Skoog medium (MS), supplemented with either BA (11 μM·L⁻¹) alone or BA (22 μM·L⁻¹) and NAA (0.55 μM·L⁻¹), and different sugars: sucrose, fructose, glucose, mannose or sorbitol (autoclaved or filter-sterilized). Addition of glucose instead of sucrose to the medium stimulated the induction of callus on flower buds and cotyledonary explants, but inhibited its growth on fragments of hypocotyls. The medium supplemented with fructose (especially filter-sterilized) stimulated the development of flower elements. Organogenesis of shoots and roots on explants was also observed. Flower buds and hypocotyls were able to regenerate both organs. Addition of fructose or glucose to the medium stimulated the organogenesis of shoots, whereas root organogenesis was inhibited on all explants used. Sorbitol strongly inhibited both induction of callus and organogenesis on all explants used.     

Introduction of the Plant Front Cover:Gymnocarpos przewalskii北大核心CSCD

Gymnocarpos przewalskii Bunge ex Maxim.belongs to Gymnocarpus of Caryophyllaceae,a rare and endangered ancient Mediterranean relict plant,alias‘achene caryophyllum’,Perennial deciduous subshrub,50-100 cm tall.Leaves linear,5-20 long and 1-1.5 mm wide,sessile,acute apex,contracted base,fleshy,waxy layer on surface,glabrous,no obvious veins.Stipules membranous,scaly.Opposite or alternate leaves.Stems exist in two forms,erect or tortuous,with inflated nodes and multi-branch.     

中国弯孢属两个新记录种

Curvularia verruculosa Tandon & Bilgrami ex M.B. Ellis, Mycol. Pap.,106: 20, 1966. Fig.1 On TWA+wheat straw no aerial hyphae. Conidiophores arising solitary or 2-3 in small groups, unbranched, smooth, straight or curved, sometimes geniculate near the apex, multiseptate, up to 180祄 long, 5-6祄 thick, base cell swollen up to 10祄 wide, brown to dark brown. Conidia always 3-distoseptate, ellipsoidal to fusiform, often the third cell from base much larger than others and in disproportionately…     

Introduction of the Plant Front Cover:Balanophora indica

Balanophora indica(Arn.)Griff.belongs to Balanophoraceae.Plants dioecious.Rhizome yellowish orange to brown,surface coarsely tessellated and with stellate warts;branches subglobose,0.5-5.6 cm in diam,rarely cylindric.Scapes yellow,7.2-20 cm.Male inflorescences red,ovoid-ellipsoid,(5-10)cm×(2-6)cm.Male flowers:reddish,actinomorphic,each subtended by a single stout and truncate bract.Perianth lobes 4-6,elliptic-lanceolate,(3-7)mm×(1-2.5)mm.Synandria elliptic-ovate,2.5-5 mm,stalked;anthers 4 or 5,U-shaped,longitudinally dehiscent.Female inflorescences globose,3-5 cm in diam.Spadicles subclavate,to 2 mm,apical 1/2 to 2/3 ellipsoid-obovoid;cuticular ridges of apical cells short but distinct and congested all over.Female flowers:basally on spadicles and main axis of inflorescence.Flowering October to December.     

中国地卷属地衣二新记录种

In addition to 25 species, 6 varieties and 17 forms of the lichen genus Peltigera accepted by Wei (1991), 2 species new to China in this genus are added to the Chinese lichen flora in present paper. Peltigera kristinssonii Vitik., Ann. Bot. Fennici 22: 291 (1985). Thallus folious, c. 10 cm in diam, upper surface gray-brown to brown, erect-tomentose and somewhat scabrous near the edge, glabrescent towards center, dull, lobes 1~1.5cm wide, 5~7 cm long, margins upturned to slightly downturned;…     

虫草属一新纪录种－－拟细虫草

A Cordyceps specimen collected on a coleopteran from National Natural Conservation of Guniujiang, Shitai County, Anhui Province in September 2000, was identified as Cordyceps gracilioides Kobayasi, which is a new record to China. 　　Cordyceps gracilioides Kob. Science Reports of Tokyo Bunrika Daigaku, 140~143, 1941. Plate Ⅰ 　　Single stroma, 31.4mm long, germinates from the head of host. Stipes cylindrical, 26.9mm long and 2.1mm in diameter, pale yellowish brown to pale reddish brown. Fertile part globose, with a depressed top, 5.7mm in diameter and 4.5mm in height with the color as the stipes. Perithecia immersed, elongate-ampullaceous, 840～920×210～260mm. Asci cylindrical, 510～580×5～6mm, with cap 6～7mm in diameter and 4 mm in height. Secondary ascospores cylindrical, 5.5～9×1.4～1.8mm.     

REMARKS ON THE OIOCEROS SPECIES (BOVIDAE, ARTIODACTYLA, MAMMALIA) FROM THE NEOGENE OF CHINA

<正> The genus Oioceros was created by C. Gaillard (1902) based on the species Antilope rothii Wagner, 1857 from the Turolian of Pikermi, Greece. Its diagnosis is that 'Bovidae of small size with long slender muzzle; face bent down on basicranial axis either slightly or to a moderate extent; orbits with expanded orbital roof; horn-cores twisted counter-clockwise in a fairly close spiral of one or two revolutions, widely separate, tilted backward or fairly upright, divergent, with a cross-section almost circular or elliptical, keeled either anteriorly or posteriorly or both; dentition moderately hypsodont, premolar series rather long and slender, molars broad with ribs of medium strength.' (after Pilgrim and Hopwood, 1924, p. 24). Up to now, it has included approximately seventeen species from the Neogene of the Old World (twelve species in Asia, four in Europe and one in Africa).     

Micropropagation of American chestnut: Increasing rooting rate and preventing shoot-tip necrosis

Summary A three-step medium sequence was developed for rooting microcuttings of American chestnut [Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.]. First, individual shoots or clumps of shoots were cultivated on shoot-elongation medium for 4–8 wk until shoots were 2–3 cm long. The medium consisted of modified Woody Plant Medium, 500 mg/l polyvinylpyrrolidone (MW 40,000), and 0.89 μM benzyladenine. Microcuttings were then excised, vertically split at the base to approximately 2 mm through the pith, dipped in 5 or 10 mM indolebutyric acid for 1 min, and cultivated on half-strength Murashige and Skoog basal medium plus 0.2 g/l charcoal for 2 wk. During that time, roots were induced and became visible. Finally, the microcuttings were transferred back to shoot-elongation medium and cultivated for 3 wk, allowing growth of both roots and shoots. Using this protocol with 3 genotypes derived from one mature tree and two 1-yr-old seedlings, 57 to 73% rooting was obtained with less than 23% shoot-tip necrosis.     

Introduction to Cover Illustration:Tetraena mongolica Maxim.

Tetraena mongolica Maxim.is the only member of the genusTetraenathat belongs to the family Zy-gophyllaceae.It is characterized by the following features:small deciduous shrubs,30~50 cmtall,muchbranched;leaves paripinnate,opposite on current year branches,and fascicled on old branches;leaflets 2,sessile,on an extremely short leaf rachis,oblanceolate,5~7 mmlong,2~3 mm broad,entire,densely cov-ered with appressed T-shaped hairs,apex acute;flowers bisexual,solitary or 1~2 on a short shoot;sepals4…     

黑龙江省两种地衣植物化学成分研究

本文报道石蕊科的两种地衣植物的化学成分。我们从地衣植物林石蕊(Cladonia arbusculd),雀石蕊(Cladonia stellaris)中分离鉴定了松萝酸(Usnicacid)、黑茶渍素(Atranorin)、珠光酸(Perlatolic acid)和四个相应的单芳环衍生物:赤星衣酸(Haematornmic acid)、赤星衣酸乙酯(Uthyl haematommate)、2-羟基-4-甲氧基-6-正成基苯甲酸(2-hriroxy-4-methoxy-6-n-pentylbenzoic acid)、2,4-二羟基-6-正戊基苯甲酸(2.4-dihydroxy-6-n-pentylbenzoic acid)。上述资料,对开发利用这种植物提供了科学依据。     

两种地衣植物的化合物分析

本文报道石蕊科石蕊属的两种地衣植物的化学成分,我们从软石蕊(Cladonia mitis),石蕊(Cladonia rangiferina)中分离鉴定了五个化合物,它们分别是左旋和右旋松萝酸、黑茶浸素、原地衣硬酸、环萝酸、蛋氨酸乙酯;上述资料对开发利用该植物资源提供了科学依据。     

Comparative studies of the polysaccharides isolated from lichenized fungi of the genus Cladonia: significance as chemotypes

Beta-D-glucans of the laminaran type were prepared from 15 Cladonia spp., Cladonia bellidiflora, Cladonia boryi, Cladonia clathrata, Cladonia connexa, Cladonia crispatula, Cladonia furcata, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia ibitipocae, Cladonia imperialis, Cladonia miniata, Cladonia penicillata, Cladonia salmonea, Cladonia signata, Cladonia substellata and Cladonia uncialis. They were extracted with 10% aqueous KOH at 100 degrees C, giving polysaccharides with varying yields and proportions of mannose, galactose and glucose. Their aqueous solutions were freeze-thawed giving precipitates of mixed alpha-glucan (nigeran) and beta-glucans, which were isolated and suspended in aqueous 0.5% KOH at 50 degrees C, which preferentially dissolved the beta-glucan. In the case of the C. uncialis product, it was subjected to methylation analysis, which gave rise to 2,4,6-tri-O-methylglucitol acetate only, corresponding to (1-->3)-linkages. Its specific rotation (+4 degrees ) and one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were consistent with beta-linkages. 13C and (1)H-1 signals were observed, respectively, at delta 102.8 (C-1), 86.0 (C-3), 76.2 (C-5), 72.6 (C-2), 68.3 (C-4) and 60.7 (C-6), and 4.55 (H-1), 3.31 (H-2), 3.49 (H-3), 3.27 (H-4), 3.27 (H-5), 3.48 (H-6) and 3.72 (H-6'). Similar (13)C-NMR spectra were obtained from the glucans from the other 14 Cladonia spp. The beta-D-glucans of the laminaran type seems to be present in all Cladonia spp. being significant for chemotyping since it was observed in every species studied.     

中国石蕊属地衣的地理学分析

将中国92种石蕊属地衣划分为8个地理成分：广布成分19种,占总种数的21％,环北极成分32种（35％）,泛热带成分8种（9％）,欧亚成分5种（5％）,东亚-北美成分7种（8％）,东亚成分13种（14％）,中国喜马拉雅成分1种（1％）,中国特有成分7种（7％）。对中国石蕊属地衣所属的主要地理成分的形成进行了初步讨论,提出东亚特有种云南石蕊（Cladoniayunnana）和北美特有种拟胀石蕊（C.transcendens）为一对地理替代种;比蒙氏石蕊（C．Beaumontii）,圆筒石蕊（C.cylindrica）,丛杯石蕊（C.mateocyatha）和大翅石蕊（C.macroptera）等4种为东亚-北美间断分布种。指出中国喜马拉雅成分戴氏石蕊（C.delavayi）及欧亚成分中的细枝石蕊（C.corymbescens）在中国分布的北界是秦岭山脉。     

33P translocation in the thallus of the mat-forming lichen Cladonia portentosa

The extent of vertical migration of ³³P in thalli of the heathland lichen Cladonia portentosa was investigated under field conditions. ³³P-labelled orthophosphate was introduced into the bottom 25 mm of podetia cut to a length of 50 mm from the apices. The distribution of label was scanned using a molecular imager immediately after incubation, and after growing for 8 wk and 6 months. Differences in the relative distribution of label between podetia harvested at the beginning and the end of the experiment showed that there had been a significant migration of ³³P upwards out of the labelled 25 mm stratum towards the apex. This was confirmed by statistically significant changes in the median (md) and the 90 percentile of total relative distribution of ³³P label. In a control treatment in which label was introduced into the apical 25 mm of podetia, which were then grown inverted (top down), no upward movement of label was detected. By contrast, a statistically significant reduction in the md of the distribution indicated migration downwards towards the thallus apex. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that P is recycled within podetia of mat-forming lichens, migrating from degrading basal regions upwards to the growing apices following a source–sink relationship.     

黑龙江省五大连池枝状地衣多样性

报道了五大连池地区枝状地衣4属32种,其中圆鳞石蕊(Cladonia trassii Ahti)为中国新记录种,裸柄石蕊(Cladonia gymnopoda Vain.)为中国大陆新记录种,7种为黑龙江省新记录种。对32种地衣地理成分进行了分析,分属于6个地理成分:环北极成分(50%),广布成分(25%),东亚成分(9%),欧亚成分(6%),泛热带成分(6%),中国特有成分(3%);并对32种地衣的基物及分布特点进行了简要分析。     

Translocation of 15N indicates nitrogen recycling in the mat-forming lichen Cladonia portentosa

Nitrogen translocation was measured in Cladonia portentosa during 2 yr growth in Scottish heathland. Translocation was predicted to occur if N is resorbed from senescent basal tissue and recycled within the thallus. (15)N was introduced into either the lower (TU thalli) or upper (TD thalli) 25 mm of 50-mm-long thalli as (15)N-NH(4) (+), (15)N-NO(3) (-) or (15)N-glycine. Labelled thalli were placed within intact lichen cushions, either upright (TU) or inverted (TD). Vertical distribution of label was quantified immediately following labelling and after 1 and 2 yr. Independently of the form of introduced label, (15)N migrated upwards in TU thalli, with new growth being a strong sink. Sink regions for (15)N during year 1 (including new growth) became sources of (15)N translocated to new growth in year 2. Upward migration into inverted bases was minimal in TD thalli, but was again marked in new growth that developed from inverted apices. Relocation of N to regions of growth could facilitate internal N recycling, a process postulated to explain the ecological success of mat-forming lichens.     

Molecular studies of photobionts of selected lichens from the coastal vegetation of Brazil

A light microscopic and molecular analysis of photobionts in Ramalina and Cladonia from coastal habitats of Brazil is presented. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of ITS rDNA sequences suggests a Trebouxia lineage which is preferentially tropical in geographic distribution. This highly diverse clade also includes the morphological similar species Trebouxia higginsiae and galapagensis. Within the predominantly tropical clade of Trebouxia we distinguish several subclades, three of which are represented in our samples of Ramalina species. Since sexuality has not been recognized in coccal lichenised photobionts until recently, we cannot apply a biological species concept, but when compared with the sequence diversity between known species we conclude that several new species need to be described in this clade. The mutually exclusive presence of other Trebouxia lineages in temperate samples of Ramalina suggests an evolution towards higher selectivity in this genus. A strictly tropical lineage is not conspicuous in the photobionts of the genus Asterochloris sampled from Cladonia so far.     

Die Variabilität vegetativer und generativer Flechtenstrukturen und ihre Bedeutung für die Systematik

Die Entstehung von Stützleisten in den Thalli von Cladonia chlorophaea und Cetraria islandica, sowie die Entwicklung sekundärer Soredien im Inneren der Podetien von Cladonia chlorophaea werden beschrieben. Gemeinsam mit anderen Entwicklungsvorgängen von Flechten zeigen die Beobachtungen eine sehr geringe Determination der Flechtengewebe. Die Struktur wird weitgehend durch die Funktion bestimmt, während gleichzeitig bestimmte ontogenetische Abläufe unveränderbar sind. Die Bedeutung dieser Erscheinungen für die Systematik wird diskutiert.     

喇叭石蕊共生菌藻液体培养的研究(英文)

对喇叭石蕊共生菌、藻液体培养条件进行了研究。结果表明:共生菌生长在以40g/L肌醇为碳源、2g/LL-谷氨酰胺为氮源、起始pH值为7.0的LB液体培养基中,培养温度为20℃时表现最佳。其共生藻的生长在以160g/L葡萄糖为碳源、1.75g/LNaNO3为氮源、起始pH值为5.0的BBM液体培养基中,培养温度为20℃时表现最佳。