内生真菌和诱导子对长春花悬浮细胞及生物碱合成的影响

目的:探讨内生真茵和诱导子对长春花悬浮细胞生长及生物碱合成的影响.方法:接种内生真茵与悬浮细胞的共同培养,添加诱导子到细胞培养液中对长春花悬浮细胞进行诱导处理,检测实验处理后长春花悬浮细胞各项生化指标.结果:培养液pH值上升,悬浮细胞MDA舍量增加,细胞抗氧化酶(POD、CAT)和生物碱合成的关键性酶(PAL、TDC)活性升高.生物碱产量得到提高,诱导组悬浮细胞生物碱产量达到770.36μg/gFW,共培养组生物碱产量为693.76 μg/gFW,分别比对照组提高了48%和32%.结论:真菌及其诱导子能改变长春花悬浮培养细胞的态势,导致细胞代谢结构的改变,使生物碱的产量提高.     

GFP-FABD2和GFP-MBD标记蛋白对拟南芥悬浮细胞培养及应激响应能力的影响

以转GFP-FABD2和GFP-MBD基因的拟南芥为材料,研究了GFP-FABD2和GFP-MBD这两种细胞骨架标记蛋白对拟南芥愈伤组织诱导、悬浮细胞培养及应激响应能力的影响.结果表明:(1)GFP-MBD标记蛋白延长愈伤的出愈时间,改变愈伤形态,使转基因拟南芥种子的出愈量减少为野生型的59%、悬浮细胞的长短轴比缩小为1.20±0.21、第7天细胞活力下降为0.66±0.09,影响细胞的生长曲线.(2)GFP-FABD标记蛋白虽对愈伤生长影响不大,但却使悬浮细胞的长短轴比显著增加为2.49±1.18、第7天细胞的活力下降为0.87±0.06,造成悬浮细胞生长曲线的改变.(3)通过调整培养条件的激素水平,以上两种细胞骨架标记蛋白对悬浮细胞生长的影响可以得到修复.(4)检测优化条件下培养的GFP-FABD2或GFP-MBD悬浮细胞对温度、渗透压、机械应力等环境改变的应激响应能力,结果未发现与野生型有明显区别.     

西洋参悬浮细胞发酵工艺研究

探讨了西洋参悬浮细胞分步培养与稀土、D-半乳糖和甘露醇等诱导子对悬浮细胞生长及皂甙产量的影响。发现继代4d后换液一次再继续培养获得的培养物,在皂甙产率和糖利用率等方面优于连续培养;D-半乳糖作为诱导子,对悬浮培养的西洋参细胞生长、皂甙产率及皂甙的分泌等方面都有非常明显的促进作用。     

真菌激发子对人参悬浮培养细胞的生长和人参皂甙生物合成的影响

真菌诱导子处理人参悬浮培养细胞后,人参皂甙的合成有明显增加,诱导处理改变人参皂甙的积累时程,促进人参细胞培养物中次生产物的外泌,同时增强细胞对蔗糖的摄取、吸收并引起细胞H~ 流的变化。     

红豆杉细胞与赤霉菌交互诱导对红豆杉细胞紫杉醇含量的影响

在赤霉菌培养过程中加入红豆杉细胞诱导物,再用此赤霉菌诱导悬浮培养的红豆杉细胞。与未受植物来源物质作用的单向诱导相比,该交互诱导使红豆杉细胞的紫杉醇含量提高5倍,交互诱导的效果受诱导物的各类的影响,其中,诱导物是红豆杉细胞壁和赤霉菌细胞壁时,交互诱导效果最好。     

内生黄曲霉对丹参悬浮细胞氧化酶活性的影响

目的:研究内生黄曲霉对丹参悬浮细胞次生代谢相关氧化酶活性影响,探讨丹参组织培养和次生代谢产物产生的有效诱导途径和诱导机理.方法:将丹参内生黄曲霉以活菌、发酵茵液及制作成诱导子方式分别添加到丹参悬浮细胞中,测定丹参悬浮细胞过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶及多酚氧化酶活性.结果:不同处理方式,内生黄曲霉对丹参悬浮细胞氧化酶表达均有明显的诱导作用,其中将黄曲霉制作成诱导子对三种酶活诱导作用最明显.结论:内生黄曲霉诱导子能有效提高丹参悬浮细胞氧化酶活性.     

机械刺激诱导的烟草悬浮培养细胞耐热性及其与过氧化氢的关系

机械刺激可诱发烟草悬浮培养细胞中H2O2的积累,提高烟草悬浮培养细胞在高温胁迫下的存活率和再生能力,缓解高温胁迫下的细胞活力丧失和膜伤害,外源H2O2预处理也可提高烟草悬浮细胞的耐热性。这些暗示H2O2作为信号分子可触发机械刺激诱导的烟草悬浮细胞耐热性形成。     

草地早熟禾悬浮体系的建立及悬浮过程中细胞形态观察

对早熟禾(Mardona)成熟种子灭菌后,接种于MS2 BA0.1诱导培养基,26℃,全黑暗培养诱导胚性愈伤,挑选其中松散的颗粒状胚性愈伤悬浮于MS2 BA0.1液体培养基中,在90~110r/min,26℃黑暗培养下,悬浮培养2个月,建立悬浮体系。在悬浮培养过程中,对细胞形态进行显微观察,发现悬浮培养前期,细胞多为条状、棒状,且大小不一。培养20天后,悬浮培养物开始增殖,2个月后,悬浮体系建立,细胞大小均匀,颜色嫩白。     

杂交水稻的悬浮培养及细胞分化变异的研究

Maeda(1965)首次尝试利用悬浮培养的方法,培养水稻诱导愈伤组织和分离游离细胞获得了成功。以后他又曾对悬浮培养下游离细胞的形态、内含物以及影响细胞增殖速度的因素等方面,进行了一些探索性的研究(1968、1969、1973等)。然而迄今为止,尚未见到有把通过悬浮培养形成的愈伤组织进一步再诱导成苗的报道。我们利用粳型杂交水稻组合丰锦A×C 57的愈伤组织进行悬浮培养繁殖试验,初步获得了一些结果。     

不同树龄白桦的不同器官及其组培苗诱导的愈伤组织中白桦酯醇和齐墩果酸的分布和含量变化

检测一年生、四年生、六年生、八年生及四十年生白桦树各器官以及白桦组培苗诱导的愈伤组织和悬浮培养细胞中齐墩果酸和白桦酯醇的分布和含量。结果表明,不同树龄白桦的叶、茎外皮和根皮中都能检测出齐墩果酸和白桦酯醇,但主要集中在茎外皮,叶片和根皮中含量极低,齐墩果酸和白桦酯醇含量分别以四年生和八年生白桦茎外皮中最高。由白桦组培苗茎段诱导的愈伤组织及其悬浮培养细胞和组培苗根诱导的愈伤组织中都能测出白桦酯醇,其含量以茎段诱导的悬浮培养细胞中为最高。组培苗、茎段诱导的愈伤组织及其悬浮培养细胞、叶片和根诱导愈伤组织中均可以检测出齐墩果酸,其含量以悬浮培养细胞中的为最高。     

Elicitor activity of cerebroside,a sphingolipid elicitor,in cell suspension cultures of rice

Cerebrosides, compounds categorized as glycosphingolipids, were found to occur in a wide range of phytopathogens as novel elicitors and to induce the effective disease resistance for rice plants in our previous study. Here, we showed that cerebroside elicitors lead to the accumulation of phytoalexins and pathogenesis-related (PR) protein in cell suspension cultures of rice with the structural specificity similar to that for the rice whole plants. This elicitor activity of the cerebroside was greater than jasmonic acid (JA) and chitin oligomer (which is known to be an elicitor for cell suspension cultures of rice). Treatment of cell suspension cultures with cerebroside and chitin oligomer resulted in a synergetic induction of phytoalexins, suggesting that cerebroside and carbohydrate elicitors, such as glucan and chitin elicitor, enhance the defense signals of rice in vivo. Induction of phytoalexins by the treatment with cerebroside elicitor was markedly inhibited by LaCl(3) and GdCl(3), Ca(2+ )channel blockers. It is possible that Ca(2+) may be involved in the signaling pathway of elicitor activity of cerebroside.     

Elicitor-mediated induction of isochorismate synthase and accumulation of 2,3-dihydroxy benzoic acid in Catharanthus roseus cell suspension and shoot cultures

After elicitation, cell suspension cultures of Catharanthus roseus accumulate phenolic compounds. The major phenolic compound produced was isolated and identified as 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA). The accumulation of this compound is a rapid response to the addition of elicitor; within 6 h after the addition of elicitor, DHBA concentration reached 6.3 mg/l cell suspension. DHBA was not detected in non-elicited cells. The formation of DHBA in elicited cells was correlated with the induction of the enzyme isochorismate synthase (ICS). Shoot cultures of C. roseus also presented a strong induction of ICS after elicitation. Due to its biological activity, DHBA could play a role in the defence mechanism of C. roseus.     

l-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in suspension culture cells of spruce (Picea abies)

The activity of l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) (EC 4.3.1.5) was determined in seedlings, callus cells, cell suspension cultures and in young needles of spruce (Picea abies) (L.) (Karst). PAL activity increased up to 10 fold in response to transferring suspension cultured cells into new cultivation medium. PAL was also induced about 10 fold when callus cells were transferrd into liquid medium. The increase was transient and it required the presence of a carbohydrate.In cell suspension cultures, grown in the dark (white cells), but not in light-grown cultures (green cells), PAL activity was induced up to 30 fold by UV-light.With a cell wall preparation of Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii, a forest pathogenic fungus, used as elicitor, the activity of PAL could be induced more than 10 fold. The degree of induction depended on the elicitor concentration. Induction was prevented by cycloheximide but not by actinomycin D.     

Dose responses for Colletotrichum lindemuthianum elicitor-mediated enzyme induction in French bean cell suspension cultures

The induction of L-phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5) and flavanone synthase in French bean cell suspension cultures in response to heat-released elicitor from cell walls of the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is highly dependent upon elicitor concentration. The elicitor dose-response curve for PAL induction shows two maxima at around 17.5 and 50 g elicitor carbohydrate per ml culture, whereas the flavanone synthase response shows one maximum at around 100 g ml^-1. The PAL response is independent of the elicitor concentration present during the lag phase of enzyme induction; if the initial elicitor concentration is increased after 2 h by addition of extra elicitor, or decreased by dilution of the cultures, the dose response curves obtained reflect the concentration of elicitor present at the time of harvest. PAL induction is not prevented by addition of methyl sugar derivatives to the cultures; -methyl-D-glucoside, itself a weak elicitor of PAL activity, elicits a multiphasic PAL response when increasing concentrations are added in the presence of Colletotrichum elicitor. Eight fractions with different monosaccharide compositions, obtained from the crude elicitor by gel-filtration, each elicit different dose-responses for PAL induction; the response to unfractionated elicitor is not the sum of the response to the isolated fractions. There is no correlation between the ability of the fractions to induce PAL in the cultures and their ability to act as elicitors of isoflavonoid phytoalexin accumulation in bean hypocotyls.Abbreviations PAL phenylalanine ammonia-lyase - PMS Phytophthora megasperma var sojae     

Induction of sesquiterpene cyclase and suppression of squalene synthetase activities in plant cell cultures treated with fungal elicitor

Addition of elicitor, cell wall fragments of the fungus Phytophthora parasitica, to tobacco cell suspension cultures (Nicotiana tabacum) resulted in the rapid synthesis and secretion of large amounts of antibiotic sesquiterpenoids. Pulse-labeling experiments with [¹⁴C]acetate and [³H] mevalonate demonstrated that the induction of sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis, maximal by 6 to 9 hours after elicitor addition to the cell cultures, was paralleled by a rapid and large decline in the incorporation rate of radioactivity into sterols. Consequently, sterol accumulation was also inhibited upon addition of elicitor to the cell cultures. Sesquiterpene cyclase activity was absent from control cell cultures but induced to a maximum within 10 hours of elicitor addition to the cell cultures. The cyclase activity remained elevated for an additional 30 hours before declining. In contrast, squalene synthetase activity was suppressed to less than 15% of that found in control cells within 7 hours of elicitor addition. Our results suggest that the channeling of isoprenoid intermediates, and especially farnesyl diphosphate, into sesquiterpenoids occurred by a coordinated increase in the sesquiterpene cyclase and a decrease in the squalene synthetase enzyme activities. A reexamination of the data pertaining to the transient induction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity (EC 1.1.1.34) in elicitor-treated cells suggested that, while the reductase activity was necessary for sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis, it functioned more to maintain a sufficient level of intermediates between mevalonate and farnesyl diphosphate rather than as a rate limiting step controlling the synthesis rate of any one class of isoprenoids.     

Differential response of cultured parsley cells to elicitors from two non-pathogenic strains of fungi. 1. Identification of induced products as coumarin derivatives

Dark-grown cell suspension cultures of parsley, Petroselinum hortense, produce furanocoumarins after treatment with elicitor preparations of either Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea (Pmg elicitor) or Alternaria carthami Chowdhury (Ac elicitor). The linear furanocoumarins, psoralen and xanthotoxin, and the benzodipyrandione, graveolone, are the major products synthesized in response to Pmg elicitor, besides small amounts of the furanocoumarin bergapten. Treatment with Ac elicitor induces predominantly the formation of bergapten and the furanocoumarin isopimpinellin, as well as small amounts of graveolone. While Pmg elicitor leads to cell death within a few days, cell mass increased for at least 6 days after treatment with Ac elicitor. Brefeldin A, a phytotoxin produced by A. carthami, inhibits growth of parsley cell suspension cultures considerably at a concentration of 0.01 mM and growth of the cells ceased at a concentration of 0.1 mM toxin. Concomitantly, furanocoumarin biosynthesis was suppressed in our system by a concentration of brefeldin A within 0.01-0.1 mM.     

Improvement of phenylethanoid glycosides biosynthesis in Cistanche deserticola cell suspension cultures by chitosan elicitor

Effect of chitosan elicitor on growth and phenylethanoid glycosides (PeGs) accumulation in Cistanche deserticola cell suspension cultures was investigated. PeGs accumulation was dramatically improved by addition of selected chitosan at optimal elicitation conditions. Furthermore, a strategy of repeated addition of the chitosan elicitor for enhancing PeGs accumulation was developed. The chitosan elicitor of 10 mg l(-1)-medium repeatedly added on days 15 and 17 improved PeGs accumulation further, and the final PeGs production in the treated cell cultures of C. deserticola reached 364.6 mg l(-1), which was 3.4-fold higher than that of the control without elicitation. The increase of PeGs accumulation in C. deserticola cell suspension cultures was related to the increase of phenylalanine ammonium lyase activity stimulated by the chitosan elicitor.     

Phytoalexin Induction in French Bean : Intercellular Transmission of Elicitation in Cell Suspension Cultures and Hypocotyl Sections of Phaseolus vulgaris

Treatment of hypocotyl sections or cell suspension cultures of dwarf French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with an abiotic elicitor (denatured ribonuclease A) resulted in increased extractable activity of the enzyme l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. This induction could be transmitted from treated cells through a dialysis membrane to cells which were not in direct contact with the elicitor. In hypocotyl sections, induction of isoflavonoid phytoalexin accumulation was also transmitted across a dialysis membrane, although levels of insoluble, lignin-like phenolic material remained unchanged in elicitor-treated and control sections. In bean cell suspension cultures, the induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in cells separated from ribonuclease-treated cells by a dialysis membrane was also accompanied by increases in the activities of chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase, two enzymes previously implicated in the phytoalexin defense response. Such intercellular transmission of elicitation did not occur in experiments with cells treated with a biotic elicitor preparation heat-released from the cell walls of the bean pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. The results confirm and extend previous suggestions that a low molecular weight, diffusible factor of host plant origin is involved (in French bean) in the intercellular transmission of the elicitation response to abiotic elicitors.     

Elicitor-mediated induction of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and tryptophan decarboxylase: Accumulation of phenols and indole alkaloids in cell suspension cultures of Catharanthus roseus

Cell suspension cultures (cell line No 615) of Catharanthus roseus cv. Little Delicata responded to elicitor treatment by accumulating monoterpenoid indole alkaloids and phenolic compounds. The excretion of phenols into the culture medium resulted from the induction of the branch-point enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase. The accumulation of alkaloids, however, occurred several hours earlier than the elicitor-mediated induction of tryptophan decarboxylase through which shikimate pathway intermediates are channelled into tryptamine and related indole alkaloids. The results indicate that both pathways for phenol and indole alkaloid biosynthesis responded to elicitor treatment and that no obvious causal relationship between pathways could be deduced from this study.Abbreviations PAL phenylalanine ammonia lyase - TDC tryptophan decarboxylase Dedicated to Dr. Friedrich Constabel on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Stimulation of de novo synthesis of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in relation to phytoalexin accumulation in Colletotrichum lindemuthianum elicitor-treated cell suspension cultures of french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).

(1) The regulation of the accumulation of the isoflavonoid-derived phytoalexin phaseollin in cell suspension cultures of Dwarf French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris/ has been investigated. (2) An elicitor preparation from cell walls of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, the causal agent of anthracnose disease of French bean, caused a marked accumulation of phaseollin in the cultures. The elicitor induced phaseollin accumulation to a level of 60% that obtained with the artificial elicitor autoclaved ribonuclease A and was maximally active at a concentration (weight basis) of at least 50 times lower than required for maximal response to ribonuclease. (3) Elicitor preparations from cell walls of Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae, a fungal pathogen of soybean, and Botrytis cinerea, the common grey mould, were much less effective than the C. lindemuthianum wall-released elicitor. (4) There was a marked but transient increase in the extractable activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, the enzyme catalysing the first reaction in the biosynthesis of phaseollin from L-phenylalanine, in response to the elicitor from C. lindemuthianum. (5) Comparative density labelling with 2H from 2H2O indicated that the elicitor stimulates de novo synthesis of phenylalanine ammonie findings provide the basis of a scheme for elicitor induction of phytoalexin accumulation.