低温保护剂加入/取出过程中细胞体积的极值

低温保护剂是细胞低温保存过程中必不可少的,其加入／取出过程受到细胞体积变形极限的限制．在两参数细胞渗透模型的基础上,得到了细胞在低温保护剂加入／取出过程中细胞内水体积和细胞体积极值的解析解,分析了低温保护剂的渗透性和初始浓度差对细胞体积极值的影响。     

利用计算机测量心肌收缩功能

本文按照Maxwell心肌模型,在左心室等容收缩期测定心肌收缩功能。应用微电脑技术,将模拟ECG及LVP信号经12位A/D转换器转变成数字量,并自动分析出有关心肌收缩性功能。系统利用R波顶点来确定等容收缩期的起始点,用LVP的导数最大值作为等容期终点,收缩性能的主要指标均在LVP等容收缩期测量,系统能对四道测量信号作实时分析处理,且将四道在原始信号长时间地(可达数小时)不间断地记录在计算机硬盘上待实验完成后,再作详细分析处理。系统运用两种方法得到Vmax值,并作出dp/dL与发展压D.P的心率环图,收缩——舒张环图及有关的30多种重要参数。     

诱导多能干细胞技术的优化及其应用前景

诱导多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSCs)是类似胚胎干细胞的一种细胞类型,可以通过对已分化的体细胞进行诱导重编程获得,具有自我更新能力和多潜能性,在体外疾病模型的建立、移植替代治疗、发育学等方面有广阔的应用前景,但致瘤性、转化率低、疾病模型拟合度差等缺点限制着iPS技术在临床和科研上的推广。对近几年诱导多能干细胞技术优化方面取得的新进展进行综述,重点阐述降低致瘤性和提高转化率的几种方法及iPS在临床和科研上的应用前景。     

水分限制条件下小麦碳同化作用和生物量累积的简单机理模型

以辐射和日长作为自变量,首先建立了一个春小麦碳同化作用和生物量累积过程的简单机理模型;再以叶片水势作为小麦受水分限制的指标,考虑了水分限制下光能利用率、碳同化导度等均受抑制的设定,完成了水分限制下小麦碳同化作用和生物量累积过程简化机理模型的构建。通过分析和田;司实验数据的对比,表明该简单机理模型能很好地反映小麦在有水分限制和无水分限制条件下的碳同化作用和生物量的累积过程。     

基于比较优势分析法的冬小麦产量差异

在农户调查基础上,采用比较优势分析法对曲周县2003—2004年度冬小麦产量差异进行分析.调查数据表明,地块间小麦产量差异较大,产量范围为在4.2～7.9 t·hm-²,变异系数为0.14.通过逐步回归建立的由土壤盐碱度、土壤肥力、是否咸水灌溉、品种选择、返青期追施氮肥类型、播种时间、病虫害防治和返青期是否水分胁迫8个因子构成的产量差模型可以解释63%的产量差异.其中土壤盐碱度、土壤肥力和是否咸水灌溉是冬小麦的主要产量限制因子,其引起的产量差为727 kg·hm^-2,占总模拟产量差的52%.小麦品种引起的产量差为202.1 kg·hm^-2,占总模拟产量差的14%.播种时间、返青期追施氮肥类型、病虫害防治和返青期是否水分胁迫4个因子引起的产量差分别占总模拟产量差的7%、14%、10%和3%.因此,除土壤和气候状况外,管理措施也是造成产量差异的重要因素,通过优化管理措施可以大大减小产量差异.     

一株斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒毒力及基因组酶切的研究

一株斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒毒力及基因组酶切的研究王晓容,刘明富,刘润忠,兰萍章,张友清（中国科学院武汉病毒研究所,武汉４３００７１）关键词斜纹夜蛾,核多角体病毒,毒力测定,限制酶分析斜纹夜蛾（Ｓｐｏｄｏｐｌｅｒａｌｉｔｕｒａ）是重要的农业害虫之一。关...     

干旱条件下夏玉米地-气温差的影响因素及其模拟

地-气温差指标表征作物水分亏缺状况已经被广泛研究,但地-气温差随作物生育进程的变化特征及其影响因子的观测研究仍较少,制约着地-气温差的准确模拟.基于夏玉米2014年三叶期和2015年拔节期的5个灌溉水分控制试验资料的研究表明: 随着夏玉米生育进程的推进,土壤水分的变化显著影响了夏玉米农田的地-气温差,土壤水分亏缺越严重,地-气温差越高.在整个水分处理期间,归一化植被指数是地-气温差的主要影响因子且两者呈显著的线性关系,但不同生育期地-气温差还受其他因子的影响:三叶期后受冠层吸收光合有效辐射比影响且呈显著的线性关系,三叶期至拔节期则受土壤相对湿度和空气相对湿度的影响且呈显著的线性关系.在此基础上,基于2014年试验资料建立了夏玉米全生育期地-气温差模拟模型、营养生长期地-气温差模拟模型和生殖生长期地-气温差模拟模型,并利用2015年夏玉米拔节期5个灌溉水分控制试验资料进行了模型验证,结果表明,夏玉米全生育期地-气温差模型可以解释2015年地-气温差变异的63%,但地-气温差分生育期模拟模型,即营养生长期地-气温差模拟模型和生殖生长期地-气温差模拟模型综合的模拟结果则可解释2015年地-气温差变异的79%.研究结果为基于地-气温差的作物干旱指标定量评估作物干旱提供了依据.     

怎样利用“生物快报”提高教学貭量

我校利用“生物快报”的形式,配合生物各科以及农业基础知识的教学,丰富学生课外生活,开阔学生眼界,收效很好。“生物快报”以小黑板的形式出版,每星期三次左右,更換及时。文字不超过一百五十字,內容短小精悍,新颖活泼,具有启发性。并且配合以实物、标本、模型或简单的插图。“生物快报”的內容相当广泛,但主要包括以下三方面。 (一)密切配合教材內容、教学进度来指导学生观察实验、复习并且活学活用书本知识,扩大学生眼界。现以植物学第四章“叶”的有关內容为例。在此章中,有些生理实验需要长时间的观察。如果讲课时,把实     

植物种群更新限制——从种子生产到幼树建成

更新限制是指种子由于各种原因,不能够萌发并生长成幼树。它作为解释生物多样性的理论,一直受到国内外群落生态学家关注。从种源限制、传播限制和建成限制3个角度,对更新限制机制研究进展进行了综述。从种源限制而言,时空因素是影响植物种群更新限制的重要因素,因为植物结实量存在明显时空变化,造成植物更新个体出现明显的时空规律。从传播限制而言,传播数量、距离和食果动物行为均限制植物种群更新。数量上,缺乏有限传播者势必减少传播数量,但如果种子拥有较高质量,则能逃脱数量限制;距离上,植物更新个体显示出明显的Janzen-Connell格局,但传播距离趋向稳定,形成植物种群的进化稳定对策;食果动物行为上,不同传播者对更新贡献存在差异,捕食者直接降低更新,融入两类动物行为的模型更能反映食果动物对更新的限制。从建成限制而言,环境因子制约植物生长。小尺度下,微生境的好坏对于植物幼苗建成至关重要;大尺度下,植物提供较好的广告效应则能摆脱生境限制。将传播者行为、捕食者行为与幼苗的空间分布格局、种子传播机理模型等结合,建立植物更新限制机理模型应是更新限制未来的研究热点。选择稀有种和古老种为主题的长期更新限制研究,为种群恢复提供指导,也是未来重要研究方向。     

L-精氨酸-L-焦谷氨酸的应用及合成

L-精氨酸应用很广泛,但受到溶解性差及味感差的限制,其应用领域无法再拓宽。与L-焦谷氨酸配伍,制成L-精氨酸-L-焦谷氨酸复合盐,可应用在医疗、保健、化妆品等行业,并可使得单体的精氨酸和焦谷氨酸的应用功效增强。     

The effects of changing climate on faunal depth distributions determine winners and losers

Changing climate is predicted to impact all depths of the global oceans, yet projections of range shifts in marine faunal distributions in response to changing climate seldom evaluate potential shifts in depth distribution. Marine ectotherms' thermal tolerance is limited by their ability to maintain aerobic metabolism (oxygen‐ and capacity‐limited tolerance), and is functionally associated with their hypoxia tolerance. Shallow‐water (<200 m depth) marine invertebrates and fishes demonstrate limited tolerance of increasing hydrostatic pressure (pressure exerted by the overlying mass of water), and hyperbaric (increased pressure) tolerance is proposed to depend on the ability to maintain aerobic metabolism, too. Here, we report significant correlation between the hypoxia thresholds and the hyperbaric thresholds of taxonomic groups of shallow‐water fauna, suggesting that pressure tolerance is indeed oxygen limited. Consequently, it appears that the combined effects of temperature, pressure and oxygen concentration constrain the fundamental ecological niches (FENs) of marine invertebrates and fishes. Including depth in a conceptual model of oxygen‐ and capacity‐limited FENs' responses to ocean warming and deoxygenation confirms previous predictions made based solely on consideration of the latitudinal effects of ocean warming (e.g. Cheung et al., 2009), that polar taxa are most vulnerable to the effects of climate change, with Arctic fauna experiencing the greatest FEN contraction. In contrast, the inclusion of depth in the conceptual model reveals for the first time that temperate fauna as well as tropical fauna may experience substantial FEN expansion with ocean warming and deoxygenation, rather than FEN maintenance or contraction suggested by solely considering latitudinal range shifts.     

Pollution-Tolerant Species and Communities: Intriguing Toys or Invaluable Monitoring Tools?

Luoma suggested 25 years ago that tolerant populations could be used to detect adverse ecological effects of pollution. Despite the apparent attractiveness of the idea, there have been few successful examples of its use and a number of failures. Pollution-tolerant populations are limited almost entirely to areas that are grossly contaminated with one or a small number of substances and have flora and fauna that are severely impoverished. Tolerance does provide strong evidence of impact by a particular contaminant but is of limited value as a monitoring tool. Instances of evolved tolerance do, however, have a valuable role to play in environmental risk assessment. They provide model systems for understanding the impact of pollutants on the physiology and performance of individuals and in consequence how they produce effects at the population and community level, in the way that metal tolerance in plants has been used as a model system for the study of evolution. Pollution-induced community tolerance has more promise than population tolerance as a tool for monitoring the effects of pollution, and already has a much longer list of successful applications despite its shorter history.     

Intraspecific variation in tolerance of warming in fishes

Intraspecific variation in key traits such as tolerance of warming can have profound effects on ecological and evolutionary processes, notably responses to climate change. The empirical evidence for three primary elements of intraspecific variation in tolerance of warming in fishes is reviewed. The first is purely mechanistic that tolerance varies across life stages and as fishes become mature. The limited evidence indicates strongly that this is the case, possibly because of universal physiological principles. The second is intraspecific variation that is because of phenotypic plasticity, also a mechanistic phenomenon that buffers individuals’ sensitivity to negative impacts of global warming in their lifetime, or to some extent through epigenetic effects over successive generations. Although the evidence for plasticity in tolerance to warming is extensive, more work is required to understand underlying mechanisms and to reveal whether there are general patterns. The third element is intraspecific variation based on heritable genetic differences in tolerance, which underlies local adaptation and may define long-term adaptability of a species in the face of ongoing global change. There is clear evidence of local adaptation and some evidence of heritability of tolerance to warming, but the knowledge base is limited with detailed information for only a few model or emblematic species. There is also strong evidence of structured variation in tolerance of warming within species, which may have ecological and evolutionary significance irrespective of whether it reflects plasticity or adaptation. Although the overwhelming consensus is that having broader intraspecific variation in tolerance should reduce species vulnerability to impacts of global warming, there are no sufficient data on fishes to provide insights into particular mechanisms by which this may occur.     

Mathematical model of B lymphocyte replacement kinetics: its application to the recovery from tolerance in adult mice

In a previous paper a simple mathematical model was developed, describing the induction of B cell tolerance by direct inactivation of immunocompetent cells by antigen, and the escape from tolerance due to spontaneous differentiation of stem cells. The model was compared with experiments on newly hatched chickens whose reactivity with antigens increases with age, and this causes difficulties with the simple model. In this paper the model is compared with experiments on adult mice using sheep erythrocytes and human gamma globulin as antigens. The rates of elimination of these two antigens from circulation differ markedly, and the escape from tolerance in these experiments correlates with the rates of elimination. Our model, which is based on this fact, agrees reasonably well with experimental results.     

植物逆境胁迫抗性的功能基因组研究策略

植物对逆境胁迫抗性的功能基因组研究主要是寻找胁迫抗性位点在相关物种基因组中的保守位置,发现胁迫反应中的高度保守序列,确定植物胁迫反应的调控机理,进而得到植物对逆境胁迫抗性的关键代谢途径和其中的关键调控因子,为进一步选择用于改良植物对逆境胁迫抗性的关键基因奠定基础。本文从主要模式植物(苔藓类植物、复苏植物、盐土植物和甜土植物)、主要技术策略(基因的差异表达分析、基因表达序列标签、cDNA芯片技术。基因表达序列分析和基因敲除和突变体筛选分析)和生物信息学方法(数据分析的生物信息学方法设计到序列比较、比较基因组学、电子克隆)等三个方面对国内外植物逆境胁迫抗性的功能基因组研究策略作了全面综述。     

Plant salt tolerance

Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress in plant agriculture worldwide. This has led to research into salt tolerance with the aim of improving crop plants. However, salt tolerance might have much wider implications because transgenic salt-tolerant plants often also tolerate other stresses including chilling, freezing, heat and drought. Unfortunately, suitable genetic model systems have been hard to find. A recently discovered halophytic plant species, Thellungiella halophila, now promises to help in the detection of new tolerance determinants and operating pathways in a model system that is not limited to Arabidopsis traits or ecotype variations.     

Functional Genomics of Drought Tolerance in Bioenergy Crops

With predicted global changes in temperature and precipitation, drought will increasingly impose a challenge to biomass production. Most of the bioenergy crops have some degree of drought susceptibility as revealed for example through measures of low water-use efficiency (WUE). It is imperative to improve drought tolerance and WUE in bioenergy crops for sustainable biomass production in arid and semi-arid regions. Genetics and functional genomics can play critical roles in generating knowledge to inform and aid genetic improvement for drought tolerance in bioenergy crops. The molecular aspects of drought response have been extensively investigated in model plants like Arabidopsis, yet our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying drought tolerance in bioenergy crops is limited. Plants in general exhibit various responses to drought stress depending on species and genotype. A rational strategy for studying drought tolerance in bioenergy crops is to translate the knowledge from model plants relative to the unique features associated with individual bioenergy species and genotypes. In this review, we summarize the general knowledge concerning drought responsive pathways, with a focus on the identification of commonality and specialty in drought responsive mechanisms among alternate species and genotypes. We describe the genomic resources developed for bioenergy crops and discuss genetic and epigenetic regulation of drought responses. We also examine comparative and evolutionary genomics as a means to leverage the ever-increasing genomics resources and provide new insights beyond what is known from studies on individual species. Finally, we outline future opportunities for studying drought tolerance using the emerging technologies.     

A theory of drug tolerance and dependence I: a conceptual analysis

A mathematical model of drug tolerance and its underlying theory is presented. The model extends a first approach, published previously. The model is essentially more complex than the generally used model of homeostasis, which is demonstrated to fail in describing tolerance development to repeated drug administrations. The model assumes the development of tolerance to a repeatedly administered drug to be the result of a regulated adaptive process. The oral detection and analysis of exogenous substances is proposed to be the primary stimulus for the mechanism of drug tolerance. Anticipation and environmental cues are in the model considered secondary stimuli, becoming primary only in dependence and addiction or when the drug administration bypasses the natural-oral-route, as is the case when drugs are administered intravenously. The model considers adaptation to the effect of a drug and adaptation to the interval between drug taking autonomous tolerance processes. Simulations with the mathematical model demonstrate the model's behavior to be consistent with important characteristics of the development of tolerance to repeatedly administered drugs: the gradual decrease in drug effect when tolerance develops, the high sensitivity to small changes in drug dose, the rebound phenomenon and the large reactions following withdrawal in dependence. The mathematical model verifies the proposed theory and provides a basis for the implementation of mathematical models of specific physiological processes. In addition, it establishes a relation between the drug dose at any moment, and the resulting drug effect and relates the magnitude of the reactions following withdrawal to the rate of tolerance and other parameters involved in the tolerance process. The present paper analyses the concept behind the model. The next paper discusses the mathematical model.     

Evolution of phenotypic plasticity and environmental tolerance of a labile quantitative character in a fluctuating environment

Quantitative genetic models of evolution of phenotypic plasticity are used to derive environmental tolerance curves for a population in a changing environment, providing a theoretical foundation for integrating physiological and community ecology with evolutionary genetics of plasticity and norms of reaction. Plasticity is modelled for a labile quantitative character undergoing continuous reversible development and selection in a fluctuating environment. If there is no cost of plasticity, a labile character evolves expected plasticity equalling the slope of the optimal phenotype as a function of the environment. This contrasts with previous theory for plasticity influenced by the environment at a critical stage of early development determining a constant adult phenotype on which selection acts, for which the expected plasticity is reduced by the environmental predictability over the discrete time lag between development and selection. With a cost of plasticity in a labile character, the expected plasticity depends on the cost and on the environmental variance and predictability averaged over the continuous developmental time lag. Environmental tolerance curves derived from this model confirm traditional assumptions in physiological ecology and provide new insights. Tolerance curve width increases with larger environmental variance, but can only evolve within a limited range. The strength of the trade‐off between tolerance curve height and width depends on the cost of plasticity. Asymmetric tolerance curves caused by male sterility at high temperature are illustrated. A simple condition is given for a large transient increase in plasticity and tolerance curve width following a sudden change in average environment.     

重金属污染的转基因植物修复——原理与应用

污染环境的植物修复技术具有成本低、不造成二次污染等优点。从自然界中寻找用于污染环境修复的超富积植物不仅难度大 ,而且受生物量、生长周期以及地理环境等因素的限制。近几年迅速发展起来的通过转基因植物进行污染环境的修复技术显示了广阔的应用前景。外源基因在植物的高效表达可以提高植物吸收、运输、降解污染物的能力以及修复的效率 ,并可以作为研究不同污染物修复机理的实验系统。以转基因植物修复几种主要的重金属污染为例 ,介绍了转基因植物修复的原理、现状及存在问题 ,并探讨了提高转基因植物修复效率的一些方法 。