多食性瓢虫捕食5种蚜虫的统计学比较:实验室研究(英文)

通过食蚜瓢虫Propylea dissecta(Mulsant)的捕食统计学参数的比较,尝试回答瓢虫是如何克服食物基础季节性的变动问题。在实验室中饲养五世代的瓢虫从五种蚜虫(Rhopalosiphum maidis(Fitch),Aphis craccivora Kock,Aphis gossypii Glover,Uroleucon compositae(Theobald)和Lipaphis erysimi(Kalt))为食物来源获得营养。相对适合的猎物次序是A.gossypii,A.craccivora,R.maidis,U.compositae和L.erysimi。新生幼虫的死亡率最高,其次是卵。统计表明,净生殖率、内懔增长率和有限增长率为(407.18,0.2274天-1,1.2553天-1)最高的在A.gossypii和最低的(176.02,0.1533天-1,1.1657天-1)在L.erysimi,一个世代时间最短的26.43天是捕食A.gossypii;而最长的33.73天为捕食L.erysimi。本研究为P.dissecta捕食A.gossypii高发生提供一种解释,因为它经历了高内懔增长率和统计参数最佳值。     

Comparative biology and life tables of Trichogramma cacoeciae,T. brassicae and T. evanescens (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) with Ephestia kuehniella and Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as hosts at three constant temperatures

Egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma (Hym. Trichogrammatidae) have been successfully utilized for biocontrol of several Lepidopteran pests worldwide. Because of their low host specificity Trichogramma can be mass reared more easily in large numbers and on different natural and factitious hosts. Life table parameters were assessed for Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchall, T. evanescens Westwood and T. brassicae Bezdenko on Ephestia kuehniella Zeller and Cadra cautella Walker at three temperatures (20, 25 and 30°C) as the potential factitious hosts for mass rearing. Female longevity ranged between 9.77 and 2.56 days in our experiments. Fecundity ranged from 73 to 91 parasitized eggs in C. cautella and 76–109 parasitized eggs in E. kuehniella. T. brassicae exhibit similar values of the intrinsic rate of increase ratio (r _m) 0.5407 and 0.5478; the finite rates of increase (λ) were 1.717 and 1.7295 and the doubling times 1.28 and 1.26 at 25 and 30°C, respectively, in C. cautella. The mean duration of one generation (T) varied between 8.25 and 13.37 days for T. cacoeciae, 8.14 and 13.47 days for T. brassicae and 8.23 and 13.18 days for T. evanescens in C. cautella. Generation times for T. cacoeciae varied between 8.23 and 14.68 days, 8.28 and 14.37 days for T. brassicae, and 7.74 and 14.58 days for T. evanescens in E. kuehniella eggs. Both species (T. cacoeciae, T. brassicae) had the same intrinsic rate of increase (r _m; 0.5700 and 0.5704), finite rate of increase (λ; 1.7682, 1.7691) and doubling time (Dt, 1.21) at 30°C in E. kuehniella, respectively.     

侧多食跗线螨实验种群繁殖特征生命表

研究了侧多食跗线螨Polyphagotarsonemuslatus (Banks)在 2 5℃ ,相对湿度 85 %～ 90 % ,取食辣椒条件下的种群繁殖特征生命表。结果表明 :该螨的内禀增长力为 0 2 94 8,周限增长率为 1 34 2 9,净增殖率为 2 5 4 94 4,种群世代平均周期为 1 3 85 0 9d ,种群加倍时间为 2 35 1 2d ,在理论年龄组配中 ,未成熟期(卵、幼螨、若螨 )占 70 1 781 % ,成螨占 2 9 82 1 9%。     

温度对马铃薯棉蚜生长发育及种群增长的影响

采用新叶圆片法,研究了不同恒温(10℃、15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃)条件下马铃薯棉蚜的发育历期、存活率、生殖力及种群生命表参数。结果表明:棉蚜在马铃薯上的各龄历期和成蚜寿命及产仔期随温度的升高而缩短,世代历期、成蚜寿命和产仔期分别从10℃的17.72 d、53.03 d和26.18 d下降到30℃的4.77 d、14.60 d和6.84 d。完成1代需要的有效积温为110.84日度,发育起点温度为4.56℃。总产仔量在15℃-25℃范围内最高(63.29-69.36头),其次为10℃(40.00头);日均产仔量在25℃时最高(5.61头/日),其次为20℃(3.47头/日)和30℃(3.35头/日)。除在10℃时为Deevey-II型存活曲线外,在其它温度下均为Deevey-I型存活曲线。根据内禀增长率大小排序,25℃是马铃薯棉蚜生长发育、存活、繁殖及种群增长的最适温度,其后依次为30℃、20℃、15℃和10℃。     

3种微生态制剂对大型溞存活、生殖和种群增长的影响

研究了3种微生态制剂(复合微生态制剂Ⅰ、复合微生态制剂Ⅱ和芽孢杆菌)对大型溞的急、慢性毒性影响,分析比较了3种微生态制剂的安全使用剂量以及对大型溞生殖和种群增长的影响.试验结果表明,3种微生态制剂对大型溞死亡率影响均显著(P < 0.05),从安全浓度来看,对大型溞的毒性作用依次为:复合微生态制剂Ⅱ>复合微生态制剂Ⅰ>芽孢杆菌;在安全浓度范围内,3种微生态制剂对大型溞亲代(P)的生殖和种群增长均有明显的促进作用,表现在随微生态制剂浓度的升高,P代的净生殖率(R0)和内禀增长率(rm)均显著增加(P < 0.05),其中以复合微生态制剂Ⅰ的效果最好,R0最高值为对照组的7倍,rm最高值为对照组的1.7倍;3种微生态制剂对大型溞子一代(F1)和子二代(F2)的生殖和种群增长均没有促进作用.     

Comparative demography of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard （Diptera： Agromyzidae） on cucumber at seven constant temperatures

Reproduction and population parameters of vegetable leafminer, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard were measured on cucumber （Cucumis sativus L.） at seven constant temperatures （10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40℃）. No eggs were found at 10℃ and flies died after exposure to 40℃. The significantly highest intrinsic rate of natural increase （rm）, net reproductive rate （R0） and finite rate of increase （λ） ofL. sativae were obtained at 25℃ as 0.196, 52.452, and 1.216, respectively. The above-mentioned parameters decreased at 15℃ and 135℃ and this reduction at 35℃ was strong. Doubling time （DT） varied significantly with temperature. The shortest doubling time was obtained at 25℃. Mean generation time （T） decreased significantly with increasing temperature between 15℃ and 35℃. Percentage of immature ages in the stable age distribution was more than 95% at all temperatures. Female longevity was greater than male at all temperatures. Liriomyza sativae lived for a long time at 15℃, whereas at 35℃ had lower survival rates. The effect of temperature on reproduction, especially the intrinsic rate of increase of L. sativae would be useful for predicting its longterm population fluctuation over several generations.     

成虫期长于幼期的昆虫实验种群生殖力表参数估计模型的改进

针对昆虫的某些类群成虫期长于幼期的实际情况,利用矩阵建立了内禀增长力估计的改进型模型,使得因成虫期过长而引起的世代重叠情况下,子孙后代在母代成虫存活期内的繁殖量得到表达.对成虫期远长于幼期而引发的当代成虫生殖期间,出现的世代重叠和生殖量进行估计,使得内禀增长力rm的计算与实际较为吻合.经rm的精确值估计模型的验算,证明新模型比原模型在估计rm值时,更加接近精确值.     

温湿度对苜蓿盲蝽实验种群的影响

在４种温度、２种相对湿度的不同组合条件下,研究了温湿度对苜蓿盲蝽发育、存活和繁殖的影响。组建了生命表,并对各生命参数进行了比较。在３０℃、８０％ＲＨ条件下,种群的内禀增长率最大（ｒ＿ｍ＝０．０６７１８）,相应的增殖率极限λ＝１．０６９５／ｄ,平均世代周期Ｔ＝３２．０３１３ｄ,净生殖率Ｒ＿０＝８．６０１１。在试验的温度范围内,温度与内禀增长率之间呈抛物线趋势。     

Comparison of development and demographic parameters of Diuraphis noxia (Hem., Aphididae) and its parasitoid,Diaeretiella rapae (Hym., Braconidae: Aphidiinae)

Demographic parameters of Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) and its parasitoid, Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) were investigated under laboratory conditions at temperatures of 20 ± 1°C, 60 ± 5% relative humidity of 60 ± 5% and a photoperiod of 16: 8 (light: dark) hours. The survival rates (l_x ) and the life expectancy (e_x ) at the beginning of adult emergence were 86% and 25.81 days for D. noxia and 100% and 7.36 days for D. rapae, respectively. Based on the Weibull distribution parameters, the survival curves were type I for both D. noxia and D. rapae, which indicates that mortality mostly occurred in older stages. The r _m-values in aphid and parasitoid were obtained as 0.22 ± 0.002 and 0.19 ± 0.003 day^?1, respectively. Mean generation time (T) and doubling time (DT) were 15.93 ± 0.202 and 3.15 ± 0.031 days for the aphid and 15.33 ± 0.071 and 3.67 ± 0.054 days for the parasitoid, respectively. The R₀ -values of D. noxia and D. rapae were evaluated 33.19 ± 0.961 and 18.07 ± 0.761 females/female/generation, respectively. The gross and net fecundity rates were 59.21 ± 1.94 and 32.825 ± 0.972 nymphs/female/day for the aphid and 37.59 ± 1.46, and 33.8 ± 1.51 eggs/female/day for the parasitoid, respectively. The results of this research indicated that D. rapae is an adequate parasitoid for control of Russian wheat aphid.     

Life history of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eretmocerus mundus</Emphasis>, a parasitoid of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bemisia tabaci</Emphasis>, on tomato and sweet pepper

Eretmocerus mundus is native to the Mediterranean region where it is often observed to enter greenhouses to parasitize B. tabaci on fruiting vegetables and other host crops. Fecundity on tomato and pepper was evaluated by placing newly emerged pairs (n = 15) of E. mundus on leaf discs infested with second instar B. tabaci, the preferred stage, maintained at 25 °C and changed daily until death of the female. All whitefly nymphs were observed for host feeding and inverted to count parasitoid eggs. Adult longevity was estimated at 7.3±0.8 d on tomato and 10.1±1.0 d on sweet pepper. Fecundity (number of hosts parasitized) was estimated 147.8±12.6 per female on tomato and 171.1±21.5 on pepper. Incidence of host feeding (number of hosts killed) was significantly greater on sweet pepper than on tomato, 15.6±1.9 vs. 10.4±1.3 nymphs per female, respectively. No significant differences were detected in the duration of life stages between sweet pepper and tomato. Preimaginal survivorship in clip cages was estimated at 69.5±11.9% on tomato and 76.6±10.5% on sweet pepper, with no statistical differences. Net reproductive rate (R _o) was estimated at 63.8±8.2 and 51.0±4.4 on tomato and sweet pepper respectively. Generation time (T) was significantly greater on sweet pepper (19.3±0.5) than on tomato (17.9±0.4), but the estimate of intrinsic rate of increase (r _m) was not statistically different at 0.216±0.005 and 0.219±0.004 respectively. These values are well above those reported for B. tabaci on any crop, indicating the potential of E. mundus to control this pest on solanaceous crops in the greenhouse.     

亚致死浓度氟啶虫酰胺对花椒棉蚜种群生命表参数的影响

【目的】明确田间防治棉蚜Aphis gossypii的最佳时期及亚致死浓度的氟啶虫酰胺对花椒Zanthoxylum bungeanum棉蚜生长发育及繁殖的影响。【方法】采用浸叶法通过室内毒力测定氟啶虫酰胺对棉蚜成虫及不同龄期若虫的亚致死浓度,采用浸叶法测定亚致死浓度(LC₁₀和LC₃₀)氟啶虫酰胺处理24 h对棉蚜亲本（F₀）及其F₁子代成虫寿命和繁殖力的影响,计算F₀和F₁代的净增殖率、平均世代周期、内禀增长率、周限增长率和种群加倍时间等生命表参数。【结果】氟啶虫酰胺的亚致死浓度随棉蚜发育阶段的增长不断增加,24 h内氟啶虫酰胺对1-4龄若虫及成虫的LC₃₀值分别为22.939, 26.346, 36.050, 36.531和36.911 mg/L。LC₃₀和LC₁₀浓度的氟啶虫酰胺处理棉蚜成虫均能够降低其F₀和F₁代的雌成虫寿命和单雌产卵量,LC₃₀浓度氟啶虫酰胺处理组F₀代棉蚜雌成虫寿命为（6.15±0.45） d,显著短于对照组（清水处理）[（8.53±0.39） d],单雌产卵量为（9.53±0.44）粒,显著少于对照组[（25.08±0.61）粒], F₁代棉蚜雌成虫寿命为（9.06±0.44） d,显著短于对照组[（10.85±0.52） d],单雌产卵量为（15.76±0.40）粒,显著低于对照组[（28.06±0.45）粒]; LC₁₀浓度氟啶虫酰胺处理组F₀代棉蚜的雌成虫寿命为（7.45±0.37） d,与对照组[（8.53±0.39） d]无显著差异,单雌产卵量为（17.56±0.56）粒,显著少于对照组[（25.08±0.61）粒], F₁代棉蚜雌成虫寿命为（10.10±0.51） d,与对照组[（10.85±0.52） d]相比无显著变化,单雌产卵量为（22.40±0.45）粒,显著少于对照组[（28.06±0.45）粒]。LC₃₀浓度氟啶虫酰胺处理组F₀和F₁代棉蚜净增殖率分别为7.83±0.39和15.22±0.43,显著低于对照组（分别为22.57±0.64和23.87±1.25）,周限增长率分别为（1.83±0.12）和（1.65±0.06） d^-1,显著低于对照组[分别为（1.97±0.29）和（1.69±0.17） d^-1]; LC₁₀浓度氟啶虫酰胺处理组F₀和F₁代棉蚜净增殖率分别为15.17±0.46和18.65±0.55,显著低于对照组（分别22.57±0.64和23.87±1.25）; LC₃₀浓度氟啶虫酰胺处理组F₀代棉蚜平均世代周期（3.41±0.17） d,显著低于对照组[（4.61±0.21） d],内禀增长率为（0.60±0.23） d^-1,显著低于对照组[（0.68±0.17） d^-1]。【结论】氟啶虫酰胺对花椒棉蚜种群表现出较好的防治效果,尤其是对低龄棉蚜的防效最佳;亚致死浓度的氟啶虫酰胺对F₀和F₁代棉蚜的生长发育及繁殖均有抑制作用。本研究为合理使用氟啶虫酰胺防治花椒棉蚜提供了理论依据。     

Hap1型棉蚜在6种菊科植物上的适合度研究

棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover是严重危害农作物的多食性害虫,其种群已出现明显的分化。为明确Hap1型棉蚜对早春菊科Asteraceae植物的适合度,本研究用生命表参数评价了Hap1型棉蚜在苦荬菜Ixeris polycephala、泥胡菜Hemisteptia lyrata、蒲公英Taraxacum mongolicum、茼蒿Glebionis coronaria、莴苣Lactuca sativa和续断菊Sonchus asper等6种早春菊科植物上的生长和发育情况。研究结果发现,Hap1型棉蚜能在上述6种菊科植物上成功建立种群,但生命表参数存在差异。其中Hap1型棉蚜在茼蒿、苦荬菜和泥胡菜上的产仔天数均大于8 d,平均单头单日产仔数量在2.5头以上,寿命均大于16 d。Hap1型棉蚜在莴苣和续断菊上产仔天数为6 d左右,平均单头单日产仔数量分别为3.09头和1.72头,寿命为14 d左右。取食蒲公英的Hap1型棉蚜上产仔天数为2 d,平均单头单日产仔数量1.46头,在第8天死亡率就超过60%,寿命为6.74 d。研究结果表明,在上述6种菊科植物中,苦荬菜、泥胡菜和茼蒿是Hap1棉蚜的适宜寄主,莴苣和续断菊是Hap1棉蚜的较适宜寄主,而蒲公英则不是Hap1型棉蚜的适宜寄主。本研究为进一步阐明Hap1型棉蚜寄主转移规律提供了科学依据,同时为制定棉蚜的绿色防控技术奠定了理论基础。     

棉蚜种群寄主转换的适应和变异规律研究

系统研究棉蚜在不同寄主植物间地其种群特征的影响。通过Ｗeibull函数模拟,生命表分析和高氏距离分析比较得出,棉蚜从冬寄主向夏寄主转换移时,木槿与石榴、石榴与花椒间表现有明显分离。４种夏寄主间相互转换时也有一定组合间有显著差异,但当经若干代生长、繁殖后４ 的种夏寄主上种群作比较时,其差异性均没有达到明显分离的程度。     

短时间高温处理对棉蚜存活的影响

为探索棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover种群动态与高温的关系,研究了不同温度(30、34、38、42、46℃)、不同处理时间(1、2、5、8h)对棉蚜存活的影响。结果表明:在同一处理时间条件下,棉蚜的存活率随着温度的升高而降低;在同一处理温度下,棉蚜的存活率随处理时间的延长而降低。30～38℃温度范围内,棉蚜存活率降低缓慢,从42℃开始棉蚜的存活率迅速降低。棉蚜半数致死温度随着处理时间的延长而降低;相同处理时间条件下,若蚜半数致死温度高于成蚜,若蚜较成蚜更耐高温。     

韭蛆人工饲料配方筛选及饲养效果比较

【目的】研究实验室条件下韭蛆 Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang大量饲养的方法以解决试虫不足的问题。【方法】本实验在25℃,相对湿度75%,光周期16L:8D条件下,通过控制变量法筛选出人工饲料配方,运用两性生命表软件,分析比较人工饲料与韭菜Allium tuberosum的饲喂效果。【结果】对不同成分和不同含量的8种韭蛆人工饲料配方筛选,结果确定最优的人工饲料配方成分和含量为：平菇粉6 g,韭菜粉5 g,琼脂粉1.25 g,山梨酸0.04 g,苯甲酸0.05 g,酵母粉0.5 g,维生素C 2.5 g和水50 mL。该配方和韭菜饲养效果相当,不存在显著差异（P>0.05）。同时,两性生命表结果表明,人工饲料饲喂的韭蛆平均世代周期23.6800 d,韭菜饲喂的韭蛆世代周期为25.9000 d,两者之间差异显著（P<0.05）。生殖生物学特性分析发现：韭菜和人工饲料饲喂的韭蛆雌成虫净生殖率分别为16.3200和41.1800/d,内禀增长率分别为0.1078和0.1570/d。【结论】筛选的人工饲料和韭菜均可以稳定地完成韭蛆的世代繁殖,且人工饲料饲喂效果略优于韭菜,另外人工饲料较韭菜不但具有低成本省人工的优点,而且可解决韭菜反季节供应和农药残留问题,保证稳定的虫源供给。     

Effect of temperature on development rate and intrinsic rate of increase ofAphis gossypii reared on greenhouse cucumbers

Thermal requirements for development and life table statistics ofAphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera, Aphididae) were determined over a range of constant temperatures from 10 to 30°C. The lower development threshold and the sum of effective temperatures were 6.9°C and 90.1°C, respectively, for preimaginal development, and 5.8°C and 113.6°C from birth to the onset of reproduction. Mean total fecundity ranged from 36 larvae per female at 10°C to 76 larvae at 30°C. On a time scale of days, net reproductive rate (R _o ) increased with increasing temperature while generation time (T) decreased causing the intrinsic rate of increase (r _m ) to increase linearly from 0.115 to 0.465. On a day-degree scaler _m only varied from 0.019 to 0.028 because the growth ofR _o was compensated by an increase inT with increase in temperature. The nearly constantr _m in terms of day-degrees, over a wide range of temperatures, greatly simplifies the prediction of future population numbers ofA. gossypii.     

印度瓜野螟种群的增长力及其密度制约

在养虫室内群体饲养条件下,对印度瓜野螟种群动态的测定结果表明:第二代和第三代的种群内禀增长力(rm)分别为0.0792和0.0487,它们的累计产卵率随时间而表现出逻辑斯蒂曲线变化。在相同的生活和取食空间内,幼虫的发育速率和存活率随种群密度的增长而下降;每对成虫的每天产卵量随成虫密度的增加而递减,单对成虫密度下的产卵率比17对成虫密度下的产卵率高达18倍左右。