mTOR信号转导在肌肉抗阻训练中的作用

虽然抗阻训练在康复手段和日常运动训练中广泛应用,但其调节生长发育和萎缩状态下肌肉再生的信号转导通路迄今仍未阐明,近期有证据表明哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)通路在此方面具有一定作用.本文从mTOR介导的抗阻训练生理效应出发,综述了抗阻训练中mTOR信号转导通路在调节肌肉体积方面的重要作用.     

近红外光谱技术（NIRS）在人体的应用与展望

近红外光谱技术(NIRS)在人体的应用与研究是近年来在国内外新兴的研究领域,因为其方便无创,成本低等优点,近20年来在不断发展和完善,引起大家的广泛关注。近红外光谱在700-900 mm范围内可以穿透一定深度的组织,组织内含氧血红蛋白、去氧血红蛋白对近红外光的吸收系数存在差异,经过传感器和计算机技术分析,得到组织的血氧参数。其测量参数为微动脉、微静脉和毛细血管中血液的血氧参数之加权平均,反应组织中的血氧参数,其中静脉血占主要地位,不同于普通脉搏式血氧监测仪的指端动脉血的血氧饱和度。基于近红外光谱技术的近红外组织血氧无创监测仪、功能性近红外光谱技术(f NIRS)、近红外光谱荧光技术等在临床医学,运动医学,神经生物学,认知科学,脑力疲劳,人机交互等新兴领域正发挥越来越重要作用。     

高光谱技术——生态学领域研究的新方法

高光谱技术是一种新的地物探测技术,该技术以其敏锐的地物光谱特征探测能力为精准识别地物属性提供了强有力的手段,在生态系统过程与属性研究中具有广阔的应用前景。该文以可见光-近红外光谱分析技术为例概述了高光谱技术的原理、特点与优势,以及高光谱技术分析的流程;总结并归纳了其在土壤、植物生理、农产品品质检测、凋落物分解方面的研究应用,指出高光谱技术与遥感成像技术结合在生态监测研究中的优势;归纳了高光谱技术应用中面临的问题,并希望高光谱技术在生态学领域研究中得到更广泛的应用。     

抗阻训练通过Akt-FoxO1通路抑制低氧诱导的骨骼肌萎缩

高原低氧环境会引起肌力下降和运动能力退化,而抗阻训练是刺激骨骼肌生长的重要手段,叉头转录因子1（fork head box protein O 1,FoxO1）在调控骨骼肌蛋白质分解通路中承担重要角色。为探究Akt-FoxO1通路是否参与抗阻训练抑制低氧诱导的骨骼肌萎缩,本研究构建低氧诱导骨骼肌萎缩的大鼠模型,并模拟海拔4 000 m低氧环境下（12.4% O2）进行抗阻训练,对比观察大鼠比目鱼肌和趾长伸肌湿重和横截面积,以及蛋白激酶B（protein kinase B,Akt）、叉头转录因子1、泛素蛋白连接酶1（muscle ring finger 1,MuRF1）的表达差异等。结果表明,低氧暴露导致大鼠趾长伸肌湿重显著下降,苏木精-伊红染色组织切片分析肌纤维横截面积、低氧环境下比目鱼肌横截面积明显下降,而低氧抗阻训练后趾长伸肌横截面积明显高于安静组。实时荧光定量PCR和蛋白质免疫印迹结果显示,低氧暴露后FoxO1和MuRF1基因表达明显上调,低氧下抗阻训练后发现,Akt基因表达明显上调而FoxO1、MuRF则明显下调。免疫荧光观察磷酸化FoxO1在细胞核内外表达情况,发现抗阻训练后FoxO1（S256）于细胞核外表达增强。上述结果表明,抗阻训练可以达到抑制低氧诱导骨骼肌萎缩的效果,Akt促进FoxO1磷酸化从而减缓骨骼肌蛋白质分解过程是抗阻训练能够抑制骨骼肌萎缩的分子机制之一。     

近红外光谱技术在生物学研究中的应用

分析了利用近红外(NIR)光谱技术进行生物学研究的原理与优势,概述了这一技术在生物体成分的定量分析、生物生理与病理信息的获取以及分类鉴定等领域中的应用,并讨论了其在生物学研究中的局限性与前景.     

多光谱成像技术在生物医学中的应用进展

多光谱成像(multispectral imaging,MSI)技术在生物医学可视化方面是一种新技术,它结合了两个已建立的光学模块:成像学和光谱学。它的原理是基于液晶可调谐滤光片,从可见光到近红外波长(400-970nm)区域获取多光谱图像。自从MSI系统加上显微镜商品化以来,MSI已经成为一种快速发展的领域,可应用于细胞生物学、临床前药物开发和临床病理学等。国外已有大量关于MSI在生物医学中应用的研究报道,但国内报道少见。本文主要对多光谱成像的基本原理,近三年内该技术在生物医学领域的应用进展作一简要综述。     

基于功能性近红外光谱技术的双人同步交互测量研究

多人同步交互式记录是认知神经科学的一种新的研究范式,它可以揭示两个或多个个体的大脑间在社交情境下神经活动的耦合。这一目标仅靠单个大脑活动的记录与测量是无法实现的。功能性近红外光谱成像在进行多人同步交互记录研究中有独特的优势。该方面的研究已经涵盖了社会认知神经科学的多个领域。本研究使用近红外光谱成像对社交情境下自我表露的双人大脑前额皮层的活动进行交互式测量,并使用小波相关来分析双人大脑互动时的神经同步性。研究结果表明在进行社交对话时,被试对的大脑间左侧额中回、右侧眶额皮层和右侧额下回下部的活动同步性显著增强。共情能力与社交情境下脑间同步性的强度呈正相关,这种关系主要体现在右侧额下回。本研究支持了采用近红外光谱成像技术研究多人同步交互记录大脑间神经耦合的可行性和有效性。     

缩唇腹式呼吸训练联合弹力带抗阻运动对慢性心力衰竭患者运动耐力、心肺功能及生活质量的影响

摘要 目的：观察缩唇腹式呼吸训练对联合弹力带抗阻运动对慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者运动耐力、心肺功能及生活质量的影响。方法：选取2020年4月~2021年7月期间我院收治的CHF患者83例。按照双色球法将患者分为对照组（n=41）和观察组（n=42）,对照组接受弹力带抗阻运动,观察组接受缩唇腹式呼吸训练联合弹力带抗阻运动。观察两组运动耐力、心肺功能、生活质量及1年内再住院率和1年内死亡率情况。结果：两组干预4周后躯体领域评分、情绪领域评分、其他领域评分和总分均下降,且观察组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组干预4周后用力肺活量（FVC）、第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV₁）、最大自主分钟通气量（MVV）、左室射血分数（LVEF）升高,且观察组高于对照组（P<0.05）,而左室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）、左室收缩末期内径（LVESD）下降,且观察组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组干预4周后6 min步行距离试验（6MWT）、峰值摄氧量（VO_2peak ）及无氧阈值（AT）升高,且观察组高于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组的1年内再住院率、1年内死亡率均低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：弹力带抗阻运动联合缩唇腹式呼吸训练可促进CHF患者心肺功能改善,提高运动耐力,促进生活质量提升,同时还可降低1年内再住院率、1年内死亡率,疗效较好。     

下肢可调负重支具训练联合渐进性抗阻运动训练对股骨粗隆间骨折术后患者康复效果、髋关节功能和生活质量的影响

摘要 目的：探讨下肢可调负重支具训练联合渐进性抗阻运动训练在股骨粗隆间骨折术后患者中的应用效果。方法：按照随机数字表法将我院2020年3月~2021年6月间收治的93例股骨粗隆间骨折术后患者分为对照组（n=46,接受常规训练、渐进性抗阻运动训练）和研究组（n=47,接受常规训练、渐进性抗阻运动训练联合下肢可调负重支具训练）。观察并对比两组患者的临床指标、髋关节功能、疼痛情况、生活质量和并发症发生率。结果：与对照组相比,研究组的骨折愈合时间、住院天数、首次下床活动时间明显缩短（P<0.05）。干预1个月后、干预3个月后、干预6个月后,两组Harris髋关节功能评分依次升高,视觉疼痛模拟评分（VAS）依次下降（P<0.05）,干预1个月后、干预3个月后、干预6个月后,研究组Harris髋关节功能评分高于对照组,VAS评分低于对照组（P<0.05）。干预6个月后,两组简明健康调查量表（SF-36）各维度评分均升高,且研究组高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组并发症发生率组间对比,差异不显著（P>0.05）。结论：股骨粗隆间骨折术后患者采用下肢可调负重支具训练联合渐进性抗阻运动训练,可促进髋关节功能恢复,减轻疼痛症状,提高生活质量。     

近红外光谱技术在食品产地溯源中的应用进展

食品产地溯源是食品安全追溯制度的重要工作。近红外光谱技术(near infrared spectroscopy,NIRS)作为一种兼具快速、简便、不破坏试样、分析过程无试剂消耗等优点的新兴绿色检测技术,近年来被逐步应用于食品产地溯源的研究中。简要介绍了应用于食品产地溯源研究中近红外光谱技术常用的化学计量学技术及软件平台,同时概述了近年来该技术在国内外食品产地溯源中的研究进展,分析了在目前产地溯源研究中的优势和存在的问题,以期为近红外光谱溯源技术的进一步发展提供参考。     

Development, set-up and first results for a one-channel near-infrared spectroscopy system.

Abstract Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive optical technique that can be used to assess functional activity in the human brain. This work describes the set-up of a one-channel NIRS system designed for use as an optical brain-computer interface (BCI) and reports on first measurements of deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) and oxyhemoglobin (HbO(2)) changes during mental arithmetic tasks. We found relatively stable and reproducible hemodynamic responses in a group of 13 healthy subjects. Unexpected observations of a decrease in HbO(2) and increase in Hb concentrations measured over the prefrontal cortex were in contrast to the typical hemodynamic responses (increase in HbO(2), decrease in Hb) during cortical activation previously reported.     

The NIRS Analysis Package: noise reduction and statistical inference

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive optical imaging technique that can be used to measure cortical hemodynamic responses to specific stimuli or tasks. While analyses of NIRS data are normally adapted from established fMRI techniques, there are nevertheless substantial differences between the two modalities. Here, we investigate the impact of NIRS-specific noise; e.g., systemic (physiological), motion-related artifacts, and serial autocorrelations, upon the validity of statistical inference within the framework of the general linear model. We present a comprehensive framework for noise reduction and statistical inference, which is custom-tailored to the noise characteristics of NIRS. These methods have been implemented in a public domain Matlab toolbox, the NIRS Analysis Package (NAP). Finally, we validate NAP using both simulated and actual data, showing marked improvement in the detection power and reliability of NIRS.     

Non-invasive NIR spectroscopy of human brain function during exercise

The assessment of physiological changes associated with brain activity has become possible by optical methods, such as near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). NIRS is a useful neuroimaging technique based on haemodynamic principles for the non-invasive investigation of brain in motion. Due to its properties, the near-infrared light can penetrate biological tissue reasonably well to assess brain activity and two types of measurements are possible according to the number of channels used: dynamic changes in a localized brain region or functional brain imaging. The theoretical and technological advances of the past 10–15 years have opened the door to a range of applications in the human movement sciences, including some that involve imaging of the adult brain during motor and cognitive tasks, which for many years had been inaccessible to NIRS. This article examines the perturbation methods for measuring cerebral haemodynamic responses within resting and exercise conditions in humans and how NIRS can be used to image the moving brain. Methodological challenges of NIRS technique are presented, while the advantages and pitfalls of NIRS compared to other neuroimaging methods are discussed. Actual and future uses for NIRS in the field of sport sciences are outlined for a better understanding of brain processes during movement.     

Speeded Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Response Detection

The hemodynamic response measured by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is temporally delayed from the onset of the underlying neural activity. As a consequence, NIRS based brain-computer-interfaces (BCIs) and neurofeedback learning systems, may have a latency of several seconds in responding to a change in participants'' behavioral or mental states, severely limiting the practical use of such systems. To explore the possibility of reducing this delay, we used a multivariate pattern classification technique (linear support vector machine, SVM) to decode the true behavioral state from the measured neural signal and systematically evaluated the performance of different feature spaces (signal history, history gradient, oxygenated or deoxygenated hemoglobin signal and spatial pattern). We found that the latency to decode a change in behavioral state can be reduced by 50% (from 4.8 s to 2.4 s), which will enhance the feasibility of NIRS for real-time applications.     

A cerebrovascular response model for functional neuroimaging including dynamic cerebral autoregulation

Functional neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can be used to isolate an evoked response to a stimulus from significant background physiological fluctuations. Data analysis approaches typically use averaging or linear regression to remove this physiological baseline with varying degrees of success. Biophysical model-based analysis of the functional hemodynamic response has also been advanced previously with the Balloon and Windkessel models. In the present work, a biophysical model of systemic and cerebral circulation and gas exchange is applied to resting state NIRS neuroimaging data from 10 human subjects. The model further includes dynamic cerebral autoregulation, which modulates the cerebral arteriole compliance to control cerebral blood flow. This biophysical model allows for prediction, from noninvasive blood pressure measurements, of the background hemodynamic fluctuations in the systemic and cerebral circulations. Significantly higher correlations with the NIRS data were found using the biophysical model predictions compared to blood pressure regression and compared to transfer function analysis (multifactor ANOVA, p < 0.0001). This finding supports the further development and use of biophysical models for removing baseline activity in functional neuroimaging analysis. Future extensions of this work could model changes in cerebrovascular physiology that occur during development, aging, and disease.     

用近红外光拓扑图技术实时跟踪脑血流变化

用近红外光大脑拓扑图技术（ｎｅａｒ－ｉｎｆｒａｒｅｄ ｃｅｒｅｂｒａｌ ｔｏｐｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＮＩＲＳ ｔｏｐｏｇｒａｐｈｙ）,对大鼠大脑中动脉线栓梗塞模型的皮层缺血部位成像。利用氧合血红蛋白和去氧血红蛋白对近红外光吸收峰值波长分别为８５０ｎｍ和７６０ｎｍ的原理,制作了ＮＩＲＳ拓扑仪。分别用ＮＩＲＳ拓扑仪、磁共振成像和解剖样本染色对１０只ＳＤ雄性大鼠大脑皮层缺血部位进行成像。结果表明,ＮＩＲＳ拓扑     

Gender-Related Effect in Oxygenation Dynamics by Using Far-Infrared Intervention with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Measurement: A Gender Differences Controlled Trial

Many studies have indicated the microcirculation can directly respond to disease-related symptoms. However, the capacity of microcirculation would vary due to the gender differences. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive technique to monitor tissue oxygenation dynamics. In this study, the far-infrared (FIR) source was used for physiological intervention of microcirculation. The experimental results show that the nature difference of oxygenation status exists between male and female during FIR irradiation. Therefore, we suggest the NIRS-based assessment should be calibrated with the gender-related effect for clinical diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease.     

At-line monitoring of a submerged filamentous bacterial cultivation using near-infrared spectroscopy

The use of near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS) to monitor a submerged filamentous bacterial bioprocess was investigated. An industrial strain of the filamentous bacterium Streptomyces fradiae was cultured in a 12 litre stirred tank reactor (STR) using a complex medium. This mycelial 4 phase (oil, water, gas and solid) system produced highly complex and variable matrices, therefore monitoring such a complex fluid with NIRS represented a considerable challenge. Nevertheless, successful models for four key analytes (methyl oleate, glucose, glutamate and ammonium) were built at-line (rapid off-line) using NIRS. In the present study, the methods used to formulate, select and validate the models for the key analytes are discussed, with particular emphasis on how the model performance can be critically evaluated. Since previous reports on NIRS in monitoring bioprocesses have either involved simpler matrices, or, in filamentous systems, have not discussed how NIRS models can be critically assessed, the emphasis in the present study on providing an insight into the modelling process in such a complex matrix, may be particularly important to the applicability of NIRS to such industrial bioprocesses.     

Spontaneous hemodynamic oscillations during human sleep and sleep stage transitions characterized with near-infrared spectroscopy

Understanding the interaction between the nervous system and cerebral vasculature is fundamental to forming a complete picture of the neurophysiology of sleep and its role in maintaining physiological homeostasis. However, the intrinsic hemodynamics of slow-wave sleep (SWS) are still poorly known. We carried out 30 all-night sleep measurements with combined near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and polysomnography to investigate spontaneous hemodynamic behavior in SWS compared to light (LS) and rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM). In particular, we concentrated on slow oscillations (3-150 mHz) in oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations, heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation, and the pulsation amplitude of the photoplethysmographic signal. We also analyzed the behavior of these variables during sleep stage transitions. The results indicate that slow spontaneous cortical and systemic hemodynamic activity is reduced in SWS compared to LS, REM, and wakefulness. This behavior may be explained by neuronal synchronization observed in electrophysiological studies of SWS and a reduction in autonomic nervous system activity. Also, sleep stage transitions are asymmetric, so that the SWS-to-LS and LS-to-REM transitions, which are associated with an increase in the complexity of cortical electrophysiological activity, are characterized by more dramatic hemodynamic changes than the opposite transitions. Thus, it appears that while the onset of SWS and termination of REM occur only as gradual processes over time, the termination of SWS and onset of REM may be triggered more abruptly by a particular physiological event or condition. The results suggest that scalp hemodynamic changes should be considered alongside cortical hemodynamic changes in NIRS sleep studies to assess the interaction between the autonomic and central nervous systems.     

Reduced Prefrontal Cortex Hemodynamic Response in Adults with Methamphetamine Induced Psychosis: Relevance for Impulsivity

Patients with methamphetamine abuse/dependence often exhibit high levels of impulsivity, which may be associated with the structural abnormalities and functional hypoactivities observed in the frontal cortex of these subjects. Although near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a simple and non-invasive method for characterizing the clinical features of various psychiatric illnesses, few studies have used NIRS to directly investigate the association between prefrontal cortical activity and inhibitory control in patients with methamphetamine-induced psychosis (MAP). Using a 24-channel NIRS system, we compared hemodynamic responses during the Stroop color-word task in 14 patients with MAP and 21 healthy controls matched for age, sex and premorbid IQ. In addition, we used the Barrett Impulsivity Scale-11 (BIS-11) to assess impulsivity between subject groups. The MAP group exhibited significantly less activation in the anterior and frontopolar prefrontal cortex accompanied by lower Stroop color-word task performance, compared with controls. Moreover, BIS-11 scores were significantly higher in the MAP group, and were negatively correlated with the hemodynamic responses in prefrontal cortex. Our data suggest that reduced hemodynamic responses in the prefrontal cortex might reflect higher levels of impulsivity in patients with MAP, providing new insights into disrupted inhibitory control observed in MAP.