电压门控性钠离子通道与伤害性感受

伤害性感受器激活引起疼痛的概念,现已广泛被人们接受,大量实验表明,伤害性感受器兴奋性的变化与一些离子通道有关,对河豚毒素不敏感的电压依赖性钠离子通道（TTXr)选择性地分布于与伤害性感受有关的初级感受神经元,炎症反应和神经损伤诱发的慢性疼痛可诱发这种TTXr功能及基因表达的变化,TTXr通道蛋白的反义寡核苷酸（antisense ODN)处理可对抗炎症或神经损伤引起的痛觉过敏或超敏,提示TTXr在伤害性感受中起重要作用,有望成为特异性镇痛药物的药理作用靶点。     

电压门控钠离子通道疾病的研究进展

细胞膜上的电压门控钠离子通道（Voltage-gated Sodium Channels,VGSCs）是细胞形成动作电位过程中重要的组成构件,由一个大的α亚基和一个或多个不同的β亚基组成,中央是具高度选择性只允许钠离子通过的亲水通道。电压门控钠离子通道在调节细胞膜电位、维持细胞离子稳态、细胞增殖和凋亡等生理过程中发挥着重要作用,因而钠离子通道自身的异变或是相关基因的变异都可能引起一系列身体病变。本文主要介绍了电压门控钠离子通道的结构与功能,阐述了其与癌细胞侵袭转移和神经病理性疼痛的关系,并介绍了几种典型的由钠离子通道基因变异引起的疾病。随着对电压门控钠离子通道及其异常分子机制研究的不断深入,新成果将为生理学、药理学和病理学等领域的研究提供理论基础和新的研究思路,为离子通道疾病的临床预防、诊断与治疗找到新途径。     

电压门控钠离子通道与恶性肿瘤的转移

电压门控钠离子通道(VGSC)是可兴奋组织中动作电位的关键离子通道,具有重要的生理功能.近年来国内外研究发现,VGSC在转移的前列腺癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、宫颈癌等细胞中表达,其增加了癌细胞的运动和侵袭,促使了癌症的转移,其还将被作为治疗靶点而进行药物开发和临床应用.     

电压门控钠通道与背根神经元伤害性传入

背根神经节（ＤＲＧ）神经元伤害性传入涉及到多层面复杂的神经递质与其相关靶受体的分子参与和调控。本文侧重结合ＤＲＧ神经元中钠电流的表达分布规律,简要地论及了电压门控钠通道与ＤＲＧ神经元伤害性性感觉传入及其调制的一些关系。     

电压门控钠通道的变异与机体疾患

通道病理学是当今国际学术发展中一门新兴学科。本文将针对有关电压门控钠通道的变异所导致的机体疾患,如高血钾性周期性麻痹,先天性肌强直等骨骼肌疾患,ＬＱＴ３,原发笥心室纤颤等心脏病及其所涉及的钠通道突变体,通道的突变位点和电生理性质等一些研究资料与进展作一概括介绍。     

电压门控钠通道在神经病理性痛中的作用

电压门控钠通道(VGSC)在神经病理性痛的发生和维持中起重要作用。非特异性的通道阻断剂是神经病理性痛的一种治疗手段,但由于可能产生严重的副作用而限制了其使用。最近研究揭示了几种主要在外周感觉神经系统中表达的VGSC的亚型与神经病理性痛密切相关,发展特异性的通道亚型阻断剂将成为治疗神经病理性痛的重要研究方向。     

钠离子通道疾病及其抑制剂生物学功能研究进展

电压门控型钠离子通道(Voltage-gated sodium channel,VGSC)广泛分布于兴奋性细胞,是电信号扩大和传导的主要介质,在神经细胞以及心肌细胞兴奋传导等方面发挥重要作用。钠离子通道结构和功能的异常会改变细胞的兴奋性,从而导致多种疾病的发生,如神经性疼痛、癫痫,以及心律失常等。目前临床上多采用钠离子通道抑制剂治疗上述疾病。近些年,研究人员陆续从动物的毒液中分离纯化出具有调控钠离子通道功能的神经毒素。这些神经毒素多为化合物或小分子多肽。现已有医药研发公司将这些天然的神经毒素进行定向设计改造成钠离子通道靶向药物用于临床疾病的治疗。此外,来源于七鳃鳗Lampetra japonica口腔腺的富含半胱氨酸分泌蛋白(Cysteine-rich buccal gland protein,CRBGP)也首次被证明能够抑制海马神经元和背根神经元的钠离子电流。以下针对钠离子通道疾病及其抑制剂生物学功能的最新研究进展进行分析归纳。     

电压门控性钾通道的结构和调控机制

电压门控性K 通道是由4个相同亚单位构成的四聚体通道,其中每个亚单位都含有1个电压感受器,并且4个亚单位合起来组成1个中央孔.电压门控性通道蛋白具有3种主要功能,一是离子通透功能,二是门控蛋白构象改变,三是门控与感知机制的偶联.通道具有高通透速率和高选择性,通过构象改变的门控机制有3种,一是S6束交叉门控,二是球链门控,三是选择性滤器的门控.     

电压门控性钙通道在疼痛机制中的作用

电压门控性钙通道是一类广泛分布在中枢神经系统和外周神经系统中功能结构不同的离子通道家族.这类通道参与痛觉的调制,并且在神经元递质的释放、动作电位的激发和神经元的兴奋性改变中发挥着重要的作用,本文就各类钙通道在痛觉机制中的作用做一综述.     

电压门控钠通道NaV1.7与痛信号的产生

电压门控钠通道NaV1.7选择性高表达在伤害感受性脊髓背根神经节的感觉神经元上,在疼痛电信号的产生、传导和调控中具有重要的生理功能。伤害性感受器上的NaV1.7亦在慢性神经痛和炎症痛的病理生理过程中发挥关键作用。近年来的研究发现,人类遗传性疼痛症(如红斑性肢痛病)与NaV1.7钠离子通道基因SCN9A的某些功能增强型突变相关。最近Cox等首次报道了SCN9A突变将导致人先天痛觉完全丧失,而无痛症患者机体其它功能正常,提示NaV1.7将可能成为有效治疗疼痛而无副作用的一个新靶标。     

Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) Proteolysis of the Extracellular Loop of Voltage-gated Sodium Channels and Potential Alterations in Pain Signaling

Congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP) or congenital analgesia is a rare monogenic hereditary condition. This disorder is characterized by the inability to perceive any form of pain. Nonsense mutations in Nav.1.7, the main pain signaling voltage-gated sodium channel, lead to its truncations and, consequently, to the inactivation of the channel functionality. However, a non-truncating homozygously inherited missense mutation in a Bedouin family with CIP (Nav1.7-R907Q) has also been reported. Based on our currently acquired in-depth knowledge of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) cleavage preferences, we developed the specialized software that predicts the presence of the MMP cleavage sites in the peptide sequences. According to our in silico predictions, the peptide sequence of the exposed extracellular unstructured region linking the S5–S6 transmembrane segments in the DII domain of the human Nav1.7 sodium channel is highly sensitive to MMP-9 proteolysis. Intriguingly, the CIP R907Q mutation overlaps with the predicted MMP-9 cleavage site sequence. Using MMP-9 proteolysis of the wild-type, CIP, and control peptides followed by mass spectrometry of the digests, we demonstrated that the mutant sequence is severalfold more sensitive to MMP-9 proteolysis relative to the wild type. Because of the substantial level of sequence homology among sodium channels, our data also implicate MMP proteolysis in regulating the cell surface levels of the Nav1.7, Nav1.6, and Nav1.8 channels, but not Nav1.9. It is likely that the aberrantly accelerated MMP-9 proteolysis during neurogenesis is a biochemical rational for the functional inactivation in Nav1.7 and that the enhanced cleavage of the Nav1.7-R907Q mutant is a cause of CIP in the Bedouin family.     

Role of Voltage-gated Potassium Channels in Cancer

Ion channels are being associated with a growing number of diseases including cancer. This overview summarizes data on voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKCs) that exhibit oncogenic properties: ether-à-go-go type 1 (Eag1). Normally, Eag1 is expressed almost exclusively in tissue of neural origin, but its ectopic expression leads to uncontrolled proliferation, while inhibition of Eag1 expression produces a concomitant reduction in proliferation. Specific monoclonal antibodies against Eag1 recognize an epitope in over 80% of human tumors of diverse origins, endowing it with diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Eag1 also possesses unique electrophysiological properties that simplify its identification. This is particularly important, as specific blockers of Eag1 currents are not available. Molecular imaging of Eag1 in live tumor models has been accomplished with dye-tagged antibodies using 3-D imaging techniques in the near-infrared spectral range. Abbreviations: EAG: Ether-à-go-go, VGKCs: voltage-gated potassium channels     

痛觉相关钠离子通道研究进展

疼痛是一种与组织损伤或潜在的损伤相关的不愉快的主观感觉和情感体验,是机体受到伤害性刺激后产生的一种防御反应。伤害性感觉神经元细胞膜上的电压门控钠离子通道是细胞表面一类跨膜糖蛋白,负责可兴奋细胞动作电位的产生和传导,并且在炎性痛、神经病理性疼痛和功能性痛的产生、传导以及维持上起到了重要的作用,成为近年来疼痛病理生理机制研究和疼痛治疗的分子靶标。本文将就痛觉相关钠离子通道的类型,结构,及其表达和功能的改变与疼痛的关系进行综述。     

Endogenous SNAP-25 Regulates Native Voltage-gated Calcium Channels in Glutamatergic Neurons

In addition to its primary role as a fundamental component of the SNARE complex, SNAP-25 also modulates voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) in various overexpression systems. Although these studies suggest a potential negative regulatory role of SNAP-25 on VGCC activity, the effects of endogenous SNAP-25 on native VGCC function in neurons are unclear. In the present study, we investigated the VGCC properties of cultured glutamatergic and GABAergic rat hippocampal neurons. Glutamatergic currents were dominated by P/Q-type channels, whereas GABAergic cells had a dominant L-type component. Also, glutamatergic VGCC current densities were significantly lower with enhanced inactivation rates and shifts in the voltage dependence of activation and inactivation curves compared with GABAergic cells. Silencing endogenous SNAP-25 in glutamatergic neurons did not alter P/Q-type channel expression or localization but led to increased VGCC current density without changes in the VGCC subtype proportions. Isolation of the P/Q-type component indicated that increased current in the absence of SNAP-25 was correlated with a large depolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of inactivation. Overexpressing SNAP-25 in GABAergic neurons reduced current density without affecting the VGCC subtype proportion. Accordingly, VGCC current densities in glutamatergic neurons from Snap-25^+/− mice were significantly elevated compared with wild type glutamatergic neurons. Overall, this study demonstrates that endogenous SNAP-25 negatively regulates native VGCCs in glutamatergic neurons which could have important implications for neurological diseases associated with altered SNAP-25 expression.     

β-Spectrin Is Colocalized with Both Voltage-gated Sodium Channels and AnkyrinG at the Adult Rat Neuromuscular Junction

Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are concentrated in the depths of the postsynaptic folds at mammalian neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) where they facilitate action potential generation during neuromuscular transmission. At the nodes of Ranvier and the axon hillocks of central neurons, VGSCs are associated with the cytoskeletal proteins, β-spectrin and ankyrin, which may help to maintain the high local density of VGSCs. Here we show in skeletal muscle, using immunofluorescence, that β-spectrin is precisely colocalized with both VGSCs and ankyrin_G, the nodal isoform of ankyrin. In en face views of rat NMJs, acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), and utrophin immunolabeling are organized in distinctive linear arrays corresponding to the crests of the postsynaptic folds. In contrast, β-spectrin, VGSCs, and ankyrin_G have a punctate distribution that extends laterally beyond the AChRs, consistent with a localization in the depths of the folds. Double antibody labeling shows that β-spectrin is precisely colocalized with both VGSCs and ankyrin_G at the NMJ. Furthermore, quantification of immunofluorescence in labeled transverse sections reveals that β-spectrin is also concentrated in perijunctional regions, in parallel with an increase in labeling of VGSCs and ankyrin_G, but not of dystrophin. These observations suggest that interactions with β-spectrin and ankyrin_G help to maintain the concentration of VGSCs at the NMJ and that a common mechanism exists throughout the nervous system for clustering VGSCs at a high density.